This study reviews the state of knowledge on the availability, feed value and use of agro-industrial by-products in ruminant feed in Burkina Faso by means of a literature review. Searches were mainly carried out online using the Google Scholar engine. A total of 150 documents were inventoried, of which 49 were selected and used for this literature review. Various by-products, notably oilcake, cereal bran, cereal straw and legume tops, are used to feed cattle and sheep for fattening, and dairy cows. Cereal straws are energy-free, rich in NDF and ADF fiber, and low in total nitrogen. Legume tops are richer in total nitrogen and energy than straws. Tuber peelings are low in total nitrogen, richer in fiber and energy than tops. Mango by-products are low in total nitrogen, high in fiber and richer in energy than other by-products. Mango and manioc by-products are available, but are rarely, if ever, used in animal feed. Further work is needed to scale up the use of mango and cassava by-products to increase the availability, low-cost and high-quality feeds for meat and milk production.

This study reviews the current state of knowledge on the roles of lysine and methionine in monogastric nutrition, and their potential availability in feedstuffs for pigs and chickens in Burkina Faso. It aims to better orient ongoing research to make these amino acids more available and optimize their content in local feed resources and their use in the rationing of pigs and chickens on intensive farms in Burkina Faso. Searches carried out mainly online using the Google Scholar search engine yielded a wide range of documents, which were filtered to retain only the most significant ones dealing with the above-mentioned themes. A total of 294 documents were identified, from which 126 references were selected and used for this literature review. Lysine and methionine are the most limiting amino acids in pig and chicken feed, in that their deficiency in rations affects feed efficiency, leads to reduced growth and dysfunctions in the organism. The methionine and lysine used in Burkina Faso are imported synthetic products that are not easily accessible due to their high cost. Their availability in certain ingredients can be improved by germination and/or heat treatment. Compliance with recommended lysine and methionine requirements in formulations for pigs and chickens is essential to optimize their utilization by the body, while reducing nitrogen losses and ensuring good productivity.

The amino acid compositions of Azolla filiculoides, Moringa oleifera and Dialum guineensis were determined on a dry weight basis. The total amino acids ranged from 50.83-83.01g/100 g crude protein and the essential total percentage of amino acids was 42.16% (A. filiculoides), 45.64% (M. oleifera) and 45.73% (D. guineensis). Acid amino acids (aspartic acid and glutamic acid) were the most concentrated amino acids in the samples while aromatic amino acids were slightly concentrated. In all the amino acids determined, D. guineensis had the most concentrated amino acids than A. filiculoides and M. oleifera. The calculated isoelectric points were 1.7 (A. filiculoides), 1.7 (M. oleifera) and 2.8 (D. guineensis), showing they can all be precipitated at acidic pH. Methionine was the limiting amino acid in A. filiculoides. The amino acid score showed that lysine ranged from 0.44-0.94 (on provisional essential amino acid scoring pattern) translating the quality of the sources of studied proteins. The predicted protein efficiency ratio (2.70-3.81) showed that the quality of protein was high while the essential amino acid index range was 0-1.09. The aim of this work was to compare the composition in amino acids of the samples. A. filiculoides, M. oleifera and D. guineensis can be recommended in the food of fish taking into account their food values but must be employed in limited proportions.