The objective of this study is to understand the diversity of edible wild species sold on the markets of Bangui. To do this, ethnobotanical surveys on the marketing of these resources were carried out from September to December 2023 with 150 sellers installed in six popular markets in Bangui. In total, 86 plant species have been recorded distributed in 69 genera and 41 different families. The analysis of the results showed that the Leguminosae family is the richest (8 species); fruits (68.43%) and leaves (22.12%) are the most sold plant organs; edible fruits (45.16%) remain the most predominant category of uses; these species are mainly trees (55.83%) and are more present in forest ecosystems (52.33%). It also appears that these wild food plants were not only consumed for nutritional needs but also for the traditional treatment of 45 pathologies. These results demonstrate that there is still a high diversity of spontaneous food species in the Central African Republic. Given the dual nutritional and therapeutic interest of these resources, and also in the face of socio-economic issues and the change in food culture in urban areas, the promotion of this precious heritage is necessary and essential. Such an approach would be an opportunity both economically and nutritionally for local populations, particularly women. Also, it would be beneficial to deepen research on the phytochemistry of some spontaneous food plants with medicinal properties in order to achieve the manufacture of improved traditional medicines accessible to all.

A study carried out at the INERA Mvuazi research center aimed to assess the influence of peel content in fresh cassava roots in order to recommend optimal methods for selecting high-performance clones, thereby reducing post-harvest losses due to peel. The aim was also to determine the genetic variability of varieties under selection at IITA/INERA Mvuazi with regard to their peel content. The results revealed that peels influence fresh weight of peeled roots and dry yield, with variations ranging from 20% to 25% and 18% to 27% respectively at 12 and 15 months after planting (MAP). Significant genetic variability was observed for peel content at 15 MAP, where the Rav variety showed a lower percentage of fresh peel (17.50±0.7%) compared to the MVZ 2008/0330 (267.50±10.6%), MVZ 2008/002 (217.50±24.7%), and OBAMA (205.00±28.2%) varieties. Despite these differences, dry yields remained similar for all varieties. At 15 MAP, the ranking of varieties according to unpeeled fresh root weight changed significantly after peeling. The Rav variety achieved a fresh peeled root weight of 825.00±7.0 kg per ton of unpeeled root, outperforming the OBAMA (795.00±28.2 kg), MVZ 2008/022 (782.50±24.7 kg), and MVZ 2008/0330 (732.50±10.6 kg) varieties, the latter having the lowest weight. In conclusion, we recommend that breeders and processors give preference to the Rav variety for the development of high-performance clones and processing into by-products, in order to minimize post-harvest losses linked to peelings.

This study aims to assess the current state of the drinking water supply system in the city of Amtiman, evaluating both its performance indicators and the quality of the distributed water. Following this assessment, a technical proposal is presented, along with a cost estimate for optimization to ensure a continuous drinking water supply to the city’s residents. To this end: The Epanet software was used to model the network. The reservoir, performance indicators, and population estimate were determined using an analytical method. The results obtained show that it is necessary to (i) construct an additional 300m3 elevated reinforced concrete reservoir to serve the estimated 69,706 inhabitants in 2044, (ii) extend the water distribution network to 14,816 km, for a total of 20,347 km, and (iii) drill 6 new boreholes capable of pumping at least 40m3/h each, connected by a 140mm diameter HDPE supply pipeline. The total cost of the rehabilitation amounts to 975,798,050 FCFA.

Women’s participation in sports governance remains a major issue in Senegal and, more broadly, in Africa. Although legislative and symbolic advances (notably the 2010 parity law) have led to some progress, their actual presence in decision-making positions remains limited. This article offers a cross-analysis of two cases: the Senegalese Volleyball Federation, often cited as a relative model of openness, and the Senegalese Rugby Federation, where resistance is more pronounced. We clarified and strengthened the methodological protocol, justified the comparative choice of the two federations, and introduced more measurable empirical data to support the analyses. Drawing on semi-structured interviews and field observations, we highlight the organizational and socio-cultural obstacles faced by women leaders, as well as the strategies they develop, such as female solidarity, alternative leadership styles, and mentoring. The study reveals contrasting results, supported by specific comparative examples, which provide a clearer understanding of the mechanisms through which gender relations are reproduced or transformed. It also shows that the strategic use of digital media can serve as a potential lever to enhance the visibility and legitimacy of women in sports governance. In addition, the comparative analysis indicates that the disciplinary context and the historical trajectories of federations strongly influence women’s access to decision-making positions and their capacity to bring about lasting change.

Faecal sludge recovery, an option that is increasingly being explored in the context of faecal sludge (BV) management. This study is part of this framework and tests the effect of BV scum compost, ash from BV incineration and NPK fertilizer (10-10-20), on cabbage. For the methodology, a Fischer block culture device was set up with 6 treatments (T0, T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5). These treatments are organised in 4 replicates, with three factors (dose of compost, compost plus ash and NPK fertiliser) in 24 elementary plots of 4 m2. The parameters for monitoring vegetative growth are: leaf height, number of leaves, crowding, diameter at the neck, nitrogen content. And the production parameters are: the average weight of the fruit, the diameter of the fruit and the yield. For cabbage, chemical fertilizer (2.61 t/ha) is better in terms of size, number of leaves and nitrogen content with 54.37 cm respectively; 19,12; 0.64. The best yield is obtained with the dose of chemical fertilizer at a rate of 31.59 t/ha. As fertilisers, BV scum compost alone and BV scum compost plus ash are beneficial for plants, but for crops such as cabbage, they cannot replace chemical fertiliser (NPK).

The concept of genetic information has long been integrated into Life and Earth Sciences curricula in Morocco. However, the teaching materials commonly used in classrooms remain insufficient to effectively communicate the dynamic nature of chromosomes during the cell cycle. Chromosomal behavior in mitosis and meiosis is consistently identified as one of the most challenging topics for high school students in biology. This research focused on identifying the key factors that hinder students’ understanding of chromosome dynamics at the secondary level. It also aimed to evaluate the relevance and effectiveness of the didactic tools used in classrooms to represent these biological processes. The present study was conducted using an observation grid applied to two science classes. The findings reveal persistent misconceptions among students. The research advocates for pedagogical strategies that incorporate dynamic models, guided reasoning, and conceptual scaffolding to promote a deeper and more accurate understanding of chromosomal dynamics.

This research focused on assessing the chemical constituents of bauxite from Sangarédi, the dominant mining locality of Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinée (CBG), in an effort to assess the contributions of the constituents in deciding the final quality of exported products. Sampling was performed as a whole (from the deposit and intermediate stockpiled, and stockpiled for sale); then selected samples underwent analysis by x-ray fluorescence (XRF) in the laboratory. The study was completed based on alumina (Al2O3), and reactive silica (SiO2) whose variation can affect the sustainability and ultimately the profitability of a bauxitic ore in the Bayer process, which is the valorisation process of the ore. The study results indicate that alumina is relatively stable, with an average content of 49.66 %, which is very much like the contractual specification of 50.01 ± 1.5 %; approximately 90 % of the samples fall within the acceptable tolerance range, and it shows that the ore has good export quality. However, reactive silica is unstable and too high, with an average content of 2.38 %, which exceeds the contractual specification of 2.01 ± 0.3 %; only 40 % of the samples conform with the standard, while 60 % are above the standard. This non-conformance created over-consumption of caustic soda and reduced alumina yield, which was detrimental to the international competitiveness of Sangarédi bauxite. The proposed corrective actions are strengthening continuous quality control, improving stockpile homogenization, avoiding contaminations during handling and transport, and implementing differentiated deposit management. In sum, this study has shown that controlling the variability of reactive silica is a tactical lever for better compliance with contractual specifications, enhancing the value-added of exported products, and consolidating Guinea’s role as the leading bauxite producer in the world.

With no surface water available during the dry season in Touba, using groundwater for irrigation is a real alternative. In general, the poor quality of irrigation water has an effect on soil quality, which is harmful to plant growth and therefore has an impact on yield. Irrigation water can even pose a risk to human health. It is crucial to assess the quality of irrigation water before use. Consequently, the aim of this study is to assess the suitability of the groundwater in TOUBA and the surrounding area for irrigation. For the purposes of this study, the Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR), the Magnesium Absorption Ratio (MAR), the Doneen Permeability Index (IP) and the Potential Salinity (SP) were calculated for sixteen (16) boreholes tapping the Maastrichtian aquifer. The determination of these parameters is based on hydro-chemical data (Electrical Conductivity (EC), concentration of chloride (Cl-), sulphate (SO4 2-), calcium (Ca 2+), bicarbonate (H03-), magnesium (Mg 2+), sodium (Na +) and potassium (K+) ions) received from the Water Resources Management and Planning Department (DGPRE) and the Rural Drilling Office (OFOR). According to the SAR, 12.5% are C3S1, 12.5% C1S4, 31.25% C4S3-C3S4, 6.25% C2S4 and 37.5% C4S4. 93.75% of the samples have a MAR above 60% [FAO limit]. Determination of the Doneen index (PI) shows that all the samples have PI above 75%. However, only 18.75% of the waters studied have the SP values recommended by Doneen.

Participatory budgeting is an ongoing experience in the municipality of Parakou in the Republic of Benin. This ongoing process sheds light on the relationship between principals and those mandated in the ongoing local development and decentralization process. This research aims to analyze the fulfilled or disappointed hopes and the uncertainties of the participatory budget of the municipality of Parakou. In a mixed approach, the questionnaire and the interview guide made it possible to collect data from 384 informants identified by reasoned choice and cluster techniques. It appears that the participatory budget mechanism in the municipality of Parakou comes to provide a response to the lack of participation and takes into account some priorities of the Community. But the participatory challenge has not yet been fully met. We have the impression of being in a partial process of participation which mobilizes the representatives instead of taking into account all the actors of the population in a perspective of global financial citizenship. The resources to achieve this are complex, particularly in communities with large populations, but it will be necessary to innovate with a good perspective of overall inclusion and not of selection for the purposes of good governance and budgetary democracy.

The aim of this article is to identify the link between business risks and the demand for insurance by hotel SMEs in the city of Goma. It follows a quantitative investigative approach since it aims to analyze the main risks to which hotels are exposed and to understand their insurance behavior. The results from the logistic regression analyses show that the level of risk has a positive and significant effect on hotels' demand for insurance in Goma. However, it turned out that the development of risk management practices positively and significantly moderates the relationship between risk and hotels' demand for insurance in Goma, to the point where the improvement of risk management practices inevitably leads to a decrease in demand for insurance. Thus, hotels can implement preventive measures and appropriate emergency plans, thereby improving the safety of guests and staff. Moreover, a better understanding of risks enables hotels to strengthen their operational management, protect their reputation, and optimize their financial performance.

The valorization of agricultural residues is a major concern in livestock feeding in Niger. The objective of this study is to evaluate digestibility and weight performance of sheep on stakes fed with cowpea by-products (tops and pods). The work was carried out on fifteen (15) entire rams of the Oudah breed, approximately 12 to 15 months old and with an average weight of 26.89±3.13 kg. These animals were randomly divided into four groups. Each group consisted of five (5) animals tied to the stakes. Batch 1 received 56% cowpea tops and 44% wheat bran; ration of batch 2 was composed of 42.04% cowpea husks, 28.66% wheat bran and 29.30% bush straw and that of batch 3 included 41.89% cowpea tops and husks, 27.03% wheat bran and 31.08% bush straw. These results show that animals ingested 99.0±.42; 112.8±5.78 and 100.9±7.72 g/day/kgP0.75 respectively for batch 1, 2 and 3. Average daily gains ranging from 52.20±34.80 g/animal/day for batch 1 (control); 70.65±47.98 g/animal/day for batch 2 and 108.05±43.88 g/animal/day for batch 4 were recorded. Cowpea co-products can be used in sheep feed by processing them from raw to corked form.

The aim of this article is to study the contribution of management control systems to steering the overall performance of large companies. To carry out this research, an exploratory qualitative study was undertaken in the form of a case study of a large Moroccan company. The data was collected via a semi-directive interview conducted with a management control and internal audit manager using an interview guide. The results show that the four control levers presented by Simons’ framework are present in the company’s management control systems. In addition, the company’s overall performance is managed by linking the diagnostic and interactive control levers using an ‘ambidextrous’ overall performance management control system.

Beverages are important in the diet because they help humans stay hydrated. However, they are implicated in the development of metabolic diseases due to their variable sugar content. A study was therefore conducted to develop and evaluate the antioxidant and hypoglycemic properties of a drink made from tamarind, turmeric and ginger, given the nutritional potential of these foods. For this, turmeric and ginger were added to tamarind in a ratio of 10%. The drinks were fermented spontaneously for 36 hours. The analyses were on pH, total polyphenols, and antioxidant activity according to DPPH determination. These beverages were then administered to healthy 2-month-old rabbits to assess their impact on blood sugar levels. Results revealed that beverages pH remained acidic and below 3 during fermentation. The combination of tamarind (90%), turmeric (5%), and ginger (5%) increased polyphenol content from 1.498 to 1.514 mg GAE/g. Fermented tamarind-turmeric and tamarind-turmeric-ginger drinks DPPH inhibitory concentrations (IC50) were 2.14 and 2.23 µg/ml respectively, revealing respective anti-radical powers of 37.74 and 44.84 µmol of reduced DPPH. Combination of tamarind (90%), turmeric (5%), and ginger (5%) also led to a decrease in blood sugar levels 2.5 hours after glucose induction from 126.6±15.30 to 112.8±5.63 (mg/dL) and from 121±9.72 to 112.6±6.65 (mg/dL), respectively. The anti-hyperglycemia test revealed a decrease in blood glucose levels for all beverages. Beverages made from tamarind, turmeric, and ginger have good antioxidant properties that promote lower blood sugar levels, contributing to fight against metabolic diseases.

Alépé region is located in the southeastern part of the sedimentary basin Ivorian Onshore. Lithostratigraphic characterization helps clarify lithological facies, define sedimentary sequences and highlight the contact between the basement and the Ivorian sedimentary basin. The lithostratigraphic characterization rocks reveal an abnormal contact between Alépé formations and those of the base of the sedimentary basin. Tertiary-Quaternary deposits recover in discordance the Precambrian basement. The stratigraphic sequence occurs from the bottom up as follows: basal conglomerates, clays in various colors; conglomerates, sandy clays, clayey sands, ferruginous quartz sandstone with cement, stone line, earth bar. These sedimentary formations were deposited in fluvial channels to meandering braided type.

This article aims to determine the factors underlying the adoption of IT management control tools in SMEs. A questionnaire survey was conducted on a population of 181 SMEs operating in the city of Beni. Data processing was performed using logistic regression with SPSS software. This technique allowed for the evaluation of the relationship between the adoption of IT tools and management control tools. The results show that the adoption of IT tools is associated with manager training and budget implementation. Factors such as SME size, age, professional experience, manager’s level of education, and the implementation of accounting within the SMEs were excluded from the model.

Misola® fortified infant flour is a product that helps prevent and combat moderate malnutrition. The overall objective of this study is to increase the consumption of Misola® fortified infant flour. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted in the Sahel Niger Zone of Niamey, Dogondoutchi, Guidan Roumdji, and Tessaoua, and involved 211 households and three (3) production units (Niamey, Dogondoutchi, and Tessaoua). Data were collected using a household questionnaire, a producer interview guide, and a hygiene assessment grid at the production unit level. Analysis of these data revealed that the production of Misola® fortified infant flour is predominantly carried out by women within the production units, with an average of 88.5%. The output of Misola® fortified infant flour follows the same flowchart in all production units. Regarding hygiene during production, compliance rates of 70%, 58.8%, and 82.4% were observed for hygiene criteria in Niamey, Dogondoutchi, and Tessaoua, respectively. Regarding use, 49.8% of respondents start giving their children Misola® porridge from 6 months. However, the majority of Misola flour users (67.8%) learned to prepare Misola® porridge through self-training (using the instructions on the packaging), and 28.4% learned at the point of sale. Overall, the use of Misola® fortified infant flour in the study area is satisfactory. The production of Misola® fortified infant flour in our facilities is conducted in accordance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs). However, some shortcomings regarding hygiene criteria were noted in the study area. It would be necessary to intensify quality control at the UP level to ensure greater compliance with hygiene standards.

In order to determine the effect of weeds on artificial pastures, a study was conducted in central Côte d’Ivoire, on an artificial pasture of Panicum maximum C1 invaded by weeds. The flora of the pasture was determined from the floristic survey, and the degree of soiling and degradation was subsequently assessed from the weeds list and their cover. The feed ration for the cattle on this pasture was determined using the «shepherd’s collection» method. Pasture productivity was assessed by the full mowing method on plots previously protected. The results showed that the pasture studied was clean, composed of eight weed species, but very heavily degraded. The degree of degradation was 0.85. The cattle ration was composed mainly of grasses (94.5%), followed by legumes (5.4%). The specific contributions of Panicum maximum C1, a planted species, were 14.8% and 58.8%, respectively in the pasture and in the cattle diet. The species most appreciated by cattle remained Panicum maximum C1, with a selection index of 7.76. The potential forage productivity of the pasture was 5.73±0.08 tons of dry matter/hectare/year. This productivity rose to 10.35±0.11 tons of dry matter/hectare/year when the pasture was weeded and fertilised. The results obtained testify to the need to properly maintain and manage an artificial pasture.

The present study aims to highlight the effects of different planting densities on the control of groundnut rosette under the agro-ecological conditions of Kenge. The study was conducted in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Kwango Province, in the city of Kenge. For this study, we used an experimental approach combined with statistical analysis. The experimental design was a 2 × 4 factorial in a split-plot arrangement with four treatments and three replications: T0 = random spacing, T1 = 20 cm × 20 cm, T2 = 40 cm × 20 cm, and T3 = 30 cm × 30 cm. The results showed that T1 (20 cm × 20 cm) achieved the best performance, with a lower incidence and less severe attacks compared to the other treatments. It was followed by T0 (random spacing), which gave results similar to T1. Lime amendment also proved important, providing better results on the plots where it was applied compared to plots without lime. These findings suggest that higher planting densities help control the aphid Aphis craccivora and combat groundnut rosette.

This article deals with the characterization of moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam., 1785) farms in the urban commune of Agadez. It analyzes the socio-professional activities that generate income for producers and the various production factors involved in moringa production. Moringa production enables producers to generate income throughout the year, with periods of peak profitability during Ramadan and socio-religious events. The aim of the study was to characterize moringa farms in the commune of Agadez. To this end, the survey covered 115 producers, i.e. 25% of the 459 moringa producers counted at six moringa production sites. The sample comprised 83.5% men and 16.5% women. Analysis shows that these producers farm an average of 3.29 ha, with decreases of up to 1.15 ha on average depending on the crop year. 60.9% of farmers surveyed inherited their land, while 13.9% purchased it. These modes of acquisition are followed by loans, gifts and rentals. Farmers engage in several socio-professional activities, the main one being market gardening, practised by 95.7% of those surveyed, with livestock farming coming in second place with 60.9%. Although it is a cash crop, moringa production generates costs for the purchase of agricultural inputs. The statistical correlation test reveals that the costs of fertilizers (-0.081), pesticides (-0.081), working materials (depreciation (-0.047)), permanent (-0.048) and daily (-0.086) employees and family labor (-0.089) were negatively correlated with yield.

The provinces of Guéra, Batha, and Hadjer Lamis are under severe environmental pressure due to overgrazing, deforestation for fuelwood, and soil degradation, compromising essential ecosystem services. Despite the populations’ dependence on these services, no up-to-date environmental monitoring system exists, limiting understanding of the dynamics of degradation. In this context, the study aims to assess soil chemical characteristics and quantify soil organic carbon (SOC) in three provinces of Chad (Guéra, Batha, and Hadjer Lamis) in order to evaluate their fertility and carbon sequestration potential. A hierarchical sampling system, based on 10 km2 sentinel sites stratified into 16 clusters, was used to capture the spatial variability of the soils. The analyses show high grain size heterogeneity, with very clayey soils in Amdjamena and Bokoro (78%) and predominantly sandy soils in Temki (73%). pH values ranging from 4.94 to 10.74 indicate conditions ranging from slightly acidic to alkaline. The soils have high aluminum content, contrasting with very low levels of boron and zinc, indicating potential micronutrient deficiencies. Phosphorus, magnesium, and potassium levels are generally low, suggesting limited chemical fertility. Average nitrogen (0.04%) and COS (5.23 g kg⁻1) concentrations confirm a marked lack of organic matter. SOC varies greatly between sites, from 0.68 to 30 g/kg, with high values in Melfi and very low values in Amdjamena and Bokoro. These results highlight limited fertility and contrasting carbon sequestration potential, requiring appropriate management approaches to restore soil health and enhance agroecological resilience.

This study analyzes the behavior of a Warren truss for a greenhouse using the finite element method. The truss consists of 50 nodes and 47 identical galvanized steel bars with a span of 5.04 m. It is intended to support an agrivoltaic greenhouse. The objective is twofold: first, to determine the truss’ response to external stresses at these nodes—elongations, deformations, stresses, and normal forces in the bars-and second, to understand the modal deformations. This study is part of the development of a calculation tool for designing structures to address our specific challenges. This work is a static analysis of a flat truss beam of hinged bars for a greenhouse, aimed at optimizing agricultural production. It also incorporates the vibration analysis of the truss, including the determination of its natural modes. A calculation program was developed using matrix calculation software, Matlab R2022b. The results are consistent with the RDM 7 structural analysis software. The maximum stress is -3.3305 MPa (compression). This is considerably higher than the material’s elastic limit of 220 MPa. These results also confirm the suitability of the structure for agrivoltaic greenhouses. The natural frequencies vary from W1 = 266 rad/s to W47 = 24894 rad/s; W24 = 14232 rad/s is shown in the illustration.

Autoimmune liver diseases are chronic liver diseases caused by the attack of the immune system against liver cells. They result from a variety of factors, including environmental, genetic and infectious. This study aims to compare the seropositivity of autoantibodies associated with autoimmune hepatopathy between patients previously exposed to HBV, HIV and these two viruses simultaneously, with patients who have never been in contact with HBV and HIV. We conducted a retrospective case-control study at Ibn Rochd University Hospital in Casablanca, from June 2023 to February 2024, on 80 patients divided into three groups: a control group without exposure to HBV and HIV, and two groups of cases involving HBV-infected patients and HIV. We evaluated the seroprevalence of autoantibodies associated with autoimmune hepatopathy using the immunodot technique with the LI7 DIV-24 kit and the Blue Diver automaton. Hbs antigen and total Hbc antibodies were detected by automated immuno-chemiluminescence. We found a seroprevalence of autoantibodies associated with autoimmune liver disease of 4% in controls, 30% in HBV-infected patients and 28.60% in HIV-infected patients. Anti-M2/nPDC and anti-Gp210 antibodies were positive in both HBV and HIV groups, anti-SLA predominated in HBV-infected patients, while anti-F-actin antibodies were more frequent in HIV-infected patients (P<0.02). In conclusion, our study, in agreement with several bibliographic data, suggests an established association between HBV, HIV and HBV-HIV co-infection and autoimmune hepatopathy.

Foo This study analyzes farmer perceptions and the agroecological adoptability of two forage crops (Pennisetum purpureum and Dolichos lablab) within Sahelian agro-pastoral systems in Niger. A survey was conducted among 304 producers across 11 villages in three departments (Dakoro, Madarounfa, Konni), using structured questionnaires, field observations, and statistical analysis. Dolichos lablab is widely known (70.8%) and primarily used for hay production, while Pennisetum purpureum remains marginally adopted (29.8%) despite its agronomic potential. Preferences vary by soil type, with Pennisetum purpureum favored on sandy soils and Dolichos lablab on clay soils. Major constraints include limited access to quality seeds and insufficient technical support. The complementary integration of these species, supported by participatory approaches and appropriate public policies, offers a strategic pathway to enhance agroecological sustainability and animal food security in Niger.

This study focuses on the analysis of the chemical composition and the evaluation of the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the essential oil of Hyptis spicigera from Niger. Hyptis spicigera is a plant that belongs to the Lamiaceae family. Analysis of the chemical composition of this plant’s essential oil by using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry allowed to the identification of 39 compounds with (E) -β-caryophyllene (38.04%) as the major constituent. The antioxidant activity of the oil essential was evaluated by using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging method and expressed as CI50, and the iron reduction method and expressed as CE50. An CI50 value of 4.56 mg/mL and an CE50 value of 2.51 mg/mL were obtained. The antibacterial activity was studied using the disc diffusion method and the microdilution method on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The essential oil showed good antibacterial activity on the bacterial strains tested, with an inhibition zone diameter of 35 ± 1.5 mm and a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.03 mg/mL for the Enterococcus faecium H3434 strain, and an inhibition zone diameter of 20 ± 1 mm and a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.5 mg/mL for the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus P1123 strain.

Madagascar, like several other African countries, introduced a support measure for public primary schools into its education system in 2002, known as the «school fund» (CE). While this measure, designed to alleviate the costs incurred by parents for financing minor maintenance and school operations, has seen some success, it appears to have lost momentum in recent years and reveals a significant gap between the current situation and its initial objectives. This research, which required both qualitative and quantitative data collected using administered data collection tools from one hundred and fifty-three (153) respondents, aims to understand the perceptions of school stakeholders regarding the «school fund» in the country. The results obtained show that while the «school funds» have alleviated some of the burdens faced by those involved in education, they still struggle to meet expectations. Their management and the mobilization of resources to fully cover schools’ needs were frequently cited as major issues by beneficiaries.

This article proposes a curricular engineering approach to the identification of competency modules with a view to their integration into university and secondary vocational training. The curricular theory based on the choice of a recommended curriculum and a possible curriculum dictated by the axiological and epistemological dimensions served as a framework for this research. Methodologically, a corpus of environmental skills modules was analysed and their potential for integration into existing VET curricula was examined. As a result, a set of three modules respecting the conditions of transversality was identified and proposed for integration into vocational and university training in the field of industry within the framework of a didactic programme to be carried out.

The Kan Lake plays a socio-economic role for the populations of Bouaké. However, due to increasing urbanization around it, the lake is becoming increasingly threatened. This study aims to examine the spatio-seasonal variations of the physico-chemical parameters of the lake. For this purpose, in-situ measurements and laboratory analyses were conducted using appropriate equipment. The results show that the Kan reservoir lake exhibits spatial homogeneity for certain parameters (temperature, pH, conductivity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, chlorine, alkalinity, hardness, iron, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, orthophosphate, and transparency), but also significant variability for others (redox potential, depth). Seasonally, temperature, pH, redox potential, dissolved oxygen, salinity, chlorine, alkalinity, iron, nitrates, and nitrites vary significantly from one season to another. This situation illustrates the combined effect of tropical climatic conditions, water inputs, and human activities on the variation of physico-chemical parameters in the Kan reservoir lake. It also highlights the necessity to integrate seasonal variability into environmental management strategies to preserve water quality and aquatic biodiversity.

Green spaces have always played a crucial role in maintaining the balance of the urban ecosystem. However, very few scientific studies have focused on these spaces of high economic, social, and environmental value. This study was therefore conducted to characterize the types of urban forest management in the cities of Daloa and Bouaflé. To this end, a floristic inventory combining surface survey and mobile survey methods was carried out in all types of urban green spaces. Nine types of green spaces were identified in Daloa and eight in Bouaflé. The main results indicate a very high degree of similarity between the management types in these two localities, both in terms of floristic composition and management policies. These green spaces lack proper maintenance and are characterized by a mix of local and introduced plant species. The majority of these green spaces were created without a proper development plan, and a large number of plant species have regenerated naturally. However, planners generally favor exotic species for their aesthetic appeal, to the detriment of local plant species. This type of development raises numerous questions that warrant further investigation through additional studies in order to achieve a sustainable city model.

A rapid population growth in Côte d’Ivoire, notably in Man, leads to progressive degradation of agricultural soils, amplified by a heavy reliance on chemical fertilizers. To address this, the study evaluates the agronomic performance of three different bio-phospho-composts made from varying doses of Moroccan phosphate rock (150, 300, and 450 kg/ha). Field trials were conducted over three cycles to determine their effects on the agronomic parameters of rice and maize. Results show that, under high doses of phosphate rock (RP) (T3 to T6), grain yields range from 3.5 to 5.5 t/ha for rice and 3.93 to 5.5 t/ha for maize. Conversely, low RP doses (T1–T2) produce grain yields from 1.77 to 2.79 t/ha for rice and 1.77 to 3.5 t/ha for maize. The association of biofertilizers with chemical fertilizers (KCl, urea) strongly increases all agromorphological parameters (p < 0.0001) compared with treatments without chemical fertilizers (T2, T4, T6). However, treatment T6 with 450 kg RP/ha, without chemical fertilizer, shows an even more marked improvement, surpassing treatments with chemical fertilizers (T1 and T3) and recording a relative yield increase (TAR) of 319.76% compared with T0 under T6. Under T1 and T3, TARs are 179.89% and 295.52% respectively. The 450 kg RP/ha dose appears optimal for increasing the productivity of rice and maize. The study highlights the need for dynamic and crop-cycle–specific fertilization management to ensure sustainable production.

This reflection on the thoughts of the former Tanzanian president, John Pombe Maguli traces his history through his political speeches and spontaneous outings. From these, a systematic analysis was carried out to establish a link between political life and the pan-Africanist ideology which emerged from African leaders whom some consider to be pioneers of African thought. Thanks to a certain rigor that he set for himself when he entered politics, John Pombe Magufuli managed to revive the pan-Africanist ideas and models that some opinion doubts to attribute to the ideals of the former pan-Africanists from before, during and after African independence. In this way, he became an emblematic political actor not only for his own country, but also for Africa as a whole, even if he seems to be forgotten today in the modern history of Pan-Africanism. Its embodied pan-Africanist model refers to the culture of self-care through what can be described as ego-Africanism for a better political, economic, social and scientific future for Africa. In this sense, rethinking the South and Africa will only be possible if African leaders draw inspiration from the model of President John Pombe Magufuli.