Mastectomy due to breast cancer leads to significant physical and psychological changes that affect women’s comfort, body image, and quality of life. Postoperative challenges such as pain, limited shoulder mobility, lymphedema, skin sensitivity, and the use of breast prostheses create specific clothing needs that are not adequately addressed by most commercially available bras. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a supportive bra based on functional and aesthetic design solutions suitable for the post mastectomy stage. The research followed descriptive and experimental approaches. A survey was conducted to identify the functional and aesthetic needs of women after mastectomy. Based on the findings, a bra was designed and implemented using bamboo fabric due to its softness, breathability, antibacterial properties, and moisture absorption. The design incorporated a full cup with an internal prosthesis pocket, adjustable wide straps, a supportive underband, ventilation features, and carefully integrated aesthetic elements. The implemented design was evaluated by specialists and members of the target group. The results showed statistically significant improvement in functional and aesthetic performance, with high levels of acceptance. The study highlights the importance of integrating functional efficiency with aesthetic value in supportive garment design to enhance comfort, confidence, and overall quality of life for breast cancer survivors.

Reducing post-harvest losses of tomatoes and onions remains crucial for income and food security in the Guinguineo department. The objective of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of storage and preservation practices to maintain the freshness of the produce. A survey was conducted among stakeholders regarding existing storage and preservation techniques in the area. Two batches were studied for each crop: one harvested using compost and the other harvested using chemical methods. For each batch, two preservation methods were tested: the traditional method (the existing method) and a new, improved approach to determine which could be recommended to stakeholders. The results showed that for tomatoes, after 20 days, the improved method for composted tomatoes preserved 25 fruits compared to 18 for the traditional method. For chemically treated tomatoes, the improved method preserved 33 fruits compared to 23 for the traditional method. Regarding onions, after 3 months, production under compost combined with the improved method plus ash shows the lowest weight loss (0.11 kg). For chemical production, storage in perforated bags is the most efficient with a loss of 0.38 kg.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is profoundly reshaping the IT job market by automating repetitive tasks and creating new specialized roles. Routine jobs face a decline, while demand grows for AI specialists, data scientists, cybersecurity experts, and AI ethicists. Existing roles, such as system administrators and web developers, are evolving into more strategic and creative positions, requiring skills in automation, data analysis, AI integration, and hybrid project management. Continuous training and adaptation are essential to remain competitive. Overall, AI does not eliminate IT jobs but transforms responsibilities, skill requirements, and workflows, presenting both challenges and opportunities for professionals in the field.

This study analyzes intellectual disabilities among secondary school students in the Kabongo 2 subdivision. The main objective is to identify the types of disabilities observed, their causes, and their effects on academic achievement. The methodology employed is based on a descriptive and analytical approach, using questionnaires and interviews with teachers and students. The results show that the most frequent disabilities involve memory, comprehension, and logical reasoning. These disabilities stem from socioeconomic, pedagogical, and psychological factors. Intervention strategies are proposed, including teacher training, psychological support, and the adaptation of teaching methods.

Nurses play a central role in health promotion, disease prevention, and comprehensive patient care. However, the effectiveness of nursing care is significantly compromised by persistent workload overload, inadequate organizational conditions, and chronic shortages of human and material resources. Data were collected through direct observation, interviews, document analysis, and manual statistical processing. The findings reveal that 87.7% of nurses reported experiencing excessive workload, while 93.7% expressed concerns about their working conditions. This overload resulted in the absence of formal nursing diagnoses, decreased quality of care (including breaches in aseptic practices), medication errors, inadequate monitoring of vital signs, insufficient psychological support for patients, and service disorganization. Excessive nurse-to-patient ratios significantly reduced the ability to anticipate clinical deterioration, thereby increasing morbidity, mortality, and length of hospital stay. The study confirms a direct relationship between nursing workload and deterioration in quality of care. It highlights the urgent need for structural interventions, including adequate staffing levels, improved working conditions, investment in resources, continuing professional development, fair compensation, and the promotion of a safety- and quality-centered organizational culture. Optimizing nurses’ work environments represents a strategic lever to ensure patient safety, restore public trust, and strengthen the long-term performance of the healthcare system.

The digital transformation of education requires a profound restructuring of pedagogical practices, particularly through the design and development of interactive instructional software adapted to distance and hybrid learning environments. This article examines the methodological framework underlying the conception and production of digital didactic materials as a strategic component of instructional engineering. The proposed approach is structured around six major stages: needs analysis, pedagogical design, technical design, multimedia production, testing and validation, and dissemination and evaluation. A practical case study involving the development of a tutorial on introductory Microsoft Excel skills for first-year university students illustrates the operationalization of the model. The findings emphasize the importance of pedagogical scripting, interactivity, and formative assessment in fostering digital competencies. The study concludes that computer-assisted instruction enhances pedagogy when integrated into a reflective, learner-centered instructional design process.

In Côte d’Ivoire, due to the disorder observed in urban areas, public authorities, within the context of sustainable development, are developing various policies, such as eviction, with the aim of cleaning up the chaotic occupation of spaces. In the city of Daloa, a hub of Haut-Sassandra (central-western Ivory Coast), this eviction policy is a real issue faced by public authorities who struggle with the relocation of the evicted populations. This paper aims to analyze the mechanisms of population eviction and the strategies considered for their relocation. To achieve this objective, the research methodology was built on a mixed approach; both qualitative and quantitative. The data used comes from interview surveys with local authorities. Additionally, a questionnaire survey was conducted among the evicted populations (economic actors and households). This method was reinforced by the SWOT analysis to understand the long-term challenges of these initiatives. The main findings of the study indicate that clearance in the city has positively contributed to improving basic infrastructure and the well-being of the population. However, the relocation of people and their settlements to other sites poses a problem, namely the care and relocation of displaced populations. This issue is explained by the lack of funding and strategy from local authorities. As a result, these populations remain vulnerable and live in a state of permanent precariousness.

Benin’s artesian groundwater resources are still underutilized and therefore do not yet contribute fully to the country’s socioeconomic development. This is the case with the Hêtin-Sota thermal spring, which appeared following drilling in 1956. In order to assess the Hêtin spring with a view to developing it, it is necessary to know the values of certain fluid parameters (pressure and temperature) that are not available in the literature or in the archives of Benin’s Directorate General of Water (DGEau). These include the temperature and static pressure values in the reservoir at this location, as well as the pressure value at the head of its artesian thermal well, given that the temperature value at the ground surface (Tground=53℃) is known. This work provides an in-depth study of the different stages through which the geothermal fluid circulates and the interactions between them. The code developed during this study solves the simplified Navier-Stokes equations, the heat equation, and the momentum equation using the Matlab language. This code confirms the temperature (Tres=66.76℃) and static pressure (pres=58.38 bar) values in the reservoir at this location, as well as the head pressure (phead=15.62 bar) value of the thermal artesian well. Validation of this code shows that in the Hetin-Sôta artesian and thermal well; the simulations are in good agreement with the drilling pressure logs and geothermal fields. The temperature above ground, i.e., at the top of the Hêtin artesian and thermal well, is 53°C, which is between 30°C and 90°C, and the depth of the well-being 417 m, between 400 and 2000 m, the geothermal energy from this well can be used to develop agricultural land in the Hêtin area, which is part of the Ouémé Valley in Benin, ranked as the second richest valley in the world after the Nile in Egypt.

Shea is a species native to the Sudanian-Sahelian zone. This species is confronted by climate change and human activity. Unfortunately, young plants do not have time to grow due to their very slow growth rate in their natural environment. An in vitro production study at the IPR/IFRA Laboratory of Agro-physio-genetics and Plant Biotechnology is underway for the improvement of this species. A completely randomized design was used. The plant material consisted of three provenances of leaf explants. The parameters observed were contamination, the rate of explants initiated, the rate of explants forming calluses, callus expression, weight, callus diameter in light and dark conditions, and callus regeneration. The STATITCF software was used for data analysis. The best disinfection rate was observed with the T3 test, with 2.5% contamination. The survival rate showed no significant difference (P=0.0934). However, a highly significant difference was found between the sources, with 75.35% for the Siby explants. For callus induction, a highly significant difference (P=0.0000) was observed. Regarding provenance, the analysis of variance showed no significant difference (P=0.9557). Different callus shapes and appearances were observed under conditions of light and continuous darkness Analysis showed a highly significant difference (P=0.0119) in callus survival rate between expression media. Under light culture conditions, the diameter and weight of the calluses showed no significant difference (P=0.3101). However, under continuous darkness, the analysis of variance revealed a highly significant difference (P=0.0018) of 1 cm and 1.39 g, respectively.

Heterogeneous landscape of Congo basin appear at the same time, as reason of poverty and one opportunity for stimulate forest dynamic, restauration of forest covert and sols and reinforcement of ecosystemics goods and services. One research upon study of forest dynamic in this basin was carried in objective sample at Bombo Lumene by forest inventory. Analysis of results by modelisation reveled: - progressive tranformation of ecology conditions complexity of herbaceous settlements towards the one of forest influenced by migration of pioneers species; - forest natural regeneration attested by seedings and start-up and differents process of forest reconstitution. She came allowed conclude that one good management will allow restauration of forest capable of doing establish sane hearth of environment and of population.

The fragility of agrosystems affects soil moisture and plant chlorophyll content, reducing productivity. The development of agricultural technologies that improve soil water status and plant physiology is therefore necessary. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of these practices on soil moisture and leaf chlorophyll in maize through a randomised complete block split-plot trial with three replicates. Three tillage methods (scarification, ploughing and partitioned ridge cultivation) were applied to the main plots. Two cropping systems (CS1: one row of maize alternating with one row of cowpea and CS2: two rows of maize alternating with two rows of cowpea) combined with five fertilisation levels (i) no fertilisation (F1), (ii) 200 kg ha-1 NPK + 200 kg ha-1 urea on maize + 100 kg ha-1 NPK on cowpea (F2), (iii) 300 kg ha-1 NPK + 100 kg ha-1 urea on maize + 100 kg ha-1 NPK on cowpea (F3), (iv) F2 +2500 kg ha-1 of compost (F4) and (v) F3 +2500 kg ha-1 of compost (F5) were applied to the secondary plots. The chlorophyll index of maize and soil moisture were assessed. Scarification resulted in significantly lower moisture content (14.28%) than ridge cultivation (17.98%) and ploughing (16.91%). SC1-F5 recorded a higher SPAD index (38.62). The combination of tillage, cropping system and organic-mineral fertilisation improves soil moisture and chlorophyll assimilation in maize.

Climate change, demography increase and human activity drive at transformation of landscape ancient forest of Congo pool. This dynamic that know system ecology of different organizations levels are at basis of heterogeneity of this landscape. The literature point to Geographic Information System produce result of right quality in this domain. Data of floristic inventory draw up at edge forest-herbaceous formation of Bombo Lumene eco-complex system tested by Model LIFOSA-17 revealed a tendency in favor of forest, evolution of settlement complexity towards forest conditions and forest natural regeneration. Lasting management will’ allow a return at state of reference initial of this forest.

The opening of higher education institutions is increasingly affecting major cities in Ivory Coast, and this has accelerated since the end of the 2010 post-election crisis. However, university location strategies suffer from weak integration with local economies and, at times, poorly planned urban redevelopment. The objective of this paper is to carry out a descriptive analysis of the logic of university establishment in Côte d’Ivoire. To achieve this, the data collection techniques are documentary research, direct observation, and interviews. The results obtained show, on the one hand, that three logics govern university establishment in the Ivory Coast; they are political, socioeconomic, and territorial in nature. On the other hand, the rapid massification of staff, the weak articulation with local economies and the sometimes poorly planned urban recomposition are major challenges to the establishment of universities in Ivory Coast.

Results of survey by interview carried out in objective sample at Bombo Lumene revealed basic human activity of forest dynamic of this eco-complex system and official who scatter seeds. Bush fire and fact dear of trees are principals’ activity. Eco-physiology characteristics of species, wind, presence of birds and mammals are elements who go to cap take sth into account. Good management and respect of regulation of this place of interest will allow progress dynamic of forest.

This study focuses on the valorization of woody plant species and local communities’ perceptions of climate change, in a context marked by declining rainfall, rising temperatures, and land degradation. Conducted in the rural commune of Kirtachi, the study aims to assess the different forms of use of plant species and vegetation formations, as well as farmers’ perceptions of climate change. Household surveys were carried out with 182 farming households across 20 villages. The results revealed an overall species richness of 86 species belonging to 29 families and 56 genera. Fabaceae was the most represented family (28.75%). Species richness was distributed across the surveyed formations, with 51 species recorded on plateaus, 34 in agroforestry parklands, and 32 within villages. Based on a preferential ranking established by farmers according to socio-economic and ecological benefits, 34 species were identified as priority species. Ten (10) main categories of woody plant use were identified: shade provision, fuelwood, food, soil fertility improvement, traditional medicine, fodder, service wood, windbreaks, construction, and trade. Climate change is perceived by local communities as a slight increasing trend in rainfall and temperature (XX%) and a slight decrease in wind intensity (XX%). According to 84.7% of respondents, these climatic stresses have resulted in reduced agricultural yields. In response, farmers implement a range of adaptation strategies, including physical and biological soil and water conservation measures, soil fertility management, agroforestry practices, livelihood diversification, and integrated production systems, thereby strengthening the resilience of both communities and ecosystems.

This study, conducted in the core area of ​​the giraffe's habitat, aims to assess tree species diversity and the demography of the woody stand for the survival and conservation of the species in situ. The floristic inventory, carried out on 154 plots, identified 33 woody species belonging to 25 genera and 15 families. The Fabaceae, Capparaceae, and Combretaceae families are the most dominant, representing 60% of the stand. Tiger scrub is the densest land cover unit, while fields exhibit the highest regeneration rates and diversity indices. The diameter structure reveals a predominance of young individuals and low regeneration potential in tiger scrub and fields; whereas fallow land and shrub steppes show a more balanced and ecologically stable structure. Regarding the vertical structure, it is distinguished by the majority of individuals measuring between 1 and 4 meters in height across all geomorphological units. These results reflect a trend toward biodiversity degradation, marked by the dominance of a few tolerant species (Guiera senegalensis, Combretum micranthum, Annona senegalensis). Urgent conservation and restoration measures are needed to maintain the ecological viability of the habitat of the last remaining giraffes in West Africa.

Urbanization is the process through which a society or territory transitions from a predominantly rural lifestyle to a mainly urban one. Although commonly associated with economic and social development, it causes significant spatial transformations, particularly increasing pressure on rural and peri-urban land. In Côte d’Ivoire, this issue remains insufficiently integrated into public planning policies, despite being a pressing reality. Local populations often do not fully perceive the challenges related to the sustainable management of agricultural spaces, which are vital for food security and the local economy. It is therefore essential to implement appropriate mechanisms to conserve these lands, especially in urban peripheries. Understanding land management practices provides a relevant starting point to analyze the tensions between urban expansion and agricultural preservation. This study, conducted in Songon, examines the management of agricultural spaces amid urbanization, identifying policies and local practices. The methodology combines documentary research, direct observation, semi-structured interviews, and a questionnaire survey. Twenty key actors, including customary and village authorities and relevant ministry officials, were interviewed using purposive sampling, while a simple random sample covered 204 landowners. The results highlight policies favoring urbanization over integrated agricultural management, leading to a significant reduction of agricultural land. Sustainable management of this limited resource requires collective awareness and coordinated action by institutional and local actors.

The study of landscape management conducted in the surroundings of Kinshasa confirms the degradation of the herbaceous formation. The results of forest inventories and ethnoscience surveys carried out on an objective sample of 60 plots and among 125 households reveal significant percentages at the political, ecological, and environmental levels, as well as a very severe degradation index at the ecosystem level. This constitutes evidence of poor management of this formation. The causes of this degradation are linked to management options that give less importance to the ecosystem and its resources.

This work explores the combined impact of sexual violence and a burglary within a family, creating a major traumatic breach that transcends the simple sum of individual harms. This accumulation of aggressions transforms the home, once a space of safety, into a place of constant threat, generating trauma. Using a mixed-methods approach integrating qualitative and quantitative methods, this study highlights the emotional and social fractures caused by these traumas and proposes appropriate therapeutic interventions to promote individual and collective resilience.

This article examines the effectiveness of integrative psychotherapies in treating complex trauma in victims of sexual violence. Through the cases of Emmanuela and Sophie, it demonstrates that these combined approaches reduce the symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, strengthen resilience, and improve emotional and social autonomy. Using a qualitative and individualized methodology, including emotion management, exploration of traumatic memories, and relapse prevention, the patients experienced a significant reduction in symptoms, improved self-esteem, and enhanced social skills, with these gains maintained over the long term. The study confirms the importance of the therapeutic alliance and innovates by integrating social and cultural dimensions, thus highlighting the relevance and flexibility of integrative psychotherapies in meeting the specific needs of victims in diverse contexts.

Transhumance is an ancient phenomenon, but its socio-political impacts have become much more pronounced in recent years. This article analyzes the effects of transhumance on agropastoral relations, local security, and governance mechanisms in the Tchologo region. The study is based on a mixed methodological approach combining quantitative and qualitative surveys conducted among 362 stakeholders (farmers, agro-herders, transhumant herders, and institutional actors) in eight villages in the Tchologo region. The results show a marked deterioration in relations between farmers and transhumant herders, perceived by 82% of farmers and 53% of herders. This deterioration is linked to crop damage, increased pressure on land, pastures, and water resources, as well as animal losses. Restricted access to agro-pastoral dams (46%) and grazing areas (54%) and tougher conditions for transhumant herders are contributing to increased inter-community tensions. These conflictual dynamics have led to forced pastoral mobility, marked by the forced displacement of more than 100 herders to other regions of Côte d’Ivoire or to neighboring countries. Furthermore, insecurity has increased with the emergence of rural banditry, the circulation of small arms, and the recurrent mobilization of security forces. Local conflict resolution mechanisms appear to be weakened: more than half of the complaints recorded remain unresolved, and the majority of those interviewed consider village commissions to be ineffective and insufficiently neutral.

Fish oils contain polyunsaturated fatty acids that are considered essential for preventing several diseases, some of which have neurological effects that promote growth in children. The overall objective of this study is to extract and characterize the oils in the fresh muscles of Schilbe grenfelli Linné, 1758 fish caught in the Malebo Pool (Congo River) in the Democratic Republic of Congo in order to highlight the nutritional value of the oils present in the muscles of this fish. The oils were extracted using the Soxhlet method and then characterized by thin-layer chromatography. The results obtained show that the muscles of S. grenfelli fish contain essential oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids of the omega-3 and 6 group, which allow this fish to be classified as fatty based on the average yield (46.62±2.1%) of oil extracted from its muscles. Analysis of the samples using thin-layer chromatography shows frontal ratios slightly higher than that of synthetic omega tri (0.80 cm). The results obtained show that the fresh muscles of Schilbe grenfelli fish are likely to offer good quality oils that are medically and nutritionally important for the Congolese population. Consumption of this fish meat is likely to contribute to the fight against cardiovascular disease and malnutrition, given the quality of these oils.

The main objective of this study was to assess the level of mercury, cadmium and lead contamination in two species of smoked fish, Protopterus dolloi Boulanger, 1900 and Chanallabes sp, sold in the Baramoto market and widely consumed in the city of Kinshasa in the Democratic Republic of Congo. A total of 60 fish samples (30 for Protopterus dolloi and 30 for Chanallabes sp) were taken and measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometers and molecular absorption spectrophotometers. The results of the toxicological analyses revealed the presence of the three trace elements in the muscles and heads of these two species of fish in varying concentrations. The highest concentrations were found in the Protopterus dolloi species (Hg: 0.79±0.1 µg/L, Cd: 0.41±0.32 µg/L, Pb: 0.33±0.01 µg/L). However, the concentrations found in both species of fish were below the maximum limits of the standard recommended by the WHO (Hg ˂ 10 µg/L; Cd ˂ 0.5 µg/L; Pb ˂ 1 µg/L). Despite the low levels found in the muscles and heads of the fish considered in this study, regular consumption of the flesh of these fish represents a public health hazard for the population of Kinshasa, and exposes consumers to multiple risks. Further studies on the quality of smoked fish should be conducted to ensure food safety for consumers.

Sitophilus zeamais and Prostephanus truncatus are the major pests of maize and can simultaneously infest maize grains during storage. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of interspecific competition on the feeding and reproductive behavior of P. truncatus and S. zeamais over a six-month period. To achieve this, maize grains were simultaneously infested with the two pests at different ratios, representing the following treatments: 25 P. truncatus – 25 S. zeamais, 25 P. truncatus – 50 S. zeamais, and 50 P. truncatus – 25 S. zeamais. A significant increase in the number of S. zeamais offspring was observed compared to P. truncatus. Moreover, S. zeamais caused the highest rates of grain perforation and weight loss. Within the same maize stock, the feeding and reproductive behavior of S. zeamais did not appear to be affected by the presence of P. truncatus. The mixed-population treatment of 25 P. truncatus – 50 S. zeamais caused the most damage, whereas the 25 P. truncatus – 25 S. zeamais treatment resulted in the lowest grain weight loss and perforation rates. These results indicate that interspecific competition influences infestation dynamics, damage levels, and weight losses caused by these two pests.

The reliability of medical laboratory test results is a key determinant of healthcare quality and patient safety. ISO 15189 is the international reference standard for the accreditation of medical biology laboratories, and its 2022 revision reflects technological advances, organizational changes, and increasing requirements related to performance and risk management. The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the major developments introduced in ISO 15189: 2022 compared with the 2012 version, in order to identify conceptual, structural, and operational changes, assess their organizational and technical implications for medical biology laboratories, and highlight the challenges related to patient safety and process performance. This study adopts a qualitative, descriptive, and comparative approach based on a systematic, clause-by-clause analysis of ISO 15189: 2012 and ISO 15189: 2022. This analysis is complemented by a targeted review of the international scientific literature and by an examination of recommendations issued by recognized organizations in the fields of medical biology and quality management. The results reveal major developments, including the reorganization of the standard’s structure in alignment with ISO/IEC 17025: 2017, the explicit and cross-cutting integration of risk management across all laboratory processes, the expansion of the scope to include decentralized medical biology examinations and point-of-care testing, and a stronger focus on patient safety, governance, and the clinical relevance of results. The 2022 version also introduces greater flexibility in demonstrating conformity. In conclusion, ISO 15189: 2022 represents a major conceptual shift, moving from a primarily document-based compliance approach toward a performance-oriented model that emphasizes proactive risk management and patient safety, thereby serving as a strategic lever for continuous improvement in medical biology laboratories.

This study concerns the implementation of a Mini Smart Grid (MSG) to optimize the use of energy produced by a hybrid PV/Diesel power plant with storage. Since this network has more than two energy sources, an Energy Management System (EMS) is essential to optimize energy distribution between these different sources. An energy management algorithm was developed, and the HOMER Pro modeling and simulation software was used. Five (05) scenarios relating to the combination of the different sources were considered: a complete system (PV Generator, Diesel, Storage, DC/AC converter) called scenario 1, a combination (Diesel Generator, Storage, DC/AC converter) called scenario 2, a combination (PV Generator, Storage, DC/AC converter) called scenario 3, a limitation of the system to Diesel Generator alone which constitutes scenario 4 and finally a last combination (PV Generator, Diesel, DC/AC converter) which is scenario 5. An economic analysis using life-cycle cost and energy cost indicators revealed that the best scenario, in this sense, is scenario 3 (8.12 million FCFA; 10.40 million FCFA). It comes before scenario 1 (12.20 million FCFA; 15.63 million FCFA). This was followed by an environmental pollution analysis. It showed that the most environmentally friendly scenario is scenario 3 because it emits no harmful gases or particles; scenario 1 has very low emissions (2607 kg/year of CO2), it is not perfectly environmentally friendly, but it is acceptable as a system. With population growth, energy intermittency may occur in this system. Scenario 1 will then become the best scenario. The integration of drawdown costs will not affect the results because the scenarios defined as best are also the least polluting.

In Niger, the vulnerability of rural households is increasingly accentuated insofar as they depend mainly on rain-fed agriculture, which has been subject for several decades to the devastating effects of climate change. Thus, the issue of the sustainability of agriculture in development policy should not be overlooked. In this sense, this study is focused on assessing the economic sustainability of 234 millet and Karma cowpea farms in a context of climate change. To assess the performance of this dimension, 11 indicators divided into 4 components of the IDEA (Indicator of Sustainability of Agricultural Operations) version 4 method have been defined. The formulas for calculating scores by indicator, by component and then by dimension were developed based on the method developed in the HEA (Household Economic Approach) Extensive approach. Overall, the score for economic sustainability is 2.15, reflecting the low sustainability of these farms. The results show that two indicators were sustainable. These are aid sensitivity and economic transmissibility with respective scores of 3.47 and 2.93. To have an economically viable agriculture, the rest of the indicators should be optimized in order to increase the score of the economic sustainability of the municipality of Karma.

The general objective of this study is to reduce the number of seeds per planting hole (1 or 2 instead of 3) at sowing, while considering that pruning may stimulate seed production. Specifically, this study seeks to confirm or refute the practice of pruning in soybean, compare the yield of pruned plants with that of non-pruned plants, and, if possible, recommend the practice of pruning (topping) in soybean based on statistical interpretations and socioeconomic analysis. This study aims to address the problem of low yields, mainly linked to declining soil fertility and the limited availability of large agricultural land areas. The focus is on increasing Soybean production in order to provide sufficient protein in farmers’ diets and generate income. To achieve the expected results, the experimental method was used, employing a Latin square design. This method was complemented by participant observation techniques. Statistical methods enabled the calculation of several parameters. Access to libraries and the internet was essential for the development of this work.

Soil quality is a key determinant of vegetation cover dynamics in tropical protected areas, yet its quantitative relationship with vegetation degradation under anthropogenic pressure remains poorly documented at the profile scale in West African savannas. This study, carried out in Comoé National Park (CNP, north-eastern Côte d’Ivoire), tested the hypothesis that the forest-savanna vegetation gradient along an approximately 800 m transect of the corresponds to a measurable decline in soil quality driven by increasing anthropogenic pressure at the park periphery. Five pedological profiles were excavated in March 2023, morphologically described and analysed following ISRIC protocols, and classified using WRB 2022. Clay cation exchange capacity (clay-CEC) and available phosphorus (P) were used as primary soil quality indicators. Results revealed a systematic soil quality gradient from gallery forest to degraded tree savanna: clay-CEC in the argillic horizon decreased from 27.4 cmol (c) kg⁻1 (Ferric Lixisol, gallery forest) to 9.5 cmol (c) kg⁻1 (Ferric Acrisol, degraded savanna), while available P declined from 16.3 to 0.1–1.4 mg kg⁻1. Three mid-slope profiles classified as Stagnic Ferric Acrisols showed temporary waterlogging from 10–11 cm depth and near-complete P immobilisation, directly constraining rooting depth and woody species regeneration. Two pedological anomalies were documented: MnO2-mediated pH buffering (pH 7.0) and smectite neoformation (CEC = 148 mmol⁺ kg⁻1) under pseudo-gley conditions. These findings establish a quantitative edaphic basis for vegetation cover decline in the CNP periphery and support differentiated conservation management strategies.