The future of contemporary microfinance depends to a large extent on the evolution of regulatory and legislative frameworks, both in terms of financial activity and the status and conditions under which the activity is carried out. In Benin, the legal and institutional framework has undergone several changes characterized by innovations at both the regulatory and institutional levels. In this article, we take stock of the various changes and innovations in the regulatory and institutional framework, focusing on some concrete examples.

Argania spinosa, Sapotaceae sole representative in Algeria and Morocco, hence its endemic in these regions. Although it is a recognised oil, forage and timber tree highly adapted to aridity. The exploitation of the argan fruits, produces considerable amounts of under or related products. These products, such as the endocarps of a fruit, recuperated after use of kernels to extract oil.Phytochemical screening of A. spinosa endocarps indicated the presence of, tannins, flavonoid aglycons, proanthocyanidins, saponins and coumarins in immature endocraps. Whereas, Alkaloids and reducteurs compounds were detected only in mature endocarps. The total phenolics, total flavonoids and proanthocyanidins contents were in the ranges of 985,75 +/-0.45, 100,1+/- 0.55 and 280,47+/- 0.45 mg/g respectively in immature endocarps. In mature endocarps these compounds represent, 106,58+/- 0,45, 4.512 +/- 0,55 and 104.15 +/- 0.55 mg/g respectively. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) in the radical-scavenging assay against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl hydrate radical (DPPH) of immature endocarps and mature endocarps (24H, 1week) were 322; 550 and 600 μg/mL respectively.Thus, the total polyphenols (TP), total flavonoids (TF) and condensed tannins (CT) contents exhibited the highest levels in the unripe fruits. The antiradical activity trend was positively correlated to the behavior of the bioactive compounds content.The results demonstrated that the methanol extract of the fruit endocarps of A.spinosa is a potential source of natural antioxidants. Thus, further work should be screened bioactivity, isolated, characterized and elucidated the bioactive compounds of the extract for medicinal value.Antioxidant activity of extracts was expressed as percentage of DPPH radical’s inhibition and IC50 values (μg/ml).

The possibility of using limestone instead of lime as an agent precipitating impurities from cobalt-rich solutions from the hydrometallurgical plants of Ruashi Mining in R.D. Congo was studied. These solutions come from the copper solvent extraction circuit and are intended for the production of cobalt hydrates. Precipitation tests performed in the laboratory have shown that limestone competes with lime in terms of precipitation of Fe, Mn and Cu impurities and co-precipitation of Co. The parameters which were exploited are: Eh, pH, time, % Solid and the particle size. Reduced to the equivalent quantities which enter into a precipitation reaction with 1.5 as the evaluated value of the limestone/lime ratio, the consumption of these two precipitating agents is almost the same. Co-precipitation of cobalt was acceptable and was limited to a yield of 3.0 % Co. Under these same conditions, copper was also removed with yields of around 40 %. The iron precipitated in good yields reaching over 90 %. On the other hand, Mn showed too low precipitation yields of less than 40 % by the fact that it required real oxidizing conditions which could bring it back to its insoluble form of MnO2. Finally, with the considerations on the cost of acquisition on the Ruashi Mining site of 160 and 50 USD respectively for the ton of lime and limestone, without integrating the cost linked to the fragmentation of the limestone to have the correct grain size, it is technically possible to substitute lime by limestone.

This article aims to analyze two soybean production systems based on the use or not of inoculum. To this end, firstly, it was a question of identifying the factors likely to explain the practice of inoculum in soybean production systems and then secondly to assess the economic profit made by producers practicing these production systems. Qualitative as well as quantitative data on socio-economic characteristics and soybean production had been collected from nearly 47 inoculum users and 58 non-users. The logit model as well as the profit indices was estimated using the STATA 13.0 software. The results showed that socioeconomic factors such as the number of agricultural workers (10%) and experience in soybean production (1%) significantly explained the practice of the production system based on the use of inoculum. Likewise, access to agricultural credit was the only institutional factor explaining the 10% threshold for the practice of this system. Compared to the profile, the same system had a net margin of 78,592 FCFA / Ha (p = 0.000) more than the system without the use of inoculum. Furthermore, no significant difference was observed in the benefit-cost ratio (3.29 FCFA for the system with use of inoculum against 3.19 FCFA for the system without use of inoculum). This was due to the costs spent on acquiring the inoculum. The inoculum subsidy would be essential for the future of the soybean industry.

Nowadays, manufacturing companies, especially aeronautical ones must be at the forefront of technology in terms of new products, flexibility and performance. Indeed, the key indicator logistic for any company wishing to remain competitive in the market is: the OTD (On Time delivery= Customer Service Rate).This paper reviews some of the existing literature review of production planning, uncertainty and some solution approaches for the following production planning under uncertainty over the past decade.The purpose of this article is to provide the reader with a starting point about production planning problems under uncertainties with some optimization methods existing through literature.

This paper studies the relationship between modernity and cultural heritage in a globalized world through the work of contemporary Moroccan artist Mounir Fatmi (b. 1970), titled Modern Times-A History of The Machine (2010), Speed City (2010) and Technologia (2010). The paper looks specifically at how Fatmi’s artwork understands modernity in the Arab world as hinted at by the inclusion of Arabic calligraphy by way of cultural reference. The machinery can be regarded as the Western project for modernism accompanied by industrialization. The Arab world and the Middle East in this discussion are used interchangeably. The paper shows how Fatmi’s artwork highlights the relationship between the industrialized West and the fast growing and urbanized East. Thus, calligraphy in Fatmi’s work can be viewed as traditional as well as contemporary; therefore, cultural heritage, in part, also defines modernity.

The oil potential of Niger is mainly located in two large sedimentary basins: the Iullemeden Basin in the West and the Eastern Niger Basin in the East. These two basins cover 90% of the National Territory. Nowadays, exploration and exploitation activities take place in the Eastern Niger Basin, more particularly in the Termit-Basin.Despite the development of some deposits and recent discoveries, the Termit Basin, one of the largest Cretaceous to Tertiary trenches belonging to the West and Central African Rift System (WCARS), remains under-explored.The overall objective of this study is to assess the petroleum potential and kerogen type contained in the Donga bedrock of the Termit Basin.This study, which follows previous organic geochemical work, is based on the Rock-Eval6 method and Gas chromatography (CG-SM) method of analysis of source rock samples and crude oil from the Upper Cretaceous of Donga formation. The samples come from the following wells: Trakes N-1D, Minga-1, Douwani N-1, Kanga-1, and Koulele Deep-1.The Source rock evaluation of Well Douwani N-1 and Trakes N-1D, suggests that, the Donga Formation contains more Type II2 and II1 organic matters in the eastern basin than in the western basin, and is generally considered the moderate to good source rock.Pr/Ph is 1.57, the Tricyclic terpane content is higher than the Pentacyclic terpane content, the Gammacerane content is high, the ratio of Gammacerane to C30 Hopane is 1.05.The Donga Formation crude oil from Well Trakes N-1D is different from those from Well Trakes-1, as shown in the triangular chart of C27-C28-C29 Regular steranes, and hence is defined as Class IV. The cross plot of Gammacerane/C30 Hopane and C27/C29 Regular steranes provides a good approach to distinguish these four classes of crude oil.

Training a multi-layer neural network is sometimes difficult, especially for novices in Artificial Intelligence. Many people believe that this training must be relayed to computers in order to be able to perform these ultra-powerful calculations. As a result, we can't figure out what is going on behind these calculations, thinking that there is too much mathematics, making it difficult for humans to understand what is at stake. Far from this mythical caricature stuck to neural networks. The training of a neural network consists in finding synaptic weights such that the output layer allows to classify with precision the observed values of a training set with the aim of allowing the created model to present generalisation capacities on examples that it will never have encountered during the training phase.

The conservation of wildlife populations requires regular studies for effective monitoring. However, although necessary, these studies are difficult to implement, particularly in the developing countries where the lack of financial resources and appropriate material are felt. Nowadays, the use of drones has grown steadily, opening up new avenues for wildlife management. The present research investigated on a ranch, the use of a mini-drone in the activities of wildlife surveys, monitoring and ranch mapping. After a line transects census, surveys with drone at various heights were made for animal counting, monitoring and ranch photogrammetry. The data was extracted from the taken images and analyzed as appropriate. From the results obtained, it is clear that the mini-drones give good results for the wildlife survey when the flights are made between an elevation of 20 to 50 m. The wildlife species encountered do not change their attitude when the drone passes by. Various acts of vandalism can also be observed with the drone and the mapping of the ranch set up in the middle of the savannah was obtained in a relatively short time. Long-lasting batteries will have to be manufactured in order to allow the mini-drones to operate easily in a real natural environment for ecological monitoring activities.

This paper presents the results of the survey on the impact of disposable diaper waste on the environment of the city of Yaoundé in Cameroon. In total, 140 households unequally distributed in the 26 selected districts were surveyed. The neighborhoods have been stratified according to criteria such as socio-economic aspect, access to hygiene and sanitation services, quality of houses. The households surveyed were chosen at random and the interview guides were administered to them. The survey population is young (105 households are between 18 and 38 years old) and 82% are made up of women mothers. 84% of households use around 3 diapers / day for an average of 7 months and the neighborhood shop is the preferred place of supply. Although most (58 households) declare their preference towards the MOLFIX brand for their offspring, others admit generally using around 2 brands in combination. The average mass of used diaper waste produced by a household with a child in the city of Yaoundé is estimated at 120 g / day or 840g / week or 4.32 kg / year of diaper waste. Based on the low frequency of emptying the bins by the hygiene services coupled with the multiplicity of wild piles, it cannot be ruled out that these different exposure routes lead to an increase in environmental risks, particularly through substances. such as: dioxins, furans, formaldehyde contained in baby diapers.