This article targets Congolese residing in urban areas, 115 subjects were contacted. We submitted a questionnaire assessing the social representation of mental illnesses, in terms of symptomatology, etiology and therapeutics. The results of this study explicitly demonstrated that there is an evolution in the social representation of mental illness and the understanding of its etiology in the African environment. Because the understanding of the manifestations of mental illness among the Congolese is in line with psychiatric semiology. We believe that modernity would have an impact on the positive social representation of mental illness among the Congolese contacted.