Youths, aged between 15 and 24 years, in secondary schools in Kenya, have been facing challenges such as drugs and substance abuse; negative peer pressure; unemployment and societal negative perceptions among others. This has led to the youth being labeled as source of society's problems rather than its potential asset. Various interventions have been established such as talent nurturing programs, revival of youth polytechnics, entrepreneurship trainings and youth mentoring programs. In Kenya, mentoring is a relatively new concept though studies done in developed countries have shown that mentoring has resulted to youth empowerment. However, little has been documented about mentoring relationships in Kenya; hence this study established the influence of type of mentoring relationship on youth empowerment. A sample of 107 youth was randomly sampled from the purposively selected secondary schools with mentoring programs. Majority of the respondents were involved in more than one type of mentoring relationship at any given time. Those involved in traditional mentoring which is an informal type of mentoring relationship were 98.1%; they were also in formal type of mentoring relationships; peer and reverse mentoring were common at 91.6%; team mentoring (78.5%); situational mentoring (69.2%); group mentoring (57.0%); flash mentoring (56.1%) and E/tele mentoring (44.9%). Despite the youths being involved in various mentoring relationships, only traditional, peer mentoring, team mentoring, group mentoring and flash mentoring resulted to youth empowerment. There is need for interventions in which the policy makers develop a framework for mentoring programs as a key component in the school curriculum.

Water for agricultural use has been adversary affected by climate change in Arid and Semi-Arid Legions. Water inadequacy and un-reliability can be addressed by farmers' adoption of agricultural water technologies and innovations of water harvesting, storage and application. Adoption of these technologies is low in developing countries. This study aimed at investigating factors influencing smallholder farmers' adoption of agricultural water technologies and innovations Lare and Elementaita Divisions, Nakuru County Kenya. These areas were selected as they are water constrained and inhabited by smallholder farmers some having while others having not adopted these technologies. Study objectives were: to document the socio-economic status of the farmers and ecological characteristics' influence on technologies' adoption. Descriptive research design was used with a sample size of 114 and 76 farmers who had, and not adopted the technologies respectively and selected using purposive and proportionate sampling techniques. Data was collected by use of face-to-face administered structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings indicate that the farmers had low education level by Kenya's standard. Chi-square analysis indicated existence of statistically significant relationship between land topography, affordability of irrigation facilities and availability of technical and financial support and adoption of the technologies. No statistically significant relationship exists between soil types and water harvesting, storage structures and adoption of technologies. Financial constraints and lack of skills in management of these technologies were challenges. Technical, financial and supportive policy focusing the farmers' technologies' adoptive capacities is advised.