This study was conducted against a background of Philippine schools having endured the longest and most stringent lockdowns in the Asia-Pacific region due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Distance learning and inherent problems such as low availability of internet connections and devices have exacerbated the difficulties faced by teachers to effectively deliver the curriculum and maintain a context of Catholic Ministry which will naturally be less effective without face-to-face interaction. As of 15 September 2020 for example, an estimated 27 million students in the Philippines had lost more than a year of in-person learning (UNICEF, 2021). It is therefore gratifying to conclude from the data returned for this study that the seven sample schools in the provinces of the SVD PHN were generally perceived by the teacher respondents to be well-integrated and effective in their implementation of the SVD Leadership Programme.

Shea is a plant found in the central and northern regions of Benin. In the counties of Borgou and Alibori, for example, shea kernel provides basic cooking oil for more than 80% of the population. In recent years, the production of shea butter has emerged as a credible income generating activity alternative to the reduction in cotton income for the populations of northern Benin. It has become an important source of income to the women who are involved in collection and processing activities of shea kernel. This work is gradually witnessing the modernization of the sector by introducing new technologies to reduce the drudgery of butter extraction. Thus, the grinding (crushing) and milling operations have been mechanized, which allow labor reduction and time spent in the processing; and improve the profitability. However, in Benin, the technical and economic performance of the equipment introduced has not been documented. The study evaluated the technical and economic performance of crushers and mills of shea almonds. The technical performance of the machine is evaluated based on different parameters such as: throughput; broken rate; hourly consumption and specific consumption. The economic performance of the equipment focuses on costs and benefits, on indicators such as work times, variable costs, income and fixed costs, gross and net margins. The result obtained from the evaluation indicated that the throughput; broken rate; the crushing efficiency and gross margin of crusher BECRREMA type are respectively 501 kg/h; 100%; 98.8% and 925.32 FCFA/100 kg. The throughput; milling efficiency and gross margin of mill COBEMAG type are respectively: 62.95 kg/h; 99.5% and 2,412 FCFA/100 kg. These results show that these agro food equipment’s are efficient and cost-effective for the production of shea butter. Full dissemination of these improved technologies is recommended for development of shea processing sector in Benin and West Africa.

Rainwater harvesting for irrigation can increase sustainable access to irrigation and improve farmer resilience to climate change, particularly in semi-arid regions of sub-Saharan Africa. However, attempts to increase adoption of rainwater harvesting for irrigation in Kenya have rarely been successful, despite decades of efforts by governments, NGOs, and development practitioners. Most scholars investigating reasons for these low levels of adoption tend to focus on hydro-geological, techno-managerial, or socio-economic factors, and leave out explanations grounded in the analysis of macro-level cultural, political, economic, and environmental dynamics within a specific context. To fill this gap, this article analyzes historical processes of two sites to identify how these dynamics contributed to an enabling environment for rainwater harvesting for irrigation in Kenya. The concept of technological innovation systems, which describes processes central to the emergence, growth, and diffusion of technological innovations, was used as a lens to examine long-term rainwater harvesting for irrigation adoption dynamics in the two sites. The identification of elements «exogenous» to the innovation system demonstrated that ecological, demographic, macroeconomic, political, cultural, and socio-economic elements exerted a major influence on the development of an enabling environment for rainwater harvesting for irrigation. Exogenous elements influenced levels of adoption by shaping the capacity and quality of elements within rainwater harvesting innovation systems, giving rise to systemic problems or opportunities, and influencing the speed of system development.

The study focuses on the use of phytase in aquaculture, its zootechnical benefits and the possibilities of incorporating it into feed. The aim is to reduce phosphorus waste in fish feed, with no loss of zootechnical performance and lower feed costs. We studied the data in the bibliography, in order to better valorize raw materials (total phosphorus, phytic phosphorus and available phosphorus); to determine phosphorus requirements for aquaculture species; to determine signs of phosphorus deficiency in fish; to study antagonism between phosphorus and calcium and also to study the different forms of discharge by rainbow trout. The results found in the bibliography enable us to test several hypotheses for the formulation of feeds for rainbow trout with different raw materials. This simulation and waste calculation enabled us to validate two feeds: a control feed A1 (0.5% monocalcium phosphate) and a test feed A2 (supplementation with 0.002% phytase and phosphate). The feeds were produced and sent to an experimental facility (Lycée agricole de Bréhoulou). The results of the formulation showed a 28% reduction in phosphorus loss for the test feed compared with control feed. Supplementation resulted in a gain of 2.3 euros per tonne. The results show no significant difference in zootechnical parameters (growth rate, mortality, weight gain and obvious conversion) between the control and trial feeds. Waste measurements also show no significant difference between the control feed and the test feed, but the difference would enable waste to be reduced by 35.6% through the use of phytase.

In Africa, the cotton industry is one of the most important agricultural sectors. In Benin, a record 730,000 tonnes will be produced in 2020-2021, making the country the leading producer of the white gold in Africa. Although essential to the economy, fourteen types of residue from cotton processing remain unexploited. This waste is generally burnt by producers, which contributes to environmental pollution through the emission of greenhouse gases. To overcome this problem, we focused our work on recycling cotton fiber waste into a cotton fiber-starch composite material for use as false ceiling panels in the building industry, in place of the plywood generally used. To achieve this, we manufactured sheets from our composite material to determine mechanical properties such as modulus of elasticity and flexural modulus of rupture in accordance with NF EN 310. Three-point bending loading-unloading cycles were performed. The plates manufactured have dimensions of 300x300x100mm3. The plates are manufactured with «starch/water» and «starch/cotton fiber» mass ratios respectfully equal to 0.25 and 1. We obtained a modulus of elasticity equal to 2830 MPa and a modulus of rupture equal to 11.53 MPa.

Aware of the difficulty of convincing skeptics about the strategic role of human resources, we tried, through our research, not only to provide evidence on the predictive capacity of the HR strategy of sustainable performance, but also to demonstrate that the renewal of HRM is very real and is not just a matter of speech. Regarding the positive effect of human resources in performance improvement, our research, wanting to complement previous research in GSRH that has attested to the existence of simultaneous associations between HR strategy and performance, has focused on verifying the durability of these. Moreover, by demonstrating that the human resources strategy improves the performance of companies at several levels, economic, organizational and social, The results of our research give human resources managers the means to strongly demand the integration of HR action in sustainable development..

The immune system is a very complex network of cells, tissues and organs that work together to defend the body against pathogens. Its two main components are: the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. However, when this system is compromised, the body’s ability to defend itself is impaired, which can increase the risk of developing at least one of the more than 80 autoimmune diseases that affect a significant proportion of the world’s population. These illnesses can cause a range of symptoms, including pain, fatigue, rashes, nausea, headaches and dizziness. They can also affect different parts of the body, such as the skin, muscles, joints, tendons, blood and blood vessels, and even other organs. Also, it is not uncommon to suffer from more than one type of autoimmune disease, as they share similarities in their basic immunological mechanisms. In this review, we aim to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the impact and severity of immune dysfunction. We will also describe the advantages and disadvantages of factors considered to promote immune function and summarize current knowledge about the mechanisms of certain autoimmune diseases. We hope to shed light on this complex subject and provide valuable insights into potential treatments and preventive measures for these diseases.

Cowpea is important for food safety in several countries of Africa. In spite of this importance, we have an insufficiency of data on the morphophenologic and nutritional characteristics of Vigna unguiculata in Côte d’ Ivoire. Then, in the present study, analysis of morphological and phenologic traits of 10 cowpea accessions was carried out to identify ideal plant producing simultaneously in quantity seeds and fodder during a short time of culture cycle. The 10 accessions were cultivated under the same pedological and climatic conditions according to a device in block with 5 repetitions. Germination growth and reproduction parameters were evaluated from the sowing to the harvest period. Results show that any accession can be retained as the ideal plant. However, NR2 and NRB1 can be recommended for their high seed yield. NB1 can be retained for the production of seeds and fodder. On the other hand, accessions NN1, NN2, NRB2, NMC1, and NMC2 can be appreciated for a higher length of pods and for their earlier cycle.

From August 2015 to July of the following year, the influence of stratification and types of plant formations on the distribution of turacos in four natural environments in Côte d’Ivoire was studied. As a result, three strata (low, intermediate and canopy) of vegetation and several types of plant formations were chosen for the sampling of turacos. In each of these natural environments, turacos species have identified by the method point indices of abundance in six facies of habitats different by their structure and plant composition. The result is five species of turacos whose distribution varies according to vegetation strata and types of plant formation. The Great Blue Turaco Corythaeola cristata is abundantly distributed in the canopy of primary forests while other species are more frequent in the intermediate stratum of secondary forests or forest galleries, except the Western Grey Plantain-Eater Crinifer piscator which is distributed in the savannah. Thus, each species of touracos is strongly linked to a type of plant formation that constitutes its preferred habitat. This study on the distribution factors of turacos is necessary and must be considered in the perspective of sustainable conservation of these birds and the preservation of their respective habitats.

This paper presents a unique case study focusing on a Moroccan insurance company. It looks at how internal communication is being digitized within this company and identifies the digital channels used for this communication, the benefits they offer, and the challenges they may pose. The data collected came from 15 thematic semi-structured interviews. The results of this case study reflect a nuance that recognizes both the benefits and limitations of digitalizing internal communication. They suggest that digital and face-to-face internal communication should not be considered as alternatives to each other. Furthermore, our results highlight the importance of turning away from generational stereotypes and instead recognizing the significant contribution of employees to the success of the transformation, including their commitment, adaptability and expertise. However, given the focus of this study on a single case, it is important to note that the results cannot be generalized to other contexts without further investigation. Thus, additional research is needed to confirm and extend the findings to other companies and contexts.

The dynamic capabilities approach posits that a firm’s performance is largely driven by its ability to adapt to a changing environment to secure value creating potential and, thus achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. Our aim is to verify that these capabilities are indeed elements that contribute to competitiveness and to identify the organisational processes associated with dynamic capabilities. In the literature, various authors point the lack of work relating to the deployment of dynamic capabilities. It is recognised that it is important to fill this gap in order to advance knowledge on this concept. This article follows Teece’s conceptualisation: a competitive firm mobilises three dynamic capabilities: sensing, seizing and transforming. The study is based on a case study of 15 Moroccan SMEs considered competitive. We conducted a qualitative study: surveys (structured and semi-open) were conducted to collect data from the owner-managers of these SMEs. The results obtained validate that the SMEs studied mobilise dynamic capabilities.

The city of Kinshasa, capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo, has been marked for some years now by anarchic and ever-increasing urbanisation. This goes hand in hand with galloping demographic growth, which is increasing the pressure on urban green spaces. The resulting environmental impact is likely to increase in the years to come. Green spaces that were once considered a nuisance are now being given special attention, for the well-being of city dwellers. The aim of this study is to identify the benefits of the green spaces lining some of the public roads in the commune of Lemba. In order to carry out this study, a questionnaire was sent to users to gather their opinions on Lemba’s lined green spaces. This questionnaire was supplemented by direct observations in the field to assess the behaviour of the population with regard to these green spaces. The itinerant inventory method was used to identify the plant species present along five major public roads in the municipality under study. A total of 100 users of the green spaces were interviewed at random. The majority of these users were men (67%). Their main reasons for using the green spaces were to relax (33%), enjoy the shade (24%) and the peace and quiet (22%) at certain times of the day. According to these users, green spaces serve mainly to regulate the climate (19%) and beautify the city (17%). The lack of trees on certain roads to provide shade and the absence of public gardens to take advantage of their amenities led 93% of respondents to call for an increase in the number of trees in line and the creation of public gardens. Analysis of the floristic data shows that the tree stock in the Lemba commune’s green spaces includes 22 species divided into 21 genera and 16 botanical families. Nearly 73% of these species (16 species) are of exotic origin and nearly 55% of these plants (12 species) are reported to be edible. These results will enable the local political and administrative authorities to take these areas into account in the planning and development of the city, for the well-being of the population.

The main objective of this study is to estimate the drying parameters of cassava using an indirect solar dryer equipped with a sensible heat energy storage system. This dryer, which uses stones as storage material and made of wood and plywood, was used to dry a quantity of 12.2 kg of cassava. Drying parameters relating to drying curves and drying efficiency of cassava were established and studied. The drying curves were modeled using semi-empirical models. The results showed that the water content of cassava decreased from 159.12 g H2O / 100 g dry matter to 13.32 g H2O / 100 g dry matter. With a collector and drying efficiency of 56.64% and 29.39% respectively. The Weibull distribution model allows a satisfactory modeling of the drying curve, with an r2 = 0.988, a χ2 = 0.000896, and an RMSE = 0.0288.

Fracture aquifers are actual major issue in hydrogeology. They are an essential resource for many populations around the world. The present study focuses on major fractures that control groundwater and surface water flow, and play a key role in the productivity of fractured reservoirs. The use of numerical processing techniques (Selective Principal Component Analysis (SPCA), band ratios) and directional filtering by Sobel and Yésou allowed the identification of major fractures in the Black Volta Basin in Côte d’Ivoire. Validation of the latter was done by several field works (geology, hydrogeology and geomorphology) and a comparative analysis. Three groups of NS, NE-SW and E-W lineament directions were identified from these images. The structural field data generally indicate similar directions. Field data and satellite image processing show that most of these lineaments correspond to either shear faults or veins related to Eburnian and post-Eburnian orogenic events. The comparative analysis carried out revealed concordances with previous studies and automatically detected structures in the same area. The final lineament map generated for the study area will help to identify potential areas for drilling for water supply purposes.

This study reviews the current state of knowledge on the roles of lysine and methionine in monogastric nutrition, and their potential availability in feedstuffs for pigs and chickens in Burkina Faso. It aims to better orient ongoing research to make these amino acids more available and optimize their content in local feed resources and their use in the rationing of pigs and chickens on intensive farms in Burkina Faso. Searches carried out mainly online using the Google Scholar search engine yielded a wide range of documents, which were filtered to retain only the most significant ones dealing with the above-mentioned themes. A total of 294 documents were identified, from which 126 references were selected and used for this literature review. Lysine and methionine are the most limiting amino acids in pig and chicken feed, in that their deficiency in rations affects feed efficiency, leads to reduced growth and dysfunctions in the organism. The methionine and lysine used in Burkina Faso are imported synthetic products that are not easily accessible due to their high cost. Their availability in certain ingredients can be improved by germination and/or heat treatment. Compliance with recommended lysine and methionine requirements in formulations for pigs and chickens is essential to optimize their utilization by the body, while reducing nitrogen losses and ensuring good productivity.

Introduction: The species we have chosen is Prosopis africana (Guill. & Perr.) of the Fabaceae family is a medium-sized shrub that can reach about 30 m in height and is widespread in tropical Africa, locally known in the Central African pharmacopoeia. It is a species widely used in traditional medicine for its therapeutic properties. Objectives: As part of the valorization of medicinal plants used in the Central African pharmacopoeia, the interest of this work is focused on ethnobotanical investigations, chemical screening and antioxidant activity of Prosopis africana. Methods: Four solvents of different polarities were used (cyclohexane, dichloromethane, acetone and methanol) for extraction. Qualitative analyses were based on staining reactions, followed by quantification by the 96-well plate reader to determine polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids and anthocyanins. Results: The extraction results showed that the methanol extract has the best yield of 14.45%. Qualitative analyzes revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, sterols, triterpenes and saponosides. The polyphenol content was better than the other families of compounds quantified (Table 2). It varies between 42,90 and 247.89 mg of gallic acid equivalent (EqAG) /g. The methanol and acetone extracts have strong antioxidant activity. They have respectively the percentages of inhibition of DPPH the values ​​98.47±00.70 and 98.55±00.10% (Figure 5). Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using the «FactoMineR» and «factoextra» packages of the R software circle of variable correlation. The best Person (r) correlation coefficient obtained was 0.95 between polyphenols and DPPH inhibition. Conclusion: The phytochemical study revealed the presence of certain molecules such as polyphenols and alkaloids, which can give Prosopis africana (Guill. & Perr.) its therapeutic properties.

The question of the right distance between subject and object has always been crucial for the social sciences. It reveals two aspects: epistemological and ethical. From the epistemological point of view, the concern concerns the objective knowledge that one can produce on objects of which one is a part. From the ethical point of view, the concern concerns the axiological position that can be defended in the study of phenomena involving values on which we ourselves make judgments. Social criticism is based on axiological neutrality as a methodological posture of social science research. This wébérienne requirement is part of the criteria of scientific neutrality and the criteria of scientificity which aims objectivity and excludes subjectivity. By proposing to situate social thinking in the African context, our approach consists, starting from social criticism but taking to witness one of the arenas of its manifestations that are universities and especially those African. The thinkers of the social, within these institutions, produce reactions that are confronted, through social criticism and social commitment, with the institutional pressures of regulation and control of the social particularly in the ranks of African academics who have the merit of asking the social question and enlightening the enlightenment of society in which knowledge and power are equidistant.