Buruli ulcer (BU) is a human infection caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans. This disease currently occurs in 33 countries with tropical, subtropical and temperate climates in the Americas, Asia, the Western Pacific and Africa. In Côte d’Ivoire, the endemic foci of BU are distributed in the central, central-western, western, south-western and north-eastern regions. Our study was to examine insects likely to carry Mycobacterium ulcerans. Aquatic Heteroptera were therefore collected from ponds and identified. They were then tested for Mycobacterium ulcerans by real-time PCR using a set of primers and probes targeting the IS2404 gene. Thirty-six (36) species of aquatic insects belonging to nine families and 21 genera have been identified. The Naucoridae family has the largest number of species (nine species) or 25%. Real-time PCR tests carried out on monospecific batches (345 batches) revealed 18 positive batches, i.e. 5.22%. Sokrogbo and Vieil Alkodj localities respectively recorded prevalences of 7.62 (16 positive lots out of 210 lots in total) and 1.48% (2 positive lots out of 135 in total). The improvement of our knowledge on the natural infestation of the Heteroptera studied as well as the human presence in the ponds of Vieil Aklodj and Sokrogbo allow us to better understand the risk of contracting Buruli ulcer.