In the economic and social crisis that affects the world and in particular the countries of the South, unemployment is considered to be the most disastrous consequence that weighs on young people by plunging them into desperate poverty. Consequently, the sectors of public life, including sport, contribute to providing structural responses. This study identifies operational professions and offers their training.

Innovation is a powerful driver of development and improved well-being, which can be mobilized to meet social and global challenges. According to the OECD’s Oslo Manual, innovation is defined as «the implementation of a new or substantially improved product (good or service) or (production) process, a new marketing method or a new organizational method in business practices, workplace organization or external relations». This study explores the global innovation index and sustainable development indicators through an in-depth descriptive analysis of the impact of sustainable development on innovation in Morocco. After data analysis and processing, the results highlight the key factors influencing the Global Innovation Index (GII). They make it possible to identify the levers of growth and to steer public policies towards more effective strategies adapted to local realities.

Engineers are recognized as key players in the development of innovative projects thanks to their professional experience and their training. However, in some growing countries such as Morocco, involving innovation in engineering education is poorly integrated within engineering training curricula. In this study, we propose an innovation process model proper to the design and realization of innovative projects within engineering schools, particularly in the field of mechanical engineering. Our modeling approach is based on systems engineering. Experiments were conducted in the mechanical engineering department of an engineering school in Morocco to implement the proposed model in student projects. The students were guided to implement the proposed process and deploy innovative methods, then a quantitative assessment that considered their innovativeness and adherence to the innovation process was led. The innovativeness of the projects was assessed based on international patterning criteria, and an assessment system was used to analyze the level of compliance of the demonstration projects with the steps and support means and methods of the model’s process. The findings of the study enabled us to improve our model of the innovation process by including methodologies and instruments personalized to the environment of engineering schools and based on a technological approach that emphasizes interdisciplinary theoretical and methodological contributions. The current study enabled us to confirm that an innovative project carried out within an environment characterized by the interaction and management of a set of material and human resources and methods and engineering skills can help to boost innovation in engineering education.

This article is a study of the chapter « Les Arabes et leur rapport au vin selon les voyageurs occidentaux » by Mohammed Bernoussi, taken from the book Introduction à l’interculturel. It analyzes how wine, prohibited in Muslim culture yet sometimes consumed clandestinely, becomes an ambivalent symbol in Western travel accounts from the Middle Ages to the 19th century. Taking an interdisciplinary approachcombining anthropology, semiotics, and history, the study highlights the tensions and contradictions that this product evokes. Through this lens, it sheds light on intercultural dynamics and representations of otherness, showing how wine crystallizes both the intriguing subtleties and the recurring stereotypes that characterize the encounter between the Muslim Orient and the Christian West.

Aims: Seed is the first basic input in agriculture, which is why seed production remains a key sector in a country’s agricultural development. However, germination capacity is extremely important in the context of seed exchange. The aim of this study is to evaluate the seed quality of five cowpea varieties. Methodology: One hundred (100) seeds of five cowpea varieties (Issa SOSSO, Neerwaya, Makoyin, Teeksongo and Yipoussi) were germinated in three germination tests (field test, Petri dish test and pot test). For this purpose, an Alpha design device with one repetition and five elementary plots for the germination test in open ground; 20 Petri dishes for the germination test in Petri dishes and 25 pots for the germination test in pots, were used to set up the various tests. Parameters such as germination rate, average germination time and seedling vigor were collected. Results: The results showed that the Issa SOSSO variety performed best in terms of germination rate (100%) in Petri dishes, while the Yipoussi variety performed best in pots (91%) and in the field (94%). In addition, a good germination capacity ranging from 88% to 100% in Petri dishes, from 59% to 91% in pots and from 60% to 94% in the field was observed in this study. However, the results of this work showed that the germination test in Petri dishes is the best method for testing the germinative vigour of seeds. Conclusion: On the other hand, the best seedling vigor performances were observed in pots and in the field. The good germinative capacity of seeds of the different varieties (>50%) observed could help boost cowpea production in Burkina Faso.

Storage practices determine the quality and added value of peanuts as well as their contribution to household nutrition. The objective of the study was to characterize the types of warehouses and methods of peanut protection. A survey was conducted among 500 stakeholders (240 producers, 160 processors and 100 traders) selected by random sampling. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistics. The results show that the stakeholders mainly store shelled or unshelled peanuts in polypropylene bags. They adopted as warehouses their residential houses (64.7%); mud stores (11.8%); and stores made of final materials (23.5%). The choice of peanuts to be stored is made on the basis of the criteria of absence of mold and rot (38%), without impurities (37%) and without holes (25%). The average quantity of peanuts stored is 1,049.63 kg; 1,300.7 kg and 98.81 kg respectively for producers, traders, and processors. The majority of respondents store peanuts for a period of three months (80%). Only 37.8% of stakeholders apply any treatment to stored peanuts, primarily using phytosanitary products. The main storage constraints concern pest and parasite attacks (58%) and poor sales (38.6%). These constraints are more acutely felt by producers. Adopting appropriate types of warehouses and understanding protection methods are essential prerequisites for preserving peanut quality before sale or processing in the south-central region of Niger.

This study explores the underlying causes of underachievement in English language learning among students in secondary schools in Kaziba, Democratic Republic of Congo, during the period from January to June 2023. The investigation was prompted by the persistent observation that, despite completing four years of English instruction, many learners graduate without attaining functional communicative competence. To identify the root causes of this phenomenon and suggest remedial strategies, we conducted a cross-sectional survey involving 484 students across nine strategically selected schools. The selection criteria included socioeconomic background, school infrastructure, teacher remuneration, working conditions, and annual diploma performance. Schools were categorized into «large» «medium» and «small» institutions. After excluding 21 incomplete responses, data from 463 students were analyzed. The research addressed three core questions: (1) What factors hinder students from achieving English language proficiency? (2) How do institutional practices influence opportunities for effective English communication? (3) What interventions can enhance English language outcomes in Kaziba secondary schools? Findings indicate that underachievement is primarily attributed to ineffective pedagogical practices, including outdated teaching methodologies and inadequate instructional materials, compounded by learner-related issues such as low motivation and disengagement. The study concludes with recommendations for curriculum reform, enhanced teacher training, and learner-centered approaches to promote meaningful language acquisition and communicative competence.

In the economic and social crisis that affects the world and in particular the countries of the South, unemployment is considered to be the most disastrous consequence that weighs on young people by plunging them into desperate poverty. Consequently, the sectors of public life, including sport, contribute to providing structural responses. This study identifies operational professions and offers their training.

This study, conducted in Akressi, Côte d’Ivoire, assesses the impact of cover crops (Arachis repens and Desmodium adscendens) on soil properties and dessert banana production (Cavendish, Grande-Naine) over two cycles. Ferralitic soils, degraded by intensive monoculture, are examined using a Fischer block design with three treatments: control (bare soil with herbicides), A. repens, and D. adscendens. Soil physical properties (bulk density: 1.90–1.94 g/cm3, porosity: 25.15–27.18%, gravimetric moisture: 17.34–21.58%) remain unchanged (p > 0.05). After 12 months, cover crops enhance chemical properties: pH (5.80 control, 6.03 A. repens, 5.93 D. adscendens), organic carbon (1.11% control, 1.24% A. repens, 1.38% D. adscendens), organic matter (1.90% control, 2.13% A. repens, 2.37% D. adscendens), nitrogen (0.10% control, 0.11% A. repens, 0.12% D. adscendens), CEC (5.38 cmol/kg control, 7.20 cmol/kg A. repens, 8.61 cmol/kg D. adscendens), and calcium (1.56 cmol/kg control, 1.66 cmol/kg A. repens, 1.75 cmol/kg D. adscendens) increase significantly (p < 0.05). In the first cycle, growth (height: 245–247 cm) and yield (41.21–42.08 t/ha) are similar (p > 0.05). In the second cycle, control plants are taller (271.76 cm vs. 255.36 cm A. repens); A. repens delays flowering (158 vs. 135 days) and harvest (235 vs. 214 days D. adscendens) and reduces functional leaves (10.84 vs. 11.66 control at flowering) (p < 0.01). Desmodium adscendens increases hands (7.82 vs. 7.33 A. repens) and fingers (140.57 vs. 127.10 A. repens) (p < 0.05). Yields remain comparable (44.17 control, 44.36 A. repens, 44.50 t/ha D. adscendens). Cover crops, particularly D. adscendens, enhance soil chemical fertility without compromising yield, supporting sustainable banana production.

Cassava is a staple food that plays a very important role for the Ivorian population. In the Central, Central-Western and Western regions of Côte d’Ivoire, where cassava is a staple food, growers cultivate several varieties whose diversity remains poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to analyze the agromorphological variability of cultivars collected in these growing basins, in order to make better use of this varietal diversity. Agromorphological characterization was carried out on a collection of 70 accessions collected from growers, using ten quantitative variables. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed significant phenotypic differences for all the traits studied. Principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed this polymorphism at 83.49% for the first three axes. Accessions were structured into 5 groups of morphological variability following Hierarchical Ascending Classification (HAC). These groups are distinguished by plant height, height of first branching, central lobe length, central lobe width, number of lobes, leaf length to width ratio, petiole length, tuberous root weight per plant and total yield. The first three groups have cultivars with yields in excess of 20 t/ha and constitute the best genetic resources for increasing cassava production in these growing basins and in Côte d’Ivoire.

For centuries, urban dwellers have tended to settle on fertile lands and floodplains, simply because living conditions there seem more convenient than elsewhere due to proximity to water and food resources. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, this phenomenon is highly visible along lotic hydrosystems, including the Ndjili and Kalamu rivers in the city of Kinshasa, and the Kalamu River in the city of Boma. Conversely, the same waterways that provide life to surrounding inhabitants pose the threat of cyclical and severe flooding. Moreover, intense activities carried out within the areas comprising the hydrographic network repeatedly expose it to multiple ecological problems: sedimentation, narrowing of main channels, reduced flow, pollution, etc. In the face of this dramatic and drastic phenomenon, it is worth noting that very few efforts are made for large-scale maintenance, functional management of waterways, or their proper sanitation. As a result, almost all rivers in Kinshasa and Boma are rarely managed or dredged. Sediment accumulation in riverbeds is observed in all rivers, causing overflows and flooding in urban areas, leading to significant human and material damage during heavy rains or downpours.

From the declaration of independence of African countries and up to date, many African countries struggle hard to tackle the problems of corruption in Africa. The challenge of corruption is considered as one of the greatest challenges that destabilizes, blocks and impedes the development of many African countries. There is no doubt, corruption is a subject-matter that can be regarded as one of key points in the struggle of many African leaders. In fact, some civil servants, political leaders and army officers themselves consider and embrace corruption as a way of life that facilitates easy earning. Moreover, the aim of the current paper is to demonstrate how corruption can be considered as a source of underdevelopment of Africa through depicting the types of corruption in The Trouble with Nigeria. The paper seeks to provide some examples, through The Trouble with Nigeria, on how corruption impacts Africa negatively. Finally, applying postcolonial theory, the paper concludes with some useful recommendations that can help reduce and alleviate the corrupt practices in Africa.

In Côte d’Ivoire, tomatoes are among the most widely grown and consumed vegetables. However, tomato production faces several biotic and abiotic constraints. Technical data sheets for good agricultural practices exist and are available. The aim of this study is to examine the agricultural practices of tomato market gardeners. The target population consisted of all market gardeners in the urban and peri-urban area of Korhogo. All urban and peri-urban areas with market garden crops were surveyed. Information on the sociodemographic profile of the market gardeners, the variety of tomato grown and the agricultural practices of the market gardeners surveyed were collected. The results showed a dominance of women (71%) in tomato cultivation. Furthermore, 55% of the market gardeners were between 45 and 50 years old, 80% were not educated and 75.80% had more than 10 years of experience. The variety of tomato grown was mainly the local variety with ribbed fruit. Regarding the choice of land, the establishment of the nursery and the cultivation, the market gardeners had practices similar to good agricultural practices. However, clearing, weeding and irrigation were done manually. In addition, organic fertiliser was used more widely. Chemical control was the only method used. At the end of this study, it appears that the agricultural practices of tomato growers in Korhogo are generally similar to the good agricultural practices recommended by research structures.

This study aims to assess the quality of groundwater in the aquifer system of the Kandi Sedimentary Basin (BSK). The methodological approach adopted is based on the evaluation by the dosage of physico-chemical parameters of groundwater and the calculation of water quality indices (IQE). The results obtained show that the values ​​of electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved solids rate (06ppm and 584 ppm) and temperature (29_32.8 C) are within the quality standards with the exception of EPP samples LOLO and Drogine. The quality of groundwater in a (BSK) is assessed from different criteria. The calculation of water quality indices made it possible to identify the classes of groundwater quality and the different possible uses. Overall, the waters are of good quality and can be used for drinking, irrigation and industry.

Planet Earth is severely threatened by natural disasters whose impacts significantly affect the environment, human populations, and socio-economic activities (FFA, 2015). The aim of this study is to analyze the occurrence of extreme rainfall events and the risks of flooding and drought in Agroecological Zone 4 of Benin. The data used in this research include climatological data (daily rainfall and temperature series) as well as planimetric data (geological and pedological maps at a 1: 200,000 scale, land use data, and a Digital Elevation Model). The climatic data were used to calculate climate extreme indices and determine their occurrence using statistical frequency analysis. Flood and drought risk mapping was carried out using a Geographic Information System (GIS), by coding and combining the contributing factors through an index-based mapping method. The results of this study show that extreme rainfall events with return periods ranging from 50 to 100 years are mainly driven by an increase in precipitation events exceeding 20 mm and maximum rainfall recorded over five consecutive days. The flood risk map reveals that high and very high flood risk zones represent 22.37% and 15.24% of the study area, respectively, and are mainly located in the immediate vicinity of watercourses. Regarding drought risk, the mapping indicates that low and moderate risk zones cover 27.10% and 19.44% of the study area, while high and very high risk zones account for 35.75% and 17.70% of the territory, respectively.

Bio-based composites are presented as ecological alternatives to synthetic materials whose production contributes to the depletion of natural resources and climate change. This study aims to develop a new material from cotton stem particles (CSP) and Grewia Venusta bark powder (GWP) intended for the manufacture of thermal insulation panels. Eleven (11) formulations were selected by varying the CSP rate and the granular classes of CSP under a temperature of 140°C. This work specifically aims to physically and mechanically characterize this material with the European standards EN 310, 322 and 323. The results obtained show that the density of the composites increases from 402.08 to 998.69 Kg/m3 when the binder rate is increasing, and decreases from 895.35 to 793.38 Kg/m3 when the granular class of the particles increases. The Elastic Flexural Modulus MOE) and the Flexural Breaking Strength (MOR) increase respectively from 162.25 to 345.03 MPa and from 4.53 to 5.53 MPa for a binder rate varying from 60 to 75%, then decreases when this rate takes a value above 75%. These values increase from 209.82 to 562.28 MPa and from 5.65 to 6.18 MPa, respectively, as the grain size increases from [0.063-0.630 mm] to [0.063-2 mm]. The formulation conforming to the required ANSI 208.1.1999 standard has a density of 691.15 kg/m3, an MOE of 562.28 MPa, and an MOR of 6.18 MPa.

This study investigates the distribution and origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments from the Koumassi Estuarine bay (Ébrié lagoon, Côte d’Ivoire). Ten sediment samples were analyzed to determine the concentrations of 16 priority PAHs. The results show that PAH levels are generally low and remain well below Canadian sediment quality thresholds. Fluoranthene is the dominant compound (22.6%), indicating contamination primarily of pyrolytic origin, linked to the combustion of biomass (charcoal, coconut charcoal) and fossil fuels. Some molar ratios (BaA/Chry, LMW/HMW) also suggest a minor contribution from petroleum sources, likely transported by road runoff. This study provides a useful first approach for the environmental management of dredged sediments in this sensitive urban area.

Following the integration of the situational approach (APS) in DRC education system, a study was Undertaken in pilot secondary schools in city of MBUJIMAYI. The objectives of this study were to verify compliance with thé standards of this new paradigm among science teachers, to identify the difficulties encountered in the effective implementation of this new reform as well as the methods used by teachers in their teaching - learning. To do this, a CAP survey was carried out among 54 secondary schools teachers, in order to situate them in relation to APS, in particular APS training, the use of the evaluation grid, thé use of the correction grid, the questioning method used in the evaluation of their learners as well as the use of DAS observation grid by their heads of establishment. We were guided in our research by techniques such as analysis, interview and observation. Problem-situations are used by science teachers in the assessment at an insufficient rate (16,5 %, or 205 cases out of 1246 semester exam questions collected and analyzed), while the items were used at 83,5 % (1041 questions out of 1246 collected). More than 75 % of study perfects are notre trained in APS, more than 75 % of science teachers do not provide any methological information on the teaching sheet and use untimed essential knowledge frameworks. Severals efforts remain to be made in order to consolidate this new educational approach.

This study analyses the reactions small and medium-sized enterprises’ managers to the adverse effects of climate in Senegal’s semi-arid zones and the difficulties they face in adapting to climate risks. A mixed methodological approach was used, comprising a review of relevant documents and a field survey using a questionnaire administered to SMEs managers. The survey involved 161 SMEs managers in three regions of the country. SMEs were selected using a mixture of random and snowball sampling methods. The results of the study showed that 91% of SMEs are affected by adverse climatic conditions, including rainfall deficits, extreme heat, exceptional rainfall and flooding. 70% of them do not have a plan to deal with climate risks. In spite of all this, economic players have gone to great lengths to take measures to adapt, but their efforts are limited by a lack of support from the public authorities, etc. To this end, substantial political and financial efforts are needed to promote a favorable environment for SME adaptation.

Environmental management and protection, like the cross-cutting approach, is an obligation for everyone; even more so at a time when, according to the future of our planet is in jeopardy. The aim of this study is, on the one hand, to list the measures taken and the policies, but also and above all the tools put in place for environmental management, both by the competent authorities (environmental service managers and educators) and by households and some community groups, and to identify the interests of households in protecting the environment. On the other hand, it will shed light on the promotion of environmental education in schools. It is therefore the responses obtained from the various categories that have enabled us, by triangulating the data, to respond to the concern linked to environmental considerations as a cross-cutting approach in the daily lives of households. In short, we found irregularities with regard to environmental management and protection in our study area: no clearly defined environmental protection policy, no tools for implementing environmental management policies, no support for environmental management initiatives, and a low level of environmental knowledge and protection among learners. The same applies to households. In the light of the results obtained, we have proposed a tool adapted to the environmental situation in the study area.

The increase in the number of workstations, the need to diversify applications and the rise in traffic are prompting a reassessment of network capacity in order to guarantee quality of service and cope with increasingly frequent congestion. Many authors address the sizing of networks, whether physical, virtual, software-based, fibre optic or wireless, by quantifying traffic in order to determine network behaviour. By superimposing each of these studies, it becomes clear that future research on dimensioning will be based on machine learning models with a view to continuously adapting to the overall behaviour of the network.

This study was conducted to describe factors explaining the low involvement of male partners in the PMTCT service in the Bunia health zone. The cross-sectional method, supported by a questionnaire survey, was used to conduct this study among 400 male partners of pregnant women in the Bunia health zone in August and September 2021. Content analysis supported by percentage calculations was used to analyze the data. After analysis, the study revealed the following: - The main factors associated with the low involvement of male partners in accompanying their wives to the PMTCT service are respectively the perception of poor organization of PMTCT services (73%), lack of time on the part of spouses (48%), ignorance of the importance of PMTCT by spouses (36.75%) and the PMTCT service being perceived as a female environment (21%). - Nearly 2/3 of respondents mentioned that non-participation in the PMTCT service could result in remaining sero-ignorant (36.68%) and increase the risk of contamination (29.65%). In the light of these results, it must be admitted that efforts still need to be made to ensure the effective involvement of male partners in PMTCT services. An important aspect is to develop strategies to overcome the main factors affecting the non-involvement of male partners in PMTCT services.

This study is part of a search for sustainable solutions for access to drinking water in rural areas of Côte d’Ivoire, where boreholes in bedrock areas are the main source of drinking water supply. The objective is to statistically analyse the flow rates (Q, in m3/h) of water boreholes in the N’zi-Comoé region in order to assess their variability, distribution and relevance in characterising the aquifer potential in bedrock environments. To do this, descriptive statistics and the Shapiro-Wilk and Chi2 statistical tests of normality were used. This approach yielded relevant results, namely an average flow rate of 5.71 m3/h, which is lower than the standard deviation, and a coefficient of variation of 131%. These values indicate a high degree of heterogeneity in flow rates in the N’ZI-Comoé region. This highlights the discontinuous nature of the aquifer tapped for drinking water supply not only in the study area but also in the bedrock environment in Côte d’Ivoire.

This study was conducted in order to describe the determinants of public transport hygiene in Isiro town, in Haut-Uélé Province, DR Congo during the period from 8 February to 8 June 2023. The cross-sectional method supported by the survey questionnaire and direct observation of devices for maintaining hygiene in agencies and buses enabled us to collect the data. After analysis, the following results were recorded: - All the material devices relating to public transport hygiene are totally absent. - The majority of respondents reported vomiting on the bus (100%), not wearing a mask (57%), lack of knowledge about hygiene on public transport (62%), eating on public transport (100%) and smokers on the bus (83%). - The main consequences of hygiene problems are the presence of insects on the bus (83%), the presence of odours on the bus (70%) and poor hygiene on public transport (67%). In view of these results, it can be concluded that hygiene in public transport is still a major concern in the town of Isiro. As a result, training for agency managers and drivers and awareness-raising among passengers should be considered in order to avoid potential public health risks.