Corrosion, from long time before was a greatest problem in oil and gas industry and experts have always tried to combat this major problem. This has been given to the corrosion and inspection in oil and gas industry. Corrosion in oil and gas wells has the electrochemical mechanism, When the system reaches a temperature below the dew point, moisture is converted to liquid and many droplets occurs on the pipe's wall. In the electrochemical reaction, water plays role of the electrolyte. The water that creates was not corrosion by itself. When the acidic gases such as H₂S and CO₂ are dissolved in water create an acidic environment which in the vicinity of the steel will cause severe corrosion. Sometimes in oil wells, oxygen is one of the corrosive gases too. In the oil and gas industries, corrosion may be localized or uniform. Localized corrosion, can be create under the insulators, sediment and bacteria, was 10 to 100 times faster than uniform corrosion lead to destruction and there are many costs and risks associated with it.

This study examined agricultural marketing information usage among soybean farmers in Nigeria using data from randomly sampled 150 soybean farmers in Benue State. The soybean farmers get agricultural marketing information mainly through other soybean producers (83.33%), family (70.00%), neighbours (67.33%), farmer's cooperative organization (65.33%) and extension agents (62.67%). Other soybean producers (83.33%), family (81.33%), neighbours (80%), farmer cooperative society (80%), extension agents (66.67%) were highly evaluated as USEFUL by the farmers. Other soybean producers, cooperative society, off-farm employment, extension services and access to markets significantly influenced the probability of producers evaluating their agricultural marketing information as adequate. The greatest constraint to access to agricultural marketing information by soya bean farmers included inadequate access to extension services (22%), ineffective communication (20%), distance from other soya bean producers (16.67%), middlemen (16%), lack of capital (13.33%) and illiteracy (12%). Information sources and marketing information usefulness were not independent of one another among the respondents. Information sources and marketing information adequacy are not independent of one another among the respondents. More extension agents should be deployed to where the farmers are residing so as to reach a large number of the farmers and teach them on their areas of critical needs. Other methods of extension information dissemination should be used to transfer current, adequate and useful marketing information to the farmers. It should be ensured that any extension method being used to disseminate marketing information to the farmers is such that the farmers understand the message and marketing information being communicated to them.

Look of unit 100 separating needed cuts for continuing the process and producing LAB of Oil cuts C₁₀ _ C₁₃ which is required. These are separated by two distillation towers. In the first tower called (STRIPPER COLUMN T_101) that consist of so trays, lighter cuts of C₁₀ that are called LIGHT END. Are separated and the product of the lower level of tis tower goes to the 2nd tower called. This one consist of 60 Trays. In the bottom of tower products that are heavier than C₁₃ and called heavy end are separated, and the products of the tower, as main products of unit 100 go to the unit 200 for hydrotreating. The purpose of using two tower is that in lower temperatures lighter materials get separated and in higher temperatures higher materials get separated.

The main objective of this article is to adapt the Vwiki, tool proposed by our research laboratory, as a solution to the submergence of obsolete, unstructured wikis with wrong contents that are spreading through the web. Thus is for the e-leraning environment purpose. Due to the mechanism of the content validation by pairs, such as Wikipedia, and the dynamic evaluation by the community after the publication of the its content, the Vwiki is proposed as a collaborative educational tool 2.0 , which is centered on the learner and supervised by the teacher.
For realizing a collaborative course, learners will create the collaborative contents, the teacher will play the role of the content validators, while the tutor will represent the monitoring committee of the publication and will be in charge of the course process publication from the creation of the information until its final disposal or archive.
In this context, we propose a collaborative strategy 2.0 to adopt as a tool for the E-learning. Thus will provide a formal and collaborative education project at lower costs that provides collaborative courses and takes advantage of not only the collective intelligence, but also of the community and content evaluation by the learners.

Corrosion is one of the major problems in the oil and gas industry is one that automatically allocates huge sums annually. Polyurethane is a thermoses polymer with various applications. Using form this polymer has spread for military applications by Otto Bayer in 1930. In one general look polyurethane is product of Iso Syanate and ploy with each other, So that: Iso + ploy = polyurethane. Spend large cost for application and launching oil and gas transitions, has cleared the necessity protection from them agonist corrosion. In this direction protection coating with specific properties such as high electricity resistance presented to market by various companies that each of them has special advantage and disadvantages. In this research has tried while analysis coatings specifications of gas and oil transitional pipelines, has compared properties and common qualities of them with each other.

This study aims to show the effect of the climatic variability on the productions of coffee and cocoa of the area of Daoukro which is the principal producing area in the Ivory Coast. The methodological approach is summarized in two steps: first, the characterization and analysis of the impact of climate variability on water resources second monitoring developments in the production of coffee and cocoa (1964-2005) through statistical analysis. The centered and reduced index shows a great interannual variability of rainfalls which is organized in two climatic periods, a humid period (1956-1970) and a dry period (1971-2009). The rainfall deficit evaluated in the area of Daoukro reaches an average of 11% and fluctuated between 5% and 15%. Analysis of the average rainfalls of the wettest four months (March-June) every 10 years during five decades of Daoukro station shows that the period of the great season of rains fell from 4 months to 3 months. The decrease of the rainfall consecutive with the effects of the dryness involved a decrease of the agricultural production (the production of coffee and cocoa). The climate variability from 1964 to 2005 caused interannual fluctuation of the production of coffee and cocoa. Cocoa production in 2004-2005 is only 36% of that of 1981-1982 and that of coffee 43% of the production of 1981-1982.

The corrosion of pipelines' coatings is one of the main problems in oil and gas industries for which a large amount of money is spent each year. Coating is the first defense line in front of a corrosive environment in which pipes have been buried. Good function of coating depends on its adhesiveness rate to the metal surface. Initial adhesiveness and its durability in the contact conditions are among those factors that enhance coating efficiency in long term. Coverage in line pipes include of high costs. For this selecting cover and how apply is high important. Three fold polyethylene's include of epoxy layers, adhesive and polyethylene. Each other from layers having attributes that increasing its application for long term. Polyethylene layer is good shelter for prevent of physical damages. In attention to corrosion in lower temperature is an electrochemical reaction and rate of a electrochemical reaction is very impress of a element or very reactor from surface.

Water molecules by making hydrogen joint with its molecules creates holes in which quest molecules will be trapped and by creating van deer Waals joint with water molecules, hydrates crystals will be produced. Natural gas and crude oil in natural exist in underground reservoirs are in contact with water. Hydration needs condition which consists of having water in pipe line, high pressure (pressure always is high because of reinforcing gas pressure in gas transportation pipe lines), low temperature (temperature is always low in cold seasons of year), and presence of hydrate-making substances like methane, carbon dioxide, and... There are four methods to prevent hydration. This article will focus on analyzing synthetic inhibitors, and their function the task orders are as followed: 1. Synthetic investigation of hydrate formation with and without presence of inhibitor. 2. Using Kashchiev- Firozabad model and experimental data of gas transporting pipe lines for drawing synthetic graphs of gas hydrates formation with presence of synthetic inhibitors.

The management of the car the water exposes to some serious crisis and problems such as inadequacy of water, The lack of access to the clean and health water, The quality of controlling the water sources, The disruption in the management of water sources, decreasing the financial source, The lack of Knowledge in the decision makers, and The security of the society being exposes to the danger considering the happened problems and crisis, different methods of managing the water sources such as The management based on the supply of water, the integral management of water sources and effective ways has grown up by passing of time. For the present time, safe guarding the water sources is one of the aims of the regimes of water sources management in agriculture, as one of the biggest consumers of water sources, The management of water sources is performed in two parts of supply and demand and according to the available limitations, special attention is paid to the of consumer's request.

Cognitive radio is a new and exciting technology that, among other applications, has the potential to unlock the spectrum necessary for the deployment of next generation high data rate systems. Spectrum sensing is the key component of cognitive radio technology. However, detection is compromised when a user experiences shadowing or fading effects. In such cases, user cannot distinguish between an unused band and a deep fade. Thus, cooperative spectrum sensing is proposed to optimize the sensing performance. We have studied performance analysis of cooperative spectrum sensing in Cognitive Radio. This paper presents a simulation comparison of cooperative with non-cooperative spectrum sensing over Rayleigh fading channel based on AND, OR and MAJORITY rules. Comparing the non-cooperative curve with the cooperative curve over Rayleigh fading channel, we observed that spectrum sensing is better in presence of cooperation. We also observed that the OR rule has the better performance than AND and MAJORITY rule.