Considering the importance of transections in human life, the object of this article is to highlight one aspect of financial transactions, Salam transaction as an example, from the perspective of Islamic fi9h, especially Maliki fi9h and Hanafi fi9h. It examines it through point of view of two famous scholars of these schools, al-Fa9ih Ibn Abd al-Barr al-Maliki and al-Fa9ih al-Samraqandi al-Hanifi. It shows the differences between them, their reasons for that and the choice of their opinion either inside their schools or if they come out of their doctrine. It talks about Salam transection (contract) explaining its concept, terms, conditions, and other sides of it.
This article highlights a significant problem in personal status, especially regarding the proof of filiations or exile, It came a comparative study between law and Sharia, indicating the means followed, Medical expertise and Lea'an, explaining the difference between them, we follow their applications by the family jurisdiction, which will prioritize Lea'an or medical expertise? The result found that the Moroccan judiciary gives priority to the medical expertise than Lea'an.
Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis is the most direct and definitive technique for determining (or confirming) the geometric structure of chemical compound. In this paper, we describe the capacity of semi-empirical methods such as AM1, PM3, PM6 and NODCs for determining interatomic distances and bond angles for three compounds
P1 ((1S, 3R,8R)-2,2-dichloro-3,7,7,10-tetramethyl-tricyclo [6,4,0,01,3] dodec-9-ene), P2 (1S,3R,8R,9S,11R)-2,2,10,10-tetrachloro-3,7,7,11 tetramethyltetracyclo [6,5,0,01.2,09.116 ] tridecane) and P3 (1S,3R,8R,9S,11R)-2,2,10,10-tetrabromo-3,7,7,11 tetramethyltetracyclo [6,5,0,01.2,09.116 ] tridecane) including experimental data interatomic distances and bond angles are available. The results obtained show a good agreement with experimental reference values, a few exceptions, for semi-empirical methods AM1 and PM6 appear more reliable than PM3 and NODC.
In this work we used density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP/6-31G*(d) to study the stoichiometric reaction between the β-himachalene and dibromocarbene. We have shown that β-himachalene behaves as a nucleophile, while dibromocarbene behaves as an electrophile; that the chemical potential of dibromocarbene is superior to that of β-himachalene in absolute terms; and that β-himachalene reacts with an equivalent quantity of dibromocarbene to produce only one products P1: (1S,3R,8S) -2,2- dibromo -3,7,7,10
In this work, we determined the tensors of screen as well as the chemicals shifts of the nuclear magnetic resonance of the carbon 13 (RMN 13C) of organic product: P1 :[(1S, 3R, 8R)-2,2- dichloro -3, 7, 7, 10-tetra- methyl-tricyclo [6, 4, 0, 01,3] dodec-9-ene], using methods: CSGT (Continuous Set of Gauge Transformations), IGAIM (a slight variation on the CSGT method) and GIAO (Gauge-Independent Atomic Orbital), using the method DFT by means of functional B3LYP / 6-311 (2d, p) for the geometrical optimization of this product. These methods are implanted in the software Gaussian09. The comparison of the theoretical results to the experimental results shows that the method GIAO is the most reliable. On the other hand we calculate the chemicals shifts of the carbon 13 (13C of the compound P2 :[(1S, 3R, 8R) -2, 2- dichloro-3, 7, 7, 10 -tetramethyl- tricycle [6, 4, 0, 01,3 ] dodec-9-
The two quantum methods Hartree-Fock HF/6-31G* (d, p) and density functional theory DFT/3-21G* (d, p) were used to calculate the equilibrium of the Si-F and Si-Cl bonds in SiH3X compounds where X may be F- or Cl- ; the atomic electron affinity of chloride (Cl-), fluoride (F-), chlorine (Cl) and fluorine (F); entropy (S), heat capacity (Cv), total energy and reaction enthalpy of fluorosilanes, chlorosilanes and silyl radicals; and bond angles and bond lengths of SiH3F and SiH3Cl. Inter-atomic distances of the Si-F and Si-Cl bonds in SiH3F and SiH3Cl calculated using HR and DFT are in good agreement with the experimental values. The optimal distance of the Si-F bond is shorter than that of the Si-Cl bond in SiH3X. Electron affinities calculated using HF and DFT are not in agreement with those obtained experimentally. The values of entropy (S) increase in parallel with the increase in the number of fluorine atoms in the silanes. The geometric structures of SiH3F and SiH3Cl both belong to the C3v point group. Their bond angles are slightly different. SiH3F has slightly higher energy than SiH3Cl. This might be due to the value of the bond angle in SiH3F, which is 109.18
β-himachalene behaves as a nucleophile while dichlorocarbene behaves as an electrophile. Equimolar condensation of β-himachalene and dichlorocarbene results in a single product: (1S,3R,8R)-2,2-dichloro-3,7,7,10-tetramethyltricyclo[6,4,0,01.3]dodec-9-ene, also referred to as dichlorocarbene β-himachalene ? (referred to as P1 here), formed by reaction at the ? side of the C6=C7 double bond of β-himachalene. This regioselectivity is controlled by the frontier orbitals, as is the reaction mechanism. Electron density is particularly high around the C6=C7 double bond of the HOMO orbital. However when β-himachalene reacts with two equivalents of dichlorocarbene under the same conditions the result is two products: (1S,3R,8R,9S,11R)-2,2,10,10-tetrachloro-3,7,7,11-tetramethyltetracyclo[6,5,0,01.2,09.11]tridecane and (1S,3R,8R,9R,11S)-3,7,7,11-tetrachloro-3,7,7,11-tetramethyltetracyclo[6,5,0,01.2,09.11]tridecane (referred to here as P2 and P3 respectively). The same two products are also obtained when P1 reacts with one equivalent of dichlorocarbene. The attack takes place simultaneously at the ? and β sides of the C2=C3 double bond. Study of the two reactions using the ab-initio quantum density functional theory method (B3LYP/6-31G(d)) shows that they are stereoselective, chemospecific, concerted and exothermic. P3 is formed in greater quantity than P2.
Show abstract
Full Text
