The coronavirus crisis implies an unprecedented challenge for the present and future peace of Ecuadorians. The social and macroeconomic effect remains, leaving a strong gap, which aggravates the challenges facing the country, with a view to achieving inclusive and sustainable development. Faced with these situations, it is important to articulate a response to the crisis through ambitious and effective public policies that allow alleviating its effect, both in the initial stage of resistance and in the subsequent stages of reactivation and recovery. In this environment, the capacity to finance public policies is reduced in the country, due to the previous conditions of exhaustion in which the territory was with respect to points such as low productivity, persistent social vulnerability, or institutional weaknesses, and also due to the very effect that the crisis is having on public accounts and on financial conditions in general. This work is organized in 3 sections. First, the financing needs generated by the crisis are shown. Secondly, the different measures and possibilities that continue to be adopted and could be adopted in the immediate environment to finance the response to the crisis and overcome the liquidity pressures that the territory may face are analyzed. Thirdly, several surfaces for meditation and reform are proposed on which a more sustainable development financing model for the future could be based.

We report two cases of patients with COVID-19. Clinical and biological features of the two patients confirm severe form of COVID-19 associated with cytokine storm. High levels of IL-6 and IL-17 were found. Unfortunately the patients died because of the multi-organ failure secondary to the cytokine storm. Cytokine storm is a systemic inflammatory syndrome which leads to aberrant release of cytokines. IL-6 is the most frequently reported cytokine to be increased in COVID-19 patients. Naïve T CD4+ cells in the presence of TGF β and IL-6 will differentiate into T helper 17 cells responsible for secreting IL-17A and IL-17F, which target macrophages, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts to increase the production of cytokines. IL-6 and IL-17 have been shown to play a role in increasing risk of airway disease. They synergistically promote viral persistence by protecting virus-infected cells from apoptosis. Immune hyperactivation in cytokine storm amplified levels of cytokines that will have systemic effects and cause collateral damage to vital organ systems. Immunotherapy can play a crucial role in COVID-19 managing. Tocilizumab an anti-IL6 receptor antibody was used with clinical improvement. The possibility of inhibiting IL17 as therapy for COVID-19 should be also considered.

This paper focuses on the design and implementation of a new Android biomedical application. It is usable for remote monitoring on smartphone, and can acquire and remote monitoring at real time a total of 4 biologic state parameters, of the 2nd degree burned skin of patients. The local digital acquisition of these parameters is done by a new custom local biomedical instrument developed and well tested in our previous research works. The proposed Android application is built within App Inventor framework, which is an Android application development tool without high level programming requirements, and offering to developers’ facilities for creating interactive graphical interfaces, as well as intuitive associated edition blocks. The proposed biomedical application offers to users a convivial man user interface, as well as a rich menu system involving the lists of the following biomedical functionalities: doctors, biological parameters, patients and medical prescriptions in distress cases.

The freedom of expression and of the press won in the early 1990s with the return of democratization in Africa is still under threat in some countries on the continent. In Togo, where democracy is under construction, it is going through moments of calm and tension despite the decriminalization of press offenses known in the country since 2004. What are the fundamental reasons for the conflicting relations between political power and the private media in Togo? This is the main question posed by this study. To answer this questioning, the reflections are screened through the documentary inventory and the qualitative method, the aim of which is to explain the causes of the difficult relations between the actors in conflict. In terms of results, it appears that the misunderstandings arising from the application to the media and journalists found guilty of press offenses of the sanctions regime recently introduced into the new legal arsenal justify the frustrations of the media. The study also reveals the lack of professionalism of the media in the treatment of information and the systematic violation of the rules of ethics and deontology of the media as causes of the muzzling of the press in Togo.

Since 2003, Benin has moved from a centralized state as a single regulatory body to an autonomous local community offering the conditions for all actors to intervene in local economic development. The local approach to economic development claims to be based on entrepreneurial dynamics. Thus, through the creation of enterprises, entrepreneurship is involved in the regeneration of the local economic fabric. The present study, which is based on empirical data, has highlighted the role played by Beninese municipalities in the entrepreneurial dynamics of young people and the constraints that hinder their development. These constraints include lack of funding, the weak role of local authorities, administrative burdens, land tenure, lack of support structures for young people, the weak role of civil society, etc. The study also paved the way for better prospects for promoting youth entrepreneurship at the local level in Benin.

In Africa, students use strategies to succeed in studies. Christians and Muslims take a few minutes to pray to their God in the face of trials or on the eve of exams they organize prayer sessions so that God gives them the intelligence to face trials. As for those of endogenous beliefs, they make libations or sacrifices so that the spirits of the ancestors accompany them during their examinations. They use these practices to reduce stress. This study aims to identify the reasons why students are stressed at exams and the practices used to overcome the stress. This quantitative study allowed us to randomly choose 138 first-year students who were subjected to a series of survey questionnaires in order to identify, on the one hand, the manifestations of stress and, on the other hand, the management methods adopted. Based on our theoretical model, the results obtained show that the stress developed by the students is due to the fear of failure, the fear of wasting the financial means invested by the parents. The management methods adopted by INJEPS students to cope with stress include: perfect knowledge of the courses, preparation several days before the exam; religious beliefs through prayers, offerings and grigris.

This study is carried out in 5 relatively better preserved sacred forests and aims to evaluate the diversity and the potential for natural regeneration of the woody stratum. Flower and dendrometric surveys are carried out in 3 plots of 50 m x 50 m installed in each of the sacred forests randomly and according to the homogeneity of the vegetation. The Shannon diversity and Pielou equitability indices, as well as the ANOVA test, are calculated from the PAST 4.10 software, were used to assess floristic diversity; the ecological importance of species and families was assessed from the calculations of the Importance Value Indices (IVI). There are 72 species in 59 genera and 23 families. The values of the diversity indices are from 2.53 to 2.90 bits for the Shannon index; from 0.62 to 0.84 for the Equitability of Pielou. Density ranges from 448.00 to 1046.70 individuals/ha and basal area ranges from 639.16 m2/ha to 759 m2/ha per forest surveyed. The most regular species are Combretum collinum Fresen., Detarium microcarpum Guill. and Perr., Anogeissus leiocarpa (DC) Guill. and Perr., Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn., Prosopis africana (Guill. and Perr.) Taub. The sacred areas of Hori and Koutou are in a better state of conservation. Regeneration is low and woody stands are subject to increased degradation due to anthropogenic pressure due to a loss of authority from traditional chiefs.

Leptadenia hastata is a wild edible plant that is highly prized for its culinary and economic value. It is also a medicinal plant very exploited by the Nigerien population. These multiple uses due to harsh climatic conditions put enormous pressure on the species’ stands, which limits its natural regeneration. The present study, conducted in the laboratory of life and earth sciences of the «Ecole Normale Supérieure» of Abdou Moumouni University of Niamey, aims to evaluate the effect of three pretreatments on the germination of two batches of Leptadenia hastata seeds in the laboratory: seeds kept at room temperature in the laboratory for two months (recent seeds) and seeds kept at room temperature in the laboratory for sixteen months (old seeds). In order to assess the latency time, duration, speed and germination rate according to age, the two batches of seeds were subjected to three different pretreatments: seeds soaked in tap water for 12 hours; seeds soaked in tap water for 6 hours; and seeds that did not undergo any pretreatment and were considered as controls. The best latency time and the shortest germination speed are obtained with the recent seeds soaked for 12 hours. But these seeds recorded the lowest germination rate 88.66%. The best germination rate is obtained with the older seeds soaked during 12h (100%), followed by the control old seeds and recent seeds soaked during 6h (98.66% each). The shortest germination time (9 days) was obtained with recent seeds soaked for 6h.

Multi-channel seismic and well data from Agadem (Termit Basin), a Mesozoic–Cenozoic intra‐continental rift basin located in the West and Central African Rift System (WCARS), has been analyzed. Regional unconformities, including the top of acoustic basement, have been identified from seismic data. The correlation of wells in the Agadem Block, as well as the seismic data interpretation, show that the lateral thickness variations of the layers is linked to the synsedimentary normal activation of the N140° to N150° trending fault system of the Termit Basin. The well logs correlation exhibits a high hydrocarbon potential, in the axial zone of the Agadem Block, which is characterized by a strong subsidence rate. This study shows that the NW-SE-trending graben shaped Termit Basin exhibits a tilted block structuring, controlled by the synsedimentary reactivation of normal faults. Two major periods of structuring characterize the evolution of the Termit Basin: - The first period, which was an extension stage, including the first rifting stage relayed by a thermal subsidence, occurred from early Cretaceous to Upper Cretaceous, during the south Atlantic opening. - During the second period, which prevailed from Paleocene to Oligocene, the Termit basin was also affected by a second rifting event, followed by a thermal tectonic subsidence. The NW-SE trending faults was secondly reactivated during a NE-SW extensional regime.

The management of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) has always been at the heart of rural populations’ concerns. In Burkina Faso, many species are of paramount interest within NTFPs, among them, Piliostigma reticulatum occupies a prominent place thanks to its multiple ecosystem uses. This study aims to estimate and characterize fruit production according to the different types of soil and land use according to a toposequence gradient in Yilou. The collection of fruit samples was spread over two years and was carried out in the plots in the fields and fallows. The analyses revealed that the average fruit production is a function of soil types with 27.5 ± 0.6 kg on hydromorphic soils compared to 4.02 ± 0.9 kg on medium-deep leached tropical ferruginous soils. The analyses revealed that the average fruit. Then, according to the land use types, the studies indicate that the average fruit production in the fields is significantly higher than that of fallow land with respectively 8.7 ± 1.5 kg/tree and 4.4 ±0.4 kg/tree. These results show that average fruit production remains dependent on soil types and land use types.

Moringa oleifera leaf production in Burkina Faso is heavily affected by pests, which negatively influence the yield of farmers. The aim of this study is to have more information on knowledge of farmers on Moringa leaf pest control. A survey on the knowledge, perceptions and practices of Moringa growers regarding pest management was conducted in 16 localities from Burkina Faso. Data were collected using an interview questionnaire from 120 randomly selected respondents between July and October 2021. The data collected were the socio-demographic characteristics of producers, the production objective, the production constraints, the foliar insect pests and control methods. The results revealed that insect pests are the primary constraint to Moringa production (72.50%). To control these insects, 71% of respondents use bioinsecticides. Azadiractica indica leaves are used by more than half of the producers for the preparation of these bioinsectides. The chi2 test showed that the methods of control of foliar insect pests were related to the producers’ objectives (chi2 = 21.02, ddl = 8, p <0.01). The biplot of the multiple component analysis showed that the leaf growers use the bioinsecticides and the seed growers use both chemical bioinsecticides and chemicals for their production. To improve yields, integrated pest management methods must be developed in order to further promote sustainable production of Moringa leaves in Burkina Faso.

Pentalogy of Cantrell is an extremely rare birth defect. It associates 5 malformations including: a supraumbilical hernia of the abdominal wall, a defect of the anterior part of the diaphragm and the diaphragmatic pericardium, an anomaly of the lower part of the sternum and cardiac malformations. We most often find a notion of consanguinity of the parents. The long-term prognosis for children with this anomaly depends mainly on the complexity of the associated heart defect. We report a case of pentalogy of Cantrell in a 2-day-old male newborn with extra thoracic cardiac ectopia.

This study aims to determine the factors that influence the use of the public offer of care in the city of Yamoussoukro. The experiment is based on the demands of the health services by a population whose age is between 0 and 14 years. The research is motivated by the low use of public offerings at the national level. The data collection comes in the administration of a household questionnaire by quota method. The identification of determinants is based on the chi2 test and logistic regression. The study reveals a level of recourse to public provision of care of 55.40%, determined essentially by geographical accessibility, medical insurance, knowledge of the offer of care, the perceived seriousness of the disease and the quality of care. These factors make it possible to build a model of recourse to care based on three pillars: quality of care, accessibility and perception of needs.

This work was carried out in order to fill the drinking water deficit of rural populations in the Department of Bouna, a locality located in the North-East of Côte d’Ivoire. The method used is that of electrical resistivity (electrical profiling and vertical surveys) which is based on the measurement of electrical resistivity contrasts of crystallophyllian formations using a Sycal Pro resistivimeter. The results identified conductive corridors within the crystallophyllian basement rocks, corresponding to fractures that are preferentially oriented N-S, NE-SW and NW-SE. The electrical drillings carried out in the right of these conductors allowed the identification of three terrains made up of a superficial cover, a conductive complex and a basement within which potential aquifers are individualised. These results, coupled with the geological data, made it possible to propose ten hydraulic drilling locations. Five control boreholes were drilled in each village, with an average flow rate of 2.25 m3/h, thus making it possible to overcome the drinking water deficit in the five localities.

In the year 2025, 83% of the world’s population, which is projected to reach 8.5 billion, will live in developing countries. However, uncertainty remains as to the ability of available resources and techniques to meet the needs of this growing population for food and other agricultural products. Agriculture will have to meet these challenges, primarily by increasing production on land already in use and avoiding further encroachment on land that is only marginally suitable for cultivation. As for sub-Saharan Africa, it is certain to say that agricultural activities have experienced limited development over a long period. The low productivity resulting from the latter remains an essential factor in the blocking of the economy, especially since food production is almost ensured by households and is based above all on self-consumption needs. Like the country as a whole, the province of Kongo-Central which, apart from its own supply, plays an important role in supplying the cities of Boma, Matadi, Kinshasa and certain neighboring countries with foodstuffs and other products from the Mayumbe forest. This study analyzes the modes of agricultural practices applied by farmers in the area explored, because they are the basis of low yields that affect the socio-economic situation of households. According to field results, men represent 53.33% and 46.66% of women. All have family responsibilities and practice agricultural activities in the Mayumbe forest or the savannah.

During my studies as well as my work with children with Autism Spectrum Disorder ASD, I have heard a lot about ABA, the behavioral approach several times, especially during my basic psychomotor training. As a result, this thesis work is in line with the psychomotor management of children with ASD through the ABA approach, using ABA procedures. ABA, Applied Behavior Analysis, has for objective: to improve the conditions of life of the person. To achieve this objective, three axes are considered: Increase adapted behaviors, decrease maladaptive behaviors, learn new adapted behaviors. This approach has proven its effectiveness in ASD, geriatrics, sports, business and education... In psychomotricity, it is still very little used, despite the fact that psychomotricity is a profession that uses several tools and mediations. This work presents two cases in which ABA procedures were used to maintain psychomotor skills. The combination of psychomotricity and the ABA approach, through the use of its principles (reinforcement, punishment, extinction, error-free teaching,...) contributed to an improvement of the target behaviors, which shows the interest of using the ABA approach in psychomotor care.

Bambara Groundnut (Vigna subterranea [L.] Verdc.), a crop of the new millennium, is considered one of the main legumes of the tropics because of it versatile advantages. The main objective of this study is to estimate the variation of local Bambara groundnut accessions by taking into account their 21 quantitative characters, in order to find the best genotype adapted to Niger. The study was carried out according to a completely randomized Fisher block device with four repetitions. Twenty-one (21) characters including four (4) phenological, five (5) morphological and twelve (12) related to yield were evaluated to characterize the accessions. With the 21 characters of the accessions used, the variation of the genetic parameters was determined. The analysis of variance revealed significant variations for all the traits assessed (P≤0.01). The coefficients of variation vary from 0.57% to 32.11%. Six (6) of the twenty-one (21) parameters measured had high coefficients of variation (CV˃20%). Yield showed a strong positive correlation with parameters such as number of leaves (r=0.62), number of pods (r=0.68), number of petioles per plant (r=0.62), 100-seed weight (r=0.79), pod weight (r=0.97) and seed weight (r=0.97). The weight of seeds (GCV=23.40% and PCV=42.54%), the weight of 100 seeds (GCV=25.73% and PCV=25.75%) and the yield in Kg/ha (GCV= 23.40% and PCV=42.54%) revealed high phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation (˃20%). Maturity date (91.28%) and 100-seed weight (96.85%) were highly heritable. Genetic advance was high for 100-seed weight (52.96%), dry biomass weight (34.19%), seed width (20.55%), seed weight (26.52%) and the yield in Kg/ha (26.53%). The 100-seed weight (h2b=96.85% and GA=52.97%) had high broad-sense heritability and expected genetic gain. The constructed dendrogram showed three distinct groups of accessions. Group 1 is made up of promising accessions with the highest average seed weight per plant (13.24g), small plants (20±0.86 cm) and early plants (82±0.86 DAS). Group 2 includes late accessions (83±0.30 DAS) with average height (21±0.35 cm). Group 3 is composed of intermediate accessions for the maturity date (82±0.66 cm) with the highest seedlings (22±0.22 cm). Accessions Di-3 082 (899.73 kg/ha), Di 083 (857.89 kg/ha), Di 085 (566.53 kg/ha), Zi 087 (818.22 kg/ha), Zi 092 (584.27 kg /ha), Zi 094 (720.22kg/ha) and Zi 098 (616.00kg/ha) gave yields higher than the average total yield (560.20 kg/ha).

The SOMAÏR open-pit uranium mine, commonly known as « Société des Mines de l’Aïr » (Arlit, Northern Niger), has been using the topographic method for several years to monitor and estimate mine production. However, the method has limitations and constraints in the implementation and reliability of the results. The company is considering the use of an innovative, more reliable and economical method. Thus, a pilot project using drones is being implemented. The objective of this work is to carry out a comparative study between the topographic method and the photogrammetric method for monitoring and acquiring data from mining operations. Thus, the data acquired by topometry using a total station, for the so-called classical method and by drone for the photogrammetric method, were analyzed and interpreted. These two (2) methods were used for the follow-up of the M4_Art North ore deposit and the G4_Taossa pit of the SOMAÏR mine. The results of the analysis and processing show that the data acquisition time by drone is relatively low (30 to 40 minutes) compared to that of the topographic surveys (21 to 60 minutes). However, data processing times for the photogrammetric method are relatively higher (50 to 60 minutes) than those for the conventional method (14 to 20 minutes). Nevertheless, this processing time of drone images can be improved with powerful computer equipment. In addition, the use of UAVs offers additional advantages in the monitoring of mining operations, particularly with regard to worker safety, precision in the calculation of dimensions, volumes and tonnages at the mining slice and at the overburden. Immediate analysis of the two methods shows the accuracy of the drone for the front survey and also shows all the details present on the ground, namely: the machines used, the purging products and other products or elements used. So, it would be wise to opt for the drone in downhole activities.

Introduction: The performance-based financing approach was deployed in the Health Zone (ZS) of Miti-Murhesa between 2009 and 2014 by the « Agence d’Achat des Performances » (AAP) South Kivu. This study analyzes whether such an approach can really influence the use of health services. Methods: This is a quasi-experimental evaluation («before-after» study), adapted to the program intervention evaluation framework, using a documentary review and individual interviews that targeted 345 people, including 246 users care services and 99 health care workers. Thematic analysis of the data was applied and concerned the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents, their perceptions of the program impact, the use of services before and during the program and the use of therapeutic alternatives before and during the program. Results: The proportion of people declaring use of health services in the Health Zone increased from 59% before the program to 93% at the end of the program (n=246). During the program implementation, the number of people who resorted to self-medication, the prayer room or witch doctors decreased, respectively from 126 (i.e. 51.2%) to 55 (to 54 i.e. 21.9%); from 9 (i.e. 3.6%) to 6 (i.e. 2.4%) and from 6 (i.e. 2.4%) to 2 (i.e. 0.8%) while that of people who had recourse to traditional healers increased significantly by 24 (9.7%) to 114 (46.3%). The population recognized the positive effects of the performance-based financing (PBF) program of AAP Sud-Kivu. Concerning the perception of the facilitators of the Health Zone, 94% (n=99) attest that the program has motivated the staff, has favored the improvement of the quality of services and has favored the realization of home visits. The lack of care for certain pathologies, including chronic ones such as tuberculosis, is deplored. Conclusion: Performance-based financing can actually improve the use of frontline care services by reducing care costs and improving the quality of services. However, recourse to traditional healers remains the most competitive therapeutic alternative to the care offered by the integrated health structures of the ZS of Miti-Murhesa. This study recommends a sustainability plan for each performance-based financing program and effective regulation of the practice of traditional healers.

Fish is recognized for its high nutritional value and its beneficial effect on the health of consumers. In order to ensure a permanent supply throughout the year, fish is dried or smoked and put in storage. The aim of this study was to determine the biotic constraints related to the deterioration of smoked fishes in three processing basins in the Littoral region of Cameroon. 260 actors were interviewed in the localities of Youpwé, Mouanko and Manoka: 64 fishermen, 89 processors and 107 traders. The inventory of smoked fishes was determined in each locality. During the inspection of the storage tools, Ethmalosa fimbriata and Ilisha africana, apparently healthy were sampled and put in observation at the National Veterinary Laboratory for 60 days. This study revealed that only women are involved in fish processing. The processors and traders of Youpwé were Cameroonian (84.12%), Ghanaian (4.67%) and Nigerian (11.21%). Their level of education is mainly secondary school education (57.01) and an experience year in activity between 11 and 15 years (49.26%). 33 species of fishes are smoked, the main important of which are E. fimbriata and I. africana. 9 pest species are associated with stored smoked fishes. Necrobia rufipes is the main insect pest during storage of E. fimbriata (56.0), I. africana (64.0) with a significant difference (F (120: 29): 4.611*, P ≤ 0.05) and Aspergillus flavus (F (120; 29): 3.045*, P ≤ 0.05) the most detrimental mold. The pest control methods are more diversified in Youpwé: re-smoking (23%), refrigeration (5%), dry red pepper (41%), garlic (23%), dry salting (8%).

In Ivory Coast, the rational management of waste from forestry operations (also known as related waste) is one of the State’s environmental priorities. It must meet the challenges of the circular economy by proposing various ways of recovery, including the recovery of bioactive molecules from species. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the bioactive potential (antioxidant and antifungal activity) of extracts of three sustainable species from Côte d’Ivoire: Milicia excelsa (Iroko), Mansonia altissima (Bete), Nauclea diderrichii (Badi). The antioxidant activity was determined by ABTS tests and the antifungal activity was evaluated against a brown rot, Coniophorora puteana in in vitro condition. The Bete extract showed the highest antifungal activity: the concentration 6 mg/mL led to a total inhibition of the mycelium growth, against 8 mL/mg for Iroko and Badi. Regarding antioxidant activity, Badi extract (66.898%) showed the highest percentage of inhibition, followed by Iroko (55,25%) and Bété (52,12%).

Knowledge of traditional culinary cultures is very important for any identity. This study aims to contribute to a better knowledge of the «Tchonron» sauce. This sauce is a traditional food from Senoufo people (northern Côte d’Ivoire), based on leafy vegetables. A number of 640 people in four Savanna regions (Bagoué, Hambol, Poro and Tchologo) of Côte d’Ivoire were interviewed using questionnaires, from October 2019 to September 2020. Only 8.75% of these people had a secondary school education, 14.84% had a primary school education and 76.40% were uneducated. The study revealed that region, age group, school education and professional status influence the appreciation level of the «Tchonron» sauce. As well as the use of cooking water of leaves, which varies according to region and level of education. The use of cooking water of leaves also varies according to region and school education. As for the consumption frequency of this sauce, it is influenced by region, marital status and number of children. However, the largest consumers were from the Hambol and Poro regions. This study showed that the «Tchonron» sauce is appreciated and consumed frequently by the population. This sauce can be prepared according to 3 different processes, but the one requiring pre-cooking of the leaves before the grinding step and addition of oilseed powder remains the most used. This work represents a first approach to knowledge of the culinary culture of the Senoufo people.

This study aims to analyze the perception of residents of the Mitendi Quarter in the peri-urban commune of Mont-Ngafula in Kinshasa on the role of the tree planted in residential sites. The analysis is based on the concepts of urban and peri-urban forestry as well as on the questionnaire survey. It appears from the results obtained that most of the identified species are fruit trees. The tree planted in residential sites serves mainly to provide shade, fruits, contributes to the beautification of the landscape and pharmacopoeia. The majority of respondents (66%) affirm that the vegetation cover of the Mitendi Quarter has decreased over the past three decades following the cutting of trees. Once felled, part of these are either sold as energy wood to bakeries and restaurants in Kinshasa and another part is consumed by households after carbonization. The cutting of trees in residential plots is mainly done either to clear the space in order to erect buildings, or to prevent damage to humans or homes. The results of this study call out the urgent need to promote urban and peri-urban forestry in Kinshasa. This will have made it possible not only to contribute to improving the quality of life of its population but also to respond in any way to the adverse effects of global warming.

The purpose of this article is to prove the ineffectiveness of the financial supervision measures of the Democratic Republic of Congo in commercial transactions or exchanges in the eastern part of the ITURI Province. Indeed, the absence of one the symbols of sovereignty in the circulation of Congolese currency (Congolese Franc) in this part of the country, leads to the low percentage of use of its currency by its population. As a result, eighty-seven point five percent use Ugandan currency (shilling) as opposed to eleven percent of the currency of the Democratic Republic of Congo according to the results of the field’s surveys. Consequently, it is imperative that the government of the Democratic Republic of Congo make its population aware of the merits of valuing their currency, which is one of the symbols of a country’s sovereignty. The government will strive to implement control structures for the effective use of its currency. It will undertake to set up production units to better sell these quality products in its currency at affordable prices. Ultimately, the implementation of mechanisms to control and industrialize manufactured products at lower cost could benefit and advantage the Democratic Republic of Congo in the implementation of free trade area.

This research work aims to transform and study the physico-chemical properties of leaf-based agro-materials of Musa sapientum and Tectona grands species. Indeed, the latter are traditionally used as a food packaging medium in West Africa and Benin in particular. The analysis by phytochemical screening of the main chemical groups present at the level of the leaves reveals the presence of molecules of interest, namely: flavonoids; catechol tannins and anthocyanins. The latter are indeed recognized for their pharmacological benefits. In addition, leuco anthocyanins and gallic tannins are only present in Tectona grandma leaves. To produce biofilms based on the leaf species studied, a Box-Doehlert experimental design was carried out. Fifteen (15) formulations were thus made, varying the leaf, starch, and glycerin contents of the mixture. It has been observed that, for low water sensitivity (0.1471) and low thickness (0.0573mm) of bioplastics, 1g of leaves are required; 6g of starch and 4.23mL of glycerin for the leaf of Tectona grandis while for that of Musa sapientum (low thickness: 0.0617mm, low sensitivity to water: 0.3466), it takes: 1.74g of leaf; 6g of starch and 2.5mL of glycerin.