It has been found out that the appearance of characters in different literary works around the world, tend to look alike and sometimes readers confuse them by the fact that they play the same roles. This is because the writer paints his characters according to the shape and existing models so that his work may be taken in the depth of other existing works around the world. Thence, characters, due to this fact, in a literary work appear as intelligent, polite, courageous, coward, rich, poor, etc, and play roles of chief, thieve, killer, ambassador, minister, crowd, messenger, elder, advisor, etc, by looking like other characters found in other literary works. The understanding of characters’ roles in a literary work helps the reader attribute different archetypes to them, like hero, villain, mentor, scapegoat, outcast, good mother, femme fatale, young innocent, evil mother, etc. This has been done in this paper by the fact that all the characters acting directly with Okolo, the main character of the novel under study, look like other characters in other works around the world. So, different archetypal patterns are drawn from the roles Gabriel Okara attributed to his characters. Some of his characters fit more than one archetype like Okolo and Tuere who are called scapegoats, outcasts and young innocent thanks to different situations in which they are found. To carry out the present work, the library, documentary and internet were used as main methods while the close and repetitive readings and comparison were taken as major techniques.

This study investigates the way some speakers of Bukavu Swahili in Bukavu transform the message due to a mispronunciation of some words during communication. The present study aims at understanding, how, why and when some word meanings are deviated by these speakers. The mispronunciation of some words in Bukavu Swahili creates a deviation of their meanings. This is done due to the fact that by mispronouncing a word, a different word is born which puts the listener into confusion. Thence a different message is conveyed contrary to what the speaker wanted to give. During this investigation, we noticed that deviations in Bukavu Swahili can be analysed through two different factors, namely intentional and non intentional factors. For intentional factors we identified deviations related to comic usage of Bukavu Swahili whereas non intentional factors, consisted of deviations related to the origin of the speaker and others related to word confusing through imitation. To carry out this investigation we used the interview and documentation as major methods while observation, discussion and comparison helped as major techniques.