The activities of traders and visitors in the market have potential hazards that pose safety and health risks. Most market visitors have low awareness and often ignore potential hazards due to a lack of knowledge. This study aims to identify hazards, analyze safety and health risks, and design risk control efforts that market managers can apply. This research is qualitative research with an observational approach. The informants were selected purposively, namely the head of the Siteba Market Technical Implementation Unit, security officers, traders, and visitors at the Siteba Market. The instruments used are checklists and interview guides. Risks are analyzed manually based on the AS/NZS 4360 standard matrix. The research results using the elicitation method identified ten potential safety and health hazards in Siteba Market. The safety and health risks for traders and visitors to Siteba Market consist of seven high risks and three medium risks. Potential high risks are accidents, pickpockets, fatigue, slipping, falling, and jostling during emergencies and fires. Meanwhile, the potential risks consist of traffic jams, indigestion, and scattered merchandise. These Traders and visitors are potentially exposed to safety and health. Community organizing efforts through the Occupational Health Business Post need to be activated by the health center to carry out preventive and promotive efforts for safety and health in the market can be carried out sustainably.

In Côte d'Ivoire, since 1980, coffee cultivation has experienced a decline in production due to drought, deforestation and the aging of the orchard. In order to revive this production, practices of replanting and regeneration by coppicing are adopted. The objective is to sustainably improve the production of coffee trees in order to generate added value. Specifically, it is a question of researching the effect of peasant practices on floristic diversity and determining coffee production according to these practices. A study on the effect of cultural practices on floristic diversity and coffee yield was carried out in Kéibla. The practices are: T0 (farmer practice), T1 (replanting + good agricultural practices without fertilization), T2 (replanting + good agricultural practices + fertilization) and T3 (replanting + good agricultural practices + fertilization). Following surface and itinerant surveys, the floristic diversity was determined. Quantitative dendrometric measurements allowed the structural-agronomic characterization. The results showed that the flora is rich with 66 species, 58 genera and 32 families. The analyzes showed that the T1 treatment recorded the best results with a density of 1259 plants/ha, a yield reaching 1041.07 kg/ha, a low mortality rate (23%) and a basal area of ​​33.70 m2. /Ha. In the T1 treatment, the species are diversified and better distributed. Taking peasant farming practices into account makes it possible to improve the production of coffee orchards.

It’s in a context of climate change and health that this research aims to identify the determinants of the economic performance of farms in the rural municipality of Kourthèye (Niger) on a sample of 250 producers. By adopting a parametric approach, the levels of economic efficiency were estimated and decomposed into allocative and technical efficiency from a stochastic production frontier (Cobb-Douglas-type); and the correlation test to study the link between economic performance indicators and those of health. The farm was broken down into irrigated and dry crops. Empirical results show that there’s an efficiency differential between them. For irrigated crops, the average allocative efficiency indices are 0.35 and 0.26 for dry crops. With regard to the economic efficiency, it’s 0.17 and 0.10 respectively, reflecting the weak economic performance of farms. The examination of the economic performance determinants shows that Household size, Off-farm income, Experience in agriculture, Access to informal credit, training of farmers, and Climate information play a positive and significant role in achieving of production frontier. However, all the health indicators taken into account have a negative and significant effect at 1% on the economic performance of these farms. Thus, a policy of the state, donors and NGOs, improving health status, other significant determinants, adoption of new modern technologies could certainly improve the overall level of economic performance of farms.

A series of sand filters in the shape of a “U” are an inexpensive option to to the treatment of nitrogen pollution. This filter system was contained three compartments. Each compartment was contained two columns, a filter column and a settling one. The size of filter media decreased successively in the direction of water flow. This disposition of layering increases solids absorption et adsorption. However, the filter sand depth and media grain size can impact their treatment efficiency. Thus, the effect of sand filter depth and media grain size upon treatment kinetic was studied. To do this, three (3) sand depth (60, 70 et 90 cm) was studied. The results show that the filter bed depth of 90 cm was the most efficient for nitrogen removal. However, the coarse shales provide a good reduction of ammonium and Total Kjeldahl nitrogen in the filtrates compared to the other media grain size. Shale medium and lagoon sand are efficient in the nitrate removal and chemical oxygen demand. The results obtained show that the filter of 90 cm of mean shale and with lagoon sand is an efficient technology for treating nitrogen urban wastewater.

The presence of growth rings on tropical tree species is proven. In addition, the data on tree growth rhythms are fragmentary for many commercial tree species in the Congo Basin, and several studies question the dendrometric parameter values provided by the forest administration, parameters generally from permanent sample plots. In this study, we have evaluated the potential of tree-rings analysis in the semi-deciduous rainforest in Central Africa. For this, we examined the anatomy of wood of nine tree species to determine the visibility of tree rings and, on the subset of four species whose tree rings are visible, the potential of cross-dating has been evaluated as well as the annual character of formation by tree- rings analysis on stem discs. The age of trees is obtained for each of these tree species: E. cylindricum; M. Altissima; M. Excelsa and T. scleroxylon respectively (137, 126, 87 and 67). And the respective annual diametrical increases of (0.68 ± 0.42; 0, 71 ± 0.31; 0.64 ± 0.29 and 1.02 ± 0.19 cm.an). The comparison of these values to that of the Cameroonian forest administration shows that the latter is higher: 0.5 cm. an E. cylindricum, M. Altissima, M. Excelsa and 0.9 cm.an for T. scleroxylon. This method can be applied to other distinct and annual commercial tree species with distinct and annual tree rings to provide new data and fill the knowledge deficit on the growth rates of tropical trees.

Objective: The objective of this study is to identify, in addition to the factors already known, other risk factors for hepatitis B in the Central African context and more particularly in donors. Methods: This is a case-control study carried out among regular blood donors in the city of Bangui, capital of the Central African Republic and Bimbo, a neighboring town. The study population consisted of regular donors who tested positive for hepatitis B or cases and donors who tested negative or controls. Three witnesses were chosen for a case. The sample resulting from an empirical survey consisted of 245 cases and 735 controls. The selected witness was from the same district and had the same sex and an age close to that of the case. The data collected by interview were entered and analyzed with Epi Info 7. Risk ratio (RR), adjusted RR and Khi2 test significant for p ˂5% served as a statistical test. Results: A total of 980 regular blood donors aged 18 to 53 years were interviewed, of whom 960 (97.95%) were male. Unprotected sex (RRa=10.5), multi-partner sexual (RRa=2.79), reuse of hairdressing equipment (RRa=6), touching (RRa=5), flute (RRa=4.36), storytelling (RRa=3.75), single status and low level of education were significantly associated with the occurrence of hepatitis B (p˂0.05). The non-exchange of purging material (RRa=0.97) and cigarette material (RRa=0.92) ensured a significant protective effect against hepatitis B. Conclusion: This study confirms the risk factors already known and has made it possible to identify other risk factors of the in the Central African context such as touching, flutes, reuse of hairdressing equipment and the notion of storytelling.

In this study, it has been shown that the contexts and conditions in which political parties are born and evolve have an influence on the behavior of militants. At the end of the constitution of February 18, 2006 of the Democratic Republic of Congo, the political parties have the mission to ensure the strengthening of national consciousness and civic education. However, within Congolese political parties in general, and in the UDPS and PPRD in particular, this notion is almost systematically absent. These two parties which were in coalition although all advocating social democracy as an ideology, are, beyond their typological divergence, that is to say one radical and the other conservative, born in different contexts. The UDPS, born in 1982 as an opposition party to counterbalance the Mobutu regime, despite being already in power, the legacy of opponents is still present in the heads of its activists who sometimes misunderstand what is this a rule of law. At the headquarters of kasumbalesa in Haut-Katanga when the UDPS flag went up everyone was forced to stop! It is therefore a partitocratic regime in the making, the young people of the UDPS are gradually assimilating to the imbonerakure of the CNDD-FDD in BURUNDI. With regard to the PPRD, born in 2002 as a ruling party and which ruled the country for more than a decade, characterized by mismanagement, corruption, embezzlement, embezzlement of public funds, muzzling of the political opposition, the cult of personality, … considered itself during this coalition, rightly or wrongly, as the presidential party. Sometimes threatening the end of the coalition, "If the coalition partner no longer wants it, as far as we are concerned, we will draw the necessary constitutional consequences, that is to say go straight ahead and without hesitation to cohabitation,” said PPRD permanent secretary Emmanuel Ramazani Shadary one day. On Wednesday July 8, 2020 a violent clash took place in Lubumbashi between the militants of the UDPS and the PPRD. These two political parties in coalition, with regard to the behaviors that characterize them, due to the conditions in which they were born and evolved, are more tigers than lambs.

This paper describes a technique to produce electrical energy by a DC motor-generator set. For the realization of our project, we first optimized the photovoltaic energy by using the MPPT control by fuzzy logic, on a DC/DC converter of Boost type. This photovoltaic energy has an electrical power of 14 kW and will feed the DC motor. The DC motor will drive an alternator up to its nominal speed and will produce an electrical power of 14 kW. The simulation results obtained and presented show the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed technology.

The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of job description of a computer center in a company. The impact of a job description in the computer centers of companies in the City of Lubumbashi can be seen in respect of the fields of action of the agents, which we even observed at the MMG Company which was our research entity. We know very well that a computer center has the role of ensuring the coherent development of IT resources, networks, telecommunications and ensuring the availability of hardware and software resources. The job description determines the fields of action of any person working in an entity, and this job description has an impact in the IT department it has a positive impact and a negative impact therefore we have been able to cite some positive and negative examples in our work, and an IT department is composed of several people who are managed by a responsible director, each person in this department has a field of action to respect in its scope of this IT department.

The present reflection had as a focus, the unearthing of the factors that overshadow the effective implementation of decentralization in the Congolese political system. These factors come in particular in the form of the imperatives of the party-state and the legal imbroglio. That is to say, the national life of the DR Congolese is almost systematically dominated by political parties and groups that hold republican institutions hostage to such an extent that, to access a position of responsibility, it is necessary in most cases be a member of a political party in power. So, having sung and danced a lot is a sure job application and curriculum vitae (CV) to get hired. This is what we call party-states. In this perspective, political parties become structures that serve as springboards for getting a job in public services or being appointed mayor, mayor, etc. In this perspective, the effective implementation of decentralization becomes hypothetical because the criteria are not respected by the political actors who appoint the heads of decentralized territorial entities, while decentralization presupposes the election of local authorities by local populations. This organizational inadequacy is also explained by the various related laws, sometimes pursuing, and this in a paradoxical way, an antipodal order of extravagance.

Background: Incidence, one of the most commonly used indicators of morbidity in epidemiology, measures the number of new cases of a disease over a period of time. Previous studies of hepatitis B in the Central African Republic are much more concerned with prevalence. Also, the residual risk of transmission of the disease by transfusion is not yet known. The aim of this study was to study the evolution of hepatitis B incidence among regular blood donors in the cities of Bangui and Bimbo in Central Africa and to estimate the residual risk of viral transmission during blood donations. Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted at the National Blood Transfusion Centre in Bangui, covering data from 2015 to 2019. The sample consisted of regular DBS (two or more blood donations) living in the cities of Bangui and Bimbo. The Monolisa immuno-enzymatic test was used for the search for the HBs antigen. The data collected was captured and analyzed with Epi Info 7. The average incidence rate was achieved by dividing the total annual rates by five. The exact Khi2 or Fisher test at the 5% threshold compared the proportions. Search authorization No 574/MSP/DIR. CAB/DR/SGRHF/ 2017 enabled the study to be carried out. Results: From 2015 to 2019, 19762 regular volunteer donors were monitored. These donors were between the ages of 18 and 64 (average age of 28 years) with a male predominance (n -95%). The number of donations ranges from 2 to 105. The incidence rate of hepatitis B was 47.87 degrees (240/5013) in 2015, 63.06 degrees (253/4012) in 2016, 75.33 (307/4075) in 2017, 100.56 (320/3182) in 2018 and 108.04 (376/3480) in 2019. The average incidence rate was 78.97 degrees. The incidence rate was significantly higher among donors aged 25 to 34, men, donors who made less donation (2 to 19 donations) and In Bangui. The estimated average residual risk of viral transmission was 6.02 per 1000 blood donations. Conclusion: The incidence of hepatitis among regular volunteer donors has increased steadily from year to year. Younger age, males, regular donors who made less donations and the city of Bangui were more affected. The presence of co-infection with HIV and syphilis suggests sexual transmission of hepatitis B. Advocacy for free vaccination of regular donors and the introduction of genomic testing will reduce the residual risk.

In Kinseki and Ntampa, the traditional oven (earth millstone) is the only technique used which is used in the process of the anti-ecological production of charcoal « makala ». Its qualitative and quantitative yield depends on the good handling of experienced and conscientious charcoal burners. Nevertheless, it leads to the destruction of biotopes, reduces forest or savannah biological diversity, degrades the soil, modifies the proper functioning of the biogeochemical and climatic cycles of the surrounding environment. Indeed, the majority of the peasant community remains in ecological ignorance which does not allow it to fight against the regressive series which characterizes the forest or the savannah, therefore the major concern of the charcoal burners is to have a large quantity of plant species in as little time as possible, without making a physical environmental accounting of the phytomass. This way of behaving transforms the primitive woody landscape into an anthropogenic grassy landscape and particularly accelerates deforestation. How to model with UML, the anti-ecological production system of charcoal, in order to fight against deforestation? What are the plant species most exploited by charcoal burners for the production of charcoal? With regard to these two questions, it is considered that the design of activity diagrams based on environmental and computer knowledge seems to be adequate to fight against deforestation; the most exploited species are those found in the savannas. The results obtained in the field show that the anti-ecological production of charcoal is practiced either in the forest (opinion of 88% of the subjects surveyed), or in the savannah (opinion of 12% of the subjects surveyed); no coal maker applies ecological principles (opinion of 100% of subjects surveyed); 91% of surveyed households are composed of more than 5 people against 9% who have only less than 5 people; 91% of the subjects surveyed have a low monthly income (i.e. less than $199); 100% of the subjects surveyed do not replace cut trees in the forest or savannah with others.

In Burkina Faso, rice is of great importance in terms of consumption and cultivated area. It is the fourth most important cereal crop in terms of area, production and annual per capita consumption. Despite persistently low and almost static yields, demand for rice continues to grow due to high population growth and changing dietary habits. The basic system of local rice production is monoculture in a single annual season for rainfed and lowland rice and in a double annual season for irrigated rice. Irrigated rice is the most efficient rice production method with total control of water supply. However, rice production in Burkina Faso is faced with multiple abiotic and biotic constraints that cause significant yield reductions. Indeed, climatic variability remains one of the most important factors. Like the rest of the Sudano-Sahelian zone, Burkina Faso is subject to climatic hazards, of which the decline and poor spatial-temporal distribution of rainfall has become the main obstacle to rice production. Thus, in a context where the effects of climate change are increasingly perceptible, it is becoming imperative to adopt more efficient varieties and cultivation practices that ensure good water nutrition for the plants. To cope with this situation, an efficient irrigation system is needed to secure and stabilize crops. This situation calls for a careful use of water in agriculture. This review highlights the genetic diversity of rice, its importance, constraints and different rice production systems as well as innovative methods to boost local rice production in the future.

Knowledge of the Continental Terminal in the locality of Bingerville was based on 147 cuttings. Theses cuttings were the subject of sedimentological and diagraphic studies in order to establish complete lithostratigraphy in this locality which rests on the Precambrian basement. The results highlight four lithologies: sands, mud, gravelly sands and sandy gravels. The mineralogy of the sediments consists mainly of quartz with the exception of mud. These sediments are made up of variety color. The GR values of sandy and gravelly sediments are usually less than 20 API. They vary between 20 and 40 API for sediments containing kaolin pebbles. The mud are rather clayey siltstones which are of two types: variegated kaolin and grey-dark clayey siltstones. The mean GR values of these argillaceous siltstone are 60 API with sometimes extreme values (100 API

Telecommunications networks have been with us for a long time, and every year new technologies emerge that make our day-to-day life easier. With the arrival of the third generation, we obtained an improvement in the internet service in the sense that we could obtain higher speeds. This gave way to a very wide path to continue with the networks. Thus comes the fourth generation network with the intention of being compatible, interoperable and convergent for all telecommunications services, also, with a high internet speed, greater capacity, improvements in its antennas and signal quality. One of its problems remains the unpredictability of its service as it is not entirely stable in its speed because it depends on the region and the users connected to the network. This article helps to know the characteristics of the third and fourth generation mobile networks, their evolution over time and talks about the changes and innovations that will bring the fifth generation mobile network (5G).

With the major success in applications of electronic healthcare and tremendous technologies in the telecommunications fields that are exceedingly used in the healthcare sector. And because of the massive technological and computing boom, rapid advance of information systems, technology and procedures, the government's decision to reduce overall healthcare expenses, alliances made in the healthcare industry, and the massive emergence of the Internet, most vital areas of daily life seek to computerize their environments to achieve performance and reliability better and lower costs. A dependable web-based doctor’s appointment reservation management system (DARMS) is presented in this research. It will be design and implement to replace manual work. It is a consolidated database that contains patient information, and it contains the names of the doctors that the nurse adds. DARMS will enable the patients' ability to use the system and input their information to schedule an appointment with the specialist physician and show their reservation information so that a doctor can diagnose their condition and prescribe the appropriate medication. The proposed system will serve patients, and their physicians, and save time and cost-effective health care.

Introduction: The Katana Rural Health Zone has experienced several events including looting of health centers, the cessation of funding or the instability of nursing staff, which could have hindered the functioning of its health structures. These structures have continued to operate in this unfavorable context, thus showing themselves to be resilient. This study aims to identify the adaptive mechanisms put in place by the Katana health zone in the face of adverse events. Methodology: The study is a mixed cross-sectional study covering the period from 2014 to 2018. It is based on the identification of events that occurred in the Katana Health Zone, the analysis of the evolution of cases and deaths linked to malaria and the perceptions of key players on the nature of the events, their link with the number of cases. The study used a documentary review and individual interviews targeting 8 key players. Results: The main destabilizing events identified are related to the management of human resources, the use of health services, the breakdown of funding, the availability of curative or preventive inputs, community participation and security and safety issues. Infrastructure. The trend of the evolution of new cases with malaria is similar for all age categories. On the other hand, the evolution of deaths is different. Health services continued to provide care thanks to the coping mechanisms developed. Conclusions: The study demonstrates the precariousness of a health system heavily dependent on humanitarian aid, the interruption of which can generate dysfunction with effects on mortality, including infant mortality; the weak involvement of the government in supporting structures facing the misdeeds of disasters such as the earthquake and looting; the poverty of the population making it inaccessible to health care despite the reduction in prices and the resilience of health centers following the establishment of endogenous adaptation mechanisms..

To publicize the results of research carried out in the fields of engineering and applied sciences, and in any other specialty, it is necessary to write a scientific article. This has a specific format called IMRAD method, which includes introduction, methods, results and discussion. In it, graphs, tables, figures and own designs of the methods used in the study can be included. A set of tools and general recommendations are offered to students and researchers in engineering and applied sciences in order to improve their preparation for the challenge of communicating science to their peers, the general public and decision makers. Suggestions for the typical preparation of a manuscript, recommendations for good practice in writing scientific articles and links to resources available on the web are included in the article.

Remote surveillance is a security weapon all over the world. The freedom market also called «M’zee Laurent Désiré Kabila» is one of the largest markets in Kinshasa, located in the Commune of Masina in the DRC. Thus, the security of sellers and their goods is essential. The objective of this article is to set up a remote surveillance network by IP camera via fiber optics. The daytime IP cameras and alarms are installed in different access points of the said market. The images captured by the IP cameras in this environment are transmitted to the WIN APPLICATION server (Database) installed in the control room, also called monitoring (server) for their processing (reading, storage, visualization, and printing). The results obtained show the feasibility of the optimal video surveillance project on the detection of suspicious elements. Surveillance cameras do not protect against burglaries but allow burglars to be unmasked.

In this article the analysis of implementation of the technique of genetic algorithms for the adjustment of the optimum of the quadrics is carried out. A set of sample points of the quadric, which may possibly contain noise and therefore may represent in the fitting, a different geometric figure from the one from which they come, are defined and will be used to fit the quadric which best represents these points. The purpose of this work is the application of GA (Genetic Algorithms) for an optimization problem, in which this technique has been very appropriate in solving the different problems. We seek to obtain a greater knowledge of GA, as well as a better understanding of what an implementation of this technique entails in any problem.