The present study was carried out in the Zone of Health of Bwamanda, in the Provincial Division of the South Ubangi in DRC. The various actors on ground, in particular the male nurses, the patients and the population in general were approximate for better including/understanding their attitude and difficulties compared to the frame of reference. The transport and the costs of care in general like the transport charges, the costs secondary and the tariffs of care probably constitute the most significant barriers compared to the reference. Nevertheless, other barriers could be identified with certainty, more particularly the negative attitude of the male nurses towards the references (because they would decrease their prestige), the deficit of dialogue between the male nurse and his patients, corruption on the level of the hospital and the visits of the culturally obligatory patients for the population. Other cultural barriers are resignation and the recourse to the traditional therapists. This study enabled us to better include/understand the stakes of the frame of reference. It now remains to be seen how the medical services can reinforce the system in order to act on the various determinants favorable to the change.

The study we conducted focused on «the determinants of alcohol consumption by pregnant women in the ZSUR of Gemena, whose objective was to identify the explanatory factors of alcohol consumption. alcohol by pregnant women. It starts from the observation of excessive alcohol consumption by pregnant women in the locality of Bozagba for which we asked ourselves this research question: what are the explanatory factors of excessive alcohol consumption by pregnant women? ? In view of this question, we hypothesized that the excessive consumption of alcohol by pregnant women in the locality of Bozagba is due to: Ignorance of the harmful effects of alcohol on pregnancy by pregnant women. To verify the hypotheses, we used the survey method supported by the structured observation technique and the face-to-face interview. After the manual tabulation and analysis of the data collected, we obtained the following results: - 60% of respondents have a low level of knowledge about the harmful effects of alcohol on pregnancy; 33.3% have an average level and 6.7% have a high level. - More than 86.7% consume 4 to 6 glasses of alcohol per day; 10% consume 7 to 10 glasses of alcohol a day; - 50% of respondents consume alcohol to cope with worries without however recognizing their harm to their health; 30% for their prestige and 20% for the pleasant taste; In addition, the study revealed that after being informed of the harmful effects of alcohol on the health of the mother and the fetus, 73% of the respondents have positive attitudes towards alcohol withdrawal while 27% negative attitudes.

The emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis is still causing a public health crisis. In low-income countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo, tuberculosis has not been eradicated and the emergence of the multidrug-resistant form is observed in some countries. The objective of this study was to determine the risk factors that contribute to the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in the Nzanza Health Zone in the city of Matadi. This case-control analytical study was conducted over a period from January to March 2020. It concerned all lung tuberculosis patients with positive microscopy with confirmed resistance to rifampicin and isoniazid, between the period from January to December 2019 and who freely consented to participate in the study. Data were collected based on interviews with study participants using a structured questionnaire and based on data from the Central Office of the Nzanza Health Zone. The data were analyzed using EPI INFO 7 and Excel software. The Chi-2 test was used to compare the observed proportions and the strength of the associations between the variables was assessed using the odds ratios (OR) with the significance threshold (p ˂ 0.05). The results of this research found that two factors significantly put patients at risk of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: lack of knowledge of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis OR (3.636) CI 1,342-9,855) (p= 0.011) and alcohol consumption OR (3.61) (CI [1.29 - 10.07]) (p = 0.012). Our study sufficiently demonstrates that multidrug-resistant tuberculosis still represents a major public health problem in some regions of the world and more particularly in the Nzanza Health Zone in the City of Matadi in the Democratic Republic of Congo. However, the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis could be prevented by implementing community-based awareness strategies.

The various types of housing without ekistic standards that are currently being built in the Kauka and Yolo-Nord neighborhoods are different from those that have existed for more than five decades. There are strata of housing in three dimensions: unmodified (old dwellings built before 1960 which have undergone slight transformations), modified (old dwellings built before 1960 and have undergone changes without planning) and improvised (new dwellings built without referring to the land use plan and the development and urban planning master plan). Indeed, the majority of inhabitants are exposed to very deplorable socio-environmental living conditions. In reality, many dwellings are annexed by terraces, shops, hair salons, «malewa» restaurants, infrastructure (for ecclesiastical activities: churches)..., in order to better meet the global imperatives of competitiveness and economic growth. However, the policies and strategies mobilized in this framework affect the living conditions of the inhabitants, it is said that formal construction is therefore confronted with improvised construction. This phenomenon is linked to the spectacular increase in population for more than two decades. Through the systemic analysis of the process of spatial exploitation for residential and commercial purposes, this study shows that improvised constructions are the consequences of the alternatives implemented by low-income or middle-income inhabitants, in order to cope to social, family and urgent problems.

At the end of this study entitled « Survey of motivational factors for the consumption of alcoholic beverages by young people aged 18 to 35: Case of the city of Gemena » from 2020-2022, the main objective of which was to detect the motives that encourage young people to drink alcohol. We have made assumptions that: 1) Alcohol calms and makes you forget the worry. 2) Alcohol gives pleasure. 3) Alcohol is an appetizer for the meal. 4) Alcohol is a tonic. 5) Alcohol increases sexual desire. In order to collect information from consumers, we used the technique of data collection by the interview guide is that we arrived at 200 consumers as the size of our sample; by the sampling technique; a probabilistic with two degrees in particular: by convenience: which determined the choice of the consumers interviewed in the various districts which cover the city of Gemena; by quota: who distributed the number of consumers by district. After interpreting and discussing our results, the following conclusions are drawn: 1) Alcohol calms and makes you forget the worry: 65% or 130 consumers confirmed our hypothesis. 2) 77.5% or 145 consumers confirmed that alcohol gives pleasure. 3) 60% or 120 say that alcohol is an aperitif for the meal. 4) 56.5% or 177 consumers say that alcohol is a tonic. 5) 94% or 188 consumers said that alcohol increases sexual desire. By all of our results sufficiently proves and confirms our hypotheses.

Schistosoma haematobium schistosomiasis or urogenital bilharziasis is a chronic parasitosis caused by Schistosoma haematobium. Worldwide, at least 206.5 million people needed treatment in 2016. Preventive treatment, which should be repeated over a number of years, will reduce and prevent morbidity. Transmission of schistosomiasis has been confirmed in 78 countries. However, preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis, where people and communities are targeted for large-scale treatment, is only needed in 52 moderately endemic to high transmission countries. In addition, 112 million people are infected with Schistosoma haematobium, including 80 million in its morbid form, causing 150,000 deaths per year. After our study and analysis, we found that out of a total of 50 samples, 8 were positive or 16% and 42 negative or 84%. Thus, the frequency of Schistosoma haematobium eggs was estimated at 16% during our study.

Starting from this study, it should be recalled that our ambition was to know if the working conditions of scientific personnel are favorable for a professional and scientific activity, then to see the reasons and the remedies to be proposed for the improvement of working conditions in this higher and university institution. Faced with all these concerns, we have found that there are many favorable working conditions: among the working conditions of scientific staff, others are far from favorable, particularly those relating to: poor working conditions, institutional bonuses, service bonuses, salary, continuing education, documents and teaching materials. Among all the working conditions, we have found that these are mainly organizational from a social, economic and material point of view at the Higher Institute of Medical Techniques of Gemena. The accomplishment of work (teaching), advancement in grade, the course schedule and communication at work which are very favorable for the scientific staff and which are the basis of the motivation and satisfaction of the scientific staff at the Higher Institute Gemena Medical Techniques. The poor working conditions mentioned above are the causes of the demotivation and dissatisfaction of health professionals. Which led them to say that they are ready to leave their current job in the profile of another if the opportunity arises. In short, we say that the working conditions of scientific personnel are still difficult and unsatisfactory. Several elements that we have just revealed in this study show that the working conditions of scientific personnel are less favourable. These working conditions can have a negative impact not only on the life of staff but also on the quality of teaching at the Higher Institute of Medical Techniques of Gemena.

In the Samba Dia area, located in central western Senegal, the Quaternary aquifer is the only one exploited for the population’s drinking water needs. The main objective of this study is to update and analyze the hydrochemical data of this aquifer. Physicochemical analyses were carried out on 36 water samples to characterize the groundwater in the aquifer and explain the phenomena behind the mineralization of this water. Interpretation of the hydrochemical data was done using the Piper diagram, multivariate analysis (Factor analysis and Hierarchal cluster analysis (HAC)), base exchange index and Na vs Cl, HCO3 vs Ca and (Na-Cl)] vs [(Ca+Mg) - (HC03+S04)] relationships. Water-rock interaction (rock dissolution, base exchange processes) is the dominant mechanism for ion acquisition in the groundwater of this aquifer. The other mechanism is related to water inputs by surface infiltration and intrusion of marine and brackish water. The results of the hydrochemical study show that the chemical species that control water salinization are ions Cl, Na, SO4, Mg, Ca and HCO3.The hydrochemical facies observed for the groundwater samples are Na-Cl (70%), CaCl2 (12.22%) and mixed.

The verification/validation of a method is a necessary prerequisite before any activity in a medical biology laboratory. Also, it is important to remember the control of the risks associated with any dosing method as well as the impact of pre-analytical conditions on the post-analytical step. The objective of this work is to evaluate the analytical performance of serum and urinary glucose assay using the hexokinase enzymatic method of the manufacturer Abbott on the Alinity automaton of the same manufacturer. The verified parameters are reproducibility and repeatability, through the results of internal quality controls retrieved by creating procedures in the section of validation/verification of methods in our software: Big. The results of the performance evaluation in terms of reproducibility and repeatability demonstrate a perfect compliance of this method of serum and urine glucose determination by the Abbott kit on the Alinity PLC of the same manufacturer.

The markets of the city of Bouaké are flooded with fish production from Abidjan, Sassandra, Adiaké and Mali. In this city (Bouaké), the activity of selling fish mobilizes many women and its contribution to their financial autonomy remains unreported despite its dynamism. This article therefore highlights the participation of the sale of fish in the empowerment of women in the city of Bouaké. To achieve this, the study consisted in collecting data from documentary research and field surveys which boil down to observation, interview and questionnaire survey. The questionnaires were sent to 6 wholesalers and 188 retailers chosen using the quota sampling technique. A GPS was used to take geographic coordinates of the markets that house fish vendors. The data collected has undergone different types of processing depending on its nature. This required the use of Arcgis 10.3 software for cartographic production. Also, tables and graphs have helped to illustrate certain facts. It shows that 373 women, or 0.09% of the female population and 0.16% of the working-age population work in the field of fish sales. All claim to have monthly incomes above the Ivorian SMIG (Guaranteed Minimum Interprofessional Salary) (60,000 CFA francs). This income allows them to support themselves, take care of their children, help their husbands, invest in real estate and other business sectors. In addition, these women face difficulties in carrying out their duties. These include the scarcity of fish at times, road hassles, the problem of conservation and the difficulty of access to goods for those who get their supplies from rural production areas.

Transport ensures the mobility of people and goods and also plays an undeniable socio-professional role. They participate through training centers in the employability of young people and their socio-professional integration. In Togo, the Regional Training Center for Road Maintenance (CERFER) was created to supervise young people in transport and public works. This article evaluates the socio-professional impacts of the training and technical reinforcement program for young people who have dropped out of school and have no job, implemented by CERFER in Togo. Documentary research, field surveys and the processing of the data collected constitute the main elements of the methodology adopted. The evaluation method covered 170 individuals out of 803 identified beneficiaries. This method consisted of a comparison of the professional situation before and after the programme. The results reveal that 66% of the beneficiaries have a job more or less related to the field of training. The match between the employment position is perfect for 24% of employed respondents. The variations in professional situations before and after the program show that the number of beneficiaries in employment increased by 12.94% while that of the unemployed is 10.59%.

This work deals with the attempt of artisanal extraction of groundnut oil in Butembo city. To reach the objective, we have used an artisanal method. We have utilised four treatments in our work. The first treatment is semi artisanal and the three last are purely artisanal, which consisted of peeling, selecting or sort, roasting on mild fire. Pelliculing, winnowing, pounding followed by mixture or creaming. We add a small quantity of boiled water after beingwell mixed. We continue with mixture which causes oil to oversuring upon paste and faaming comes after. We add water at last twice. Clarification: water evaporisation and putting in bottle. After the extraction of oil, the first treatment by which we have used the mechanical press, in which one kilogram of product in a quantity of 400 milliliters of oil, 60 milliliters for the second treatment, 150 milliliters for the third treatment and 73,5 milliliters for the fourth treatment. Extrapolated in 1000 kilograms (tonne), T1 has given 400 liters, T2 gives 60 liters, T3 reachs 150 liters and then, T4 has produced 73, 5 liters of groundnut oil. After analysis in laboratory, the third treatment has given good results. The acid index of 0,5 and 0,4, the iodine index of 84,9 and 80,2; the density of 0,116 and 0,117. The saponification index has not realised the norms in all the treatments. This means that our oil cannot participate in the soap production that is why, it is table oil.

In West Africa, particularly in the Taoudenni, Volta and Beli basins (southeastern border of the Gourma Basin), Neoproterozoic glaciogenic deposits have been assimilated to the Late Cryogenian «Tillites-Carbonates-Silexites» triad. Like those of the Taoudenni, Volta and Beli basins (southeast of the Gourma Basin), the Neoproterozoic formations of the Firgoun region on the southeastern border of the West African Craton exhibit characteristics of the Neoproterozoic triad. This study aims through sedimentological analysis and lithostratigraphic correlations to place the sedimentary sequences of the Firgoun area in their regional context. The Firgoun deposits, resting in fundamental unconformity on the birimian basement of the Niger Liptako, are essentially composed of quartzite sandstones, conglomerates, shales, silexites and more or less metamorphosed dolomitic limestones. The stratigraphic analysis reveals that the Firgoun deposits include 9 lithofacies from the bottom to the top: the lower lithofacies noted Fr1 to Fr3 have been attached to the base formation called «Firgoun Sandstone», and the lithofacies Fr4 to Fr9 related to the «Beli-Garous» formation. The summit lithofacies (Fr6 to Fr8) of this «Beli-Garous» formation, corresponding to a succession of interbedded diamictites associated with carbonate and silexites deposits, have been assimilated to the Neoproterozoic triad.

The lysosomal overload diseases constitute a heterogeneous group of rare constitutional diseases. In Morocco, these diseases remain very rare and under diagnosed. The diagnosis of certainty rests on enzymatic assay which can be long and difficult, unlike the discovery of a cytological anomaly thus allowing a fast tracking and early care management, hence the importance of the study of these pathologies at pediatric age and the installation of a register of rare pathologies. This present work aims to describe four clinico-biological observations of the overload diseases diagnosed in our laboratory.

The mode of spatial distribution of Ficathoa laurifolia and Ocotea usambarensis species has been treated in the game reserve of Kalikuku, Lubero Territory. In order to reach the result, we have delimited a plot for each species and in which we have carried out the sampling of diameter critter at «DHP» of each target tree according to our criterion, and the distances which could separate the individuals as they moved closer to one another, following the method called: Nearest Neighbor Method. That means the method of the neighbor that in very near, of Clark and Evans. The results that we have found are the following. The aggregation clue R has given 0,86 for Ficalhoa laurifolia, 1,5 for Ocotea usambarensis and -3,6 for Piptadeniastrum africanum. After the application of test Z of spatial deviation, Z has given - 4,12; 12,6 and -3,6 respectively for restoring it and aggregate distribution and even Ocotea usambarensis towards unpredictable or aleatory distribution, Piptadeniastrum africanum as an aggregate. The diametric structure of the three species presents a curve in form of bell «Gauss» in the base classes to decline from the beacon classes presenting then a curve in form of reversed j, witness of a natural forest. The very great land surface for Ficalhoa laurifolia has been of 19,8398 m2 in the fourth class of diameter, 4,2398 m2 in the class for Ocotea usambarensis and 26,679 m2 of Piptadeniastrum africanum in the third class.

Stroke is a major public health problem in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The overall objective of this study is to analyze the risk factors for stroke in the hospital setting of Kinshasa. A descriptive interview survey was conducted among 105 patients hospitalized in Kinshasa who had developed stroke. The results show that the non-modifiable risk factors among the patients surveyed were advanced age (over 55 and 65 years for men and women, respectively), sex (predominantly male), and family history (hypertension and diabetes), whereas the modifiable risk factors were excessive tobacco and alcohol consumption, low consumption of fruits and vegetables, and regular consumption of vegetable oil. Intermediate risk factors included lack of physical activity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and abdominal obesity. The prevalence of stroke was ischemic and hypertension was the most important cardiovascular risk factor, followed by excessive alcohol consumption and smoking. The results obtained demonstrate the need for adequate management of cardiovascular risk factors in patients and prevention of recurrences.

This article was conducted as part of the revitalization of the Lumumba district in downtown Butembo. After field observations accompanied by data processing using Geographic Information Systems, this research reveals that 41.28% of the buildings in the Lumumba district are in poor condition and deserve to be renovated to leave room new buildings and 17.02% of the buildings are in fairly good physical condition. In addition, the results indicate that 37.59% of the buildings are in good condition and deserve to be preserved and 4.11% of the buildings under construction. Regarding roads, this study identified a total of 120 sections over a distance of 26.37 km. Among these roads, 72 sections are in poor condition (i.e. 15.03 km) and require total reconstruction. The analysis also shows that 8 road sections are in good condition, i.e. nearly 3.85 km. In view of these results, it is essential to set up urban revitalization projects in order to improve the living conditions of the inhabitants of the Lumumba district.

This study aims at assessing the integration level of banana accounting software in the teaching of computer science in the Commercial and Management section in secondary schools in the Lubumbashi 1 sub-division. Survey and questionnaire methods, allowed us to collect the data relating to our investigations. Out of a total number of 131 schools identified organizing the Commercial and Management Section, 39 were selected on the basis of the following criteria: the presence of computer tools, the presence of terminal classes of this option and the presence of teachers with knowledge of the Banana Accounting software. After data collection and analysis of the data, the results recorded showed on the one hand that all the teachers actually have knowledge of the existence of banana accounting software and this, following a mode of learning (seminar or self-training) and on the other hand, 74.4% of these teachers have effectively integrated the teaching of the software under discussion, while the remainder, i.e. 25.6%, teach the use of the software without integrating it into their material predictions. In addition, 66.7% of teachers mentioned difficulties in teaching this software particularly due to the insufficiency of the computer tools available allowing a good transmission of the concepts related to this software, to the non-existence of manuals containing the appropriate concepts. Banana accounting software and the instability of the electric current. Despite all these difficulties, only 5.1% of students fail to master the concepts related to this software. Regarding the schools management mode that met the criteria, the results show that the majority of the schools selected (76.9%) operate under the approved private system, while 23.1%; have a public management system (official and contracted) and as regards gender, the majority of the selected schools teachers (92.3%), who teach computer science in the Lubumbashi 1 sub-division, are male against a minority women (7.7%).

The purpose of this study is to design compressed earth bricks and evaluate the mechanical characteristics in the dry and wet state. To achieve this, bricks were made by adding ash and cement to clay sand. Different materials were elaborated in dry and wet state. The formulation of the materials is as follows: 05% of cement for 25% of ash for the first material, 05% of cement and 05% of ash for the second type and 03% of cement for 03% of ash for the last. All the bricks were tested in compression, at 14 days for some and 14 days plus 3 days of immersion in water for others. The different results obtained at the end of the different laboratory performance tests give compressive strengths of 3.28 MPa for the first type of formulation; 2.18 MPa for the second type and 2.06 MPa for the third type of formulation at 14 days in a dry state. In the wet state, the compressive strength is 2.05 MPa for the first type of mix; 1.09 MPa for the second type and 1.40 MPa for the third type of mix at 14 days and three days of immersion with the same cement and ash dosages. The optimum strength is obtained for dosages of 05% cement for 25% wood ash.

This study on the state of play of fish farming around the riparian perimeter of Virunga PNVi National Park was carried out from September in November 2021 using a questionnaire administered to 50 fish farmers targeted in 5 groups of the chiefdom of Bwisha in the territory of Rutshuru. The results obtained show that fish farming in Rutshuru is of the artisanal type and that it plays an important socio-economic role. This activity is mainly practiced by fish farmers aged between 40 and 55 years (76%). The structures encountered are of two types: diversion ponds (90%), and dam ponds (10%). The bulk of fish species reared consist of Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758 (86%), Clarias gariepinus (6%), and Haplochromis spp occupy (8%). (95%) of fish farmers produce less than 500kg of fish, against (5%) who produce between 500kg to 2000kg of fish per year. (84%) of fish farmers feed their fish with agricultural by-products from processing units, against (6%) who use imported feed. They find it difficult to feed fish properly. They do not benefit from funding, nor supervision and training.