[ Production anti-écologique de charbon de bois en périphérie des localités Kinseki et Ntampa: Une nécessité de recourir au langage de modélisation UML pour la lutte contre la déforestation ]
Volume 37, Issue 1, August 2022, Pages 124–138
Sylvain Mavinga1, Félicien Lukoki2, D. E. Musibono3, Apollinaire Biloso4, and Lambert Binzangi5
1 Unité de Communication Environnementale, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Département des Ressources Naturelles, BP 314 Boma, RD Congo
2 Laboratoire de Botanique systématique & d'écologie végétale, Faculté des Sciences, Département de Biologie, BP. 190 Kinshasa XI (Université de Kinshasa), RD Congo
3 Université de Kinshasa, Faculté des Sciences, Département des Sciences de l’Environnement, BP 190 Kinshasa XI, RD Congo
4 Université de Kinshasa, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Département d’Economie Agricole, BP 117 Kinshasa XI, RD Congo
5 Université de Kinshasa, Faculté des Sciences, Département des Sciences de l’Environnement, BP 190 Kinshasa XI, RD Congo
Original language: French
Copyright © 2022 ISSR Journals. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
In Kinseki and Ntampa, the traditional oven (earth millstone) is the only technique used which is used in the process of the anti-ecological production of charcoal « makala ». Its qualitative and quantitative yield depends on the good handling of experienced and conscientious charcoal burners. Nevertheless, it leads to the destruction of biotopes, reduces forest or savannah biological diversity, degrades the soil, modifies the proper functioning of the biogeochemical and climatic cycles of the surrounding environment. Indeed, the majority of the peasant community remains in ecological ignorance which does not allow it to fight against the regressive series which characterizes the forest or the savannah, therefore the major concern of the charcoal burners is to have a large quantity of plant species in as little time as possible, without making a physical environmental accounting of the phytomass. This way of behaving transforms the primitive woody landscape into an anthropogenic grassy landscape and particularly accelerates deforestation. How to model with UML, the anti-ecological production system of charcoal, in order to fight against deforestation? What are the plant species most exploited by charcoal burners for the production of charcoal? With regard to these two questions, it is considered that the design of activity diagrams based on environmental and computer knowledge seems to be adequate to fight against deforestation; the most exploited species are those found in the savannas. The results obtained in the field show that the anti-ecological production of charcoal is practiced either in the forest (opinion of 88% of the subjects surveyed), or in the savannah (opinion of 12% of the subjects surveyed); no coal maker applies ecological principles (opinion of 100% of subjects surveyed); 91% of surveyed households are composed of more than 5 people against 9% who have only less than 5 people; 91% of the subjects surveyed have a low monthly income (i.e. less than $199); 100% of the subjects surveyed do not replace cut trees in the forest or savannah with others.
Author Keywords: Anti-ecological production, charcoal, Kinseki, Ntampa, traditional oven, deforestation, UML.
Volume 37, Issue 1, August 2022, Pages 124–138
Sylvain Mavinga1, Félicien Lukoki2, D. E. Musibono3, Apollinaire Biloso4, and Lambert Binzangi5
1 Unité de Communication Environnementale, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Département des Ressources Naturelles, BP 314 Boma, RD Congo
2 Laboratoire de Botanique systématique & d'écologie végétale, Faculté des Sciences, Département de Biologie, BP. 190 Kinshasa XI (Université de Kinshasa), RD Congo
3 Université de Kinshasa, Faculté des Sciences, Département des Sciences de l’Environnement, BP 190 Kinshasa XI, RD Congo
4 Université de Kinshasa, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Département d’Economie Agricole, BP 117 Kinshasa XI, RD Congo
5 Université de Kinshasa, Faculté des Sciences, Département des Sciences de l’Environnement, BP 190 Kinshasa XI, RD Congo
Original language: French
Copyright © 2022 ISSR Journals. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
In Kinseki and Ntampa, the traditional oven (earth millstone) is the only technique used which is used in the process of the anti-ecological production of charcoal « makala ». Its qualitative and quantitative yield depends on the good handling of experienced and conscientious charcoal burners. Nevertheless, it leads to the destruction of biotopes, reduces forest or savannah biological diversity, degrades the soil, modifies the proper functioning of the biogeochemical and climatic cycles of the surrounding environment. Indeed, the majority of the peasant community remains in ecological ignorance which does not allow it to fight against the regressive series which characterizes the forest or the savannah, therefore the major concern of the charcoal burners is to have a large quantity of plant species in as little time as possible, without making a physical environmental accounting of the phytomass. This way of behaving transforms the primitive woody landscape into an anthropogenic grassy landscape and particularly accelerates deforestation. How to model with UML, the anti-ecological production system of charcoal, in order to fight against deforestation? What are the plant species most exploited by charcoal burners for the production of charcoal? With regard to these two questions, it is considered that the design of activity diagrams based on environmental and computer knowledge seems to be adequate to fight against deforestation; the most exploited species are those found in the savannas. The results obtained in the field show that the anti-ecological production of charcoal is practiced either in the forest (opinion of 88% of the subjects surveyed), or in the savannah (opinion of 12% of the subjects surveyed); no coal maker applies ecological principles (opinion of 100% of subjects surveyed); 91% of surveyed households are composed of more than 5 people against 9% who have only less than 5 people; 91% of the subjects surveyed have a low monthly income (i.e. less than $199); 100% of the subjects surveyed do not replace cut trees in the forest or savannah with others.
Author Keywords: Anti-ecological production, charcoal, Kinseki, Ntampa, traditional oven, deforestation, UML.
Abstract: (french)
A Kinseki et à Ntampa, le four traditionnel (meule de terre) est la seule technique utilisée qui est mise à contribution dans le processus de la production anti-écologique de charbon de bois « makala ». Son rendement qualitatif et quantitatif dépend de la bonne manipulation des charbonniers expérimentés et consciencieux. Néanmoins, elle entraîne la destruction des biotopes, réduit la diversité biologique forestière ou savanicole, dégrade les sols, modifie le bon fonctionnement des cycles biogéochimiques et climatiques de l’environnement ambiant. En effet, la majorité de la communauté paysanne reste dans l’ignorance écologique qui ne lui permet pas de lutter contre la série régressive qui caractérise la forêt ou la savane, dès lors la préoccupation majeure des charbonniers est d’avoir une grande quantité d’espèces végétales en moins de temps possible, sans faire une comptabilité environnementale physique de la phytomasse. Cette façon de se comporter, transforme le paysage ligneux primitif en paysage herbeux anthropogène et accélère particulièrement la déforestation. Comment modéliser avec UML, le système de production anti-écologique de charbon de bois, en vue de lutter contre la déforestation ? Quelles sont les espèces végétales les plus exploitées par les charbonniers pour la production de charbon de bois ? Au regard de ces deux questions, l’on estime que la conception des diagrammes d’activités fondés sur des connaissances environnementales et informatiques semble être adéquate pour lutter contre la déforestation; les espèces les plus exploitées sont celles qui se trouvent dans les savanes. Les résultats obtenus sur le terrain permettent de retenir que la production anti-écologique de charbon de bois se pratique soit dans la forêt (avis de 88 % des sujets enquêtés), soit dans la savane (avis de 12 % des sujets enquêtés); aucun charbonnier n’applique les principes écologiques (avis de 100 % des sujets enquêtés); 91 % de ménages enquêtés sont composés de plus de 5 personnes contre 9 % qui n’ont que moins de 5 personnes; 91 % des sujets enquêtés ont un revenu mensuel faible (soit moins de 199 $); 100 % des sujets enquêtés ne remplacent pas des arbres coupés en forêt ou en savane par d’autres.
Author Keywords: Production anti-écologique, charbon de bois, Kinseki, Ntampa, four traditionnel, déforestation, UML.
How to Cite this Article
Sylvain Mavinga, Félicien Lukoki, D. E. Musibono, Apollinaire Biloso, and Lambert Binzangi, “Anti-ecological production of charcoal on the outskirts of Kinseki and Ntampa localities: A need to use UML modeling language for the fight against deforestation,” International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 124–138, August 2022.
