The situation in Southeast Asia is deeply affected by the geopolitical conflict between Washington and Beijing, which is fuelling many uncertainties. China continues its global expansion by developing the two new "Silk Roads" to Europe and Central Asia (the land route) and to the Middle East and Africa (the sea route that crosses the entire region) in order to break the American encirclement. In the face of these challenges, the United States is seeking to put itself in a position of strength to limit the progress of China’s economic and military power without seeking to totally impede its development. Indeed, China is thus implementing a new economic diplomacy, which emphasizes the will to "strengthen trade and investment" between China and its neighbors, and calls for the production of goods of various ranges at competitive prices, the creation of new cross-border free trade zones, the improvement of its relations with the ASEAN countries, etc. without forgetting the strategy of pearl necklaces in order to counter the encirclement that the United States of America wants to impose on it.

Archaeological heritage sites constitute an important factor for the economic and social life of many countries, the development policy came to emphasize the safeguard and the preservation of landscapes and natural or fabricated sites, against the attacks, which have impoverished the cultural heritage, this heritage which represents a historic imprint for future generations. In a world where tourism has become the leading industry on the market, sustainable tourism has found its place as a major player through the network of Internet travelers. Welcome, solidarity and conviviality are the order of the day, giving meaning to sharing. This «extra soul» has the capacity to enrich moments, places, attractions and heritage. Algeria contains archaeological sites, which are classified as world cultural heritage by UNESCO. Unfortunately, reality shows that most of these sites are left to deteriorate without any real intervention. Through this research work, it is a question of examining the problem of integrating the conservation and enhancement of archaeological sites in the context of producing sustainable tourism for the city of Annaba and for Algeria.

In this article, we propose a study of heat transfer through a flexible pavement, the wearing course of which is composed of bitumen modified with sugar cane fibers (bagasse). The expressions for temperature and heat flux density are obtained from the heat equation established by Fourrier. The influence of extrinsic parameters such as the convective and radiative heat exchange coefficient on pavement deformations are presented in order to quantify the thermal behavior of the bituminous mixture under lighting and shade.

The Democratic Republic of the Congo is experiencing a proliferation of armed groups, which are making the country insecure and fragile, and yet it is trying to find its way to development. These armed groups are of two types: foreign armed groups and national armed groups. Overall, all these armed groups have stakes. While these armed groups have had fertile ground in the DRC because of the failure of the state, the only way for the DRC to get rid of them in order to bring about lasting peace is to strengthen the capacity of the state, which can only be achieved through the theory of state rebuilding. This theory insists on the establishment of the rule of law, which is supposed to be based on strong institutions, respect for the law, the promotion of human rights, and governance supported by administration. This rule of law must be able to identify threats and thwart them. The rule of law must be conducted under an enlightened, honest and competent leadership that is capable of implementing the population's policy to avoid resentment, envy, frustration, etc. The rule of law must be based on strong institutions, respect for the law, the promotion of human rights and governance supported by the administration.

Violence in its various forms and forms is one of the most prevalent phenomena in human societies and the most dangerous for his life, and Moroccan society, like other societies, was not left untouched by this dangerous phenomenon, but he also knew forms of violence that extended almost to all sectors and touched aspects of social life and its effects extended to the school community Where violence has moved from the social milieu to the scholastic milieu, what is striking is the spread of this phenomenon during recent years in a dangerously worrying way, especially as it has spread to the academic departments and the classroom environment has been affected by this infection and its implications for the educational learning process based mainly on the interaction between its two sides (teacher and learner) On pedagogical goals. This study tended to focus on the various interactions and their effects within the classroom environment and its implications for the aspects of the learning process. From this perspective, behavioral aspects (violence) within the classroom environment formed the focus of this study and its implications on the educational learning side with its psychological and social dimensions and included rehabilitative secondary education institutions. Our interest in this study was not directed to monitoring the factors that cause violence only, as most studies accelerated in this framework and since the emergence of the phenomenon to monitor its factors with a view to reducing them, but our interest has extended beyond that to include the implications of the students themselves from lack of focus, and dispersal Pedagogical goals and teaching method were affected. Although the results of this modest study sincerely reflect the effects of this phenomenon on the aspects of the educational process that still constitute the center of attention of many learners, it opens doors for those wishing to dive and reveal the negative effects of this phenomenon not only on the educational learning side but on the educational process as a whole and direct attention To address this dangerous phenomenon, which will not stop its creeping except with the results of serious studies presented in this framework.

The aim of this study was to develop an ointment of cosmetic interest in order to offer populations a hair product with local ingredients, a study of formulation and conditioning of the ointment was undertaken using oils of Elæis guineensis as active and of Butyrospermum. parkii as an excipient. These two species are known in communities for their use in hair maintenance and growth. The formulation consisted of a mixture of these two oils in precise proportions to obtain a single homogeneous phase. The ointment obtained coded PKP was applied to male and female rabbits of the species Oryctolagus cuniculus previously shaved at the rate of two applications per day for 28 days. Hair growth was measured each two days. In addition, sterility, stability and skin tolerability were assessed. The PKP ointment obtained was moderately hard, homogeneous, with a very pleasant odor and a pH of 3.93. After 28 days of experimentation, the results showed that hair growth in male rabbits was greater with a maximum cumulative length of 21 mm. The ointment did not show any microbial contamination and it remained stable over time. PKP is an ointment that would stimulate hair growth and would be a very good alternative to fight against early hair loss.

Ricinodendron heudelotii var. heudelotii is a highly prized forest species, used in the form of seasoning by the populations of Côte d'Ivoire. It is becoming rare due to the abusive exploitation of wood. Its ecological and agroforestry importance is attracting a lot of interest and makes its domestication a priority. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of the type of stem and of substrate for propagation by cuttings in regeneration of this forest species. To this end, 14 cm long softwood and semi-hardwood cuttings were taken from mature trees and planted in arable, urea and sawdust substrates. The topsoil gave the best growth recovery rate of 76.11% followed by the soil-urea substrate with 44.44% and the lowest rate was observed with the sawdust substrate with 18.89%. In addition, 81.11% of the semi-hardwood cuttings budded compared to 52.22% for the softwood cuttings. A total of 37.65% of plants survived. the semi-hardwood cuttings proved to be more efficient for the production of Ricinodendron heudelotii plants than the softwood cuttings which gave a very high mortality rate. Semi-hardwood cuttings would contain sufficient nutrient reserves for root development and growth recovery. This study proved that in vivo propagation by cuttings could be a real alternative to the regeneration of this woody species.

The scientific and technological progress provided various optical materials. Optical materials are one of the modern innovations that resulted from high-tech technology. Optical materials and their types can enrich the modern fashion and artistic taste. Fashion engages with technological changes. Optical fibers are characterized by creativity and their ability to change clothing styles to meet the consumer needs, especially in the field of accessories. The current research aims to use the technology of optical fibers in creating women's clothing accessories suitable for the evening. The results of the research included creating of thirteen accessories (8 separate accessories - 5 associated accessories) for women’s clothing in the age group (25-40 years), suitable for the evening by using Optical fibers, taking into account the harmony between optical materials and traditional materials in the lines of design and colors. Optical fibers (end emitting and side glowing optical fiber), added aesthetic values to the designs to integrate the fine art relationships between optical and traditional materials in the accessories designing. The acceptance degree of specialists was measured after building the questionnaire and ensuring its Validity and reliability. The statistical analysis of the questionnaire results indicates that the design of the sixth accessory achieved the highest quality factor in the aesthetic and functional axes as a whole by 90.88%, while the eleventh design in the last with a quality factor of 75.02%. The analysis of variance for the mean of axes evaluation of women's implemented clothing accessories using optical fibers according to the specialists' opinion indicates that the value of (F) was (0.501) which is a statistically significant value, which indicates that there are no differences between the axes of creative accessories for women's clothing accessories by using optical fibers.

This study is a contribution to establishment a geochemical soil database around gold-bearing zones. The main objective is to evaluate the total current levels of heavy metals such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), barium (Ba), vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), titanium (Ti), strontium (Sr) and lead (Pb) in soils around Gbétogo gold zone located at Seguela in Côte d'Ivoire. To achieve this, 5 soil pits were opened, described and sampled. A total of 19 samples from the 5 pits were collected and 10 other composites were taken from the surface horizons (0-20 cm) near the mine site. Heavy metals concentrations (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in soils were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and the hydrogen potential. The results indicate that the soils are acidic and essentially Cambisol-type. Some heavy metals such as Ni (21.8 to 128.05 mg.kg-1), Cu (27.17 to 96.31 mg.kg-1), Mn (226.57 to 3251.82 mg.kg-1), V (323.28 to 509.18 mg.kg-1), Ba (153.20 to 566.94 mg.kg-1) and Ti (4149.67 to 39823.88 mg. kg-1) have concentrations above the recommended standards representing a natural geochemical anomaly, while As, Cd, Zn, Sr and Pb have lower concentrations. Soils have mercury (Hg) contamination ranging from 1.94 to 15.95 mg.kg-1. The ranking, in descending order from highest to lowest concentrations, is as follows: Fe > Ti > Mn > V > Ba > Ni > Cu > Zn > Sr > Pb > Hg > As > Cd.

Despite the abundance of sand mining sites observed in Cameroon and especially in the Western region, the recognition of the granular properties of these building materials remains a major issue for local builders. This study focuses on the characterization of granular properties of Nepenet sand. On-site sand samples were subjected to laboratory tests to determine their granular properties. Analysis results show that sands are clay (SE≈65<70%) and medium sized (2.53.6<3.5%) with negligible improvement in their cleanliness (SE≈70%). These natural sands are therefore not recommended for concretes. However, treatment by mechanical washing can make them suitable for concrete of good resistance to the detriment of the ease of implementation. Thus, the improvement of the quality of the sand lies in the installation of a washing device in order to make these materials cleaner.

This study on the evaluation of the performance of the portfolios of technical and financial partners of rural development projects and programmes in Cameroon, was carried out between July 2018 and November 2019. Its overall objective was to contribute to the assessment of the performance of projects and programmes in order to propose areas for improvement with a view to their overall success. Specifically, it was a question of assessing the technical and financial performance of rural development projects and programmes in Cameroon. The data were collected during individual and group interviews with the various stakeholders of development projects and programmes in Cameroon. Three hundred and sixty-nine (369) people, including representatives of technical and financial support agencies, project and programme staff, strategic and operational partners, beneficiaries and residents were surveyed with a participation rate of 91.86%. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis with SPSS version 26 and Excel. For other types of data, we verified their consistency against existing literature. The analysis of the data shows that seventeen (17) main technical and financial support agencies have been involved in the rural sector over the past two decades through fifty-six (56) rural development projects and programmes. The number of projects and programmes by portfolio of technical and financial support agencies varies from 2% for the smallest portfolio to 14% for the largest portfolio. The best performing technical and financial support agencies have a portfolio performance of 82% compared to 6% for the least performing. The portfolios of technical and financial partners, whose performance is very satisfactory, are those who have projects and programmes for setting up infrastructure such as the construction of slaughterhouses, rural electrification or the construction of factories etc. Moreover, it appears from our analysis that 53% of the financial resources granted by the technical and financial support agencies are not disbursed, which gives an average overall financial performance of 47%.

Senegal despite its relatively hot climate has adopted glass for several decades in the construction of buildings. The objective of this present work is to study the influence of the angle of incidence on the intrinsic characteristics of a glazing. The study shows that reducing solar gain by radiation through a facade glazed requires an increase in the reflection factor of the glazing. Proposals for solutions are made on the basis of the results obtained. An evaluation of the solar radiation on a vertical facade is treated and allowed us to have a precise idea as to the orientation that should be adopted for the glass walls if we wish to contribute significantly to better energy management.

The Sustainable Development Goals focus on promoting the wellbeing and health of everyone, including persons with hearing impairments, estimated at 466 million globally. Service provision is needed for these goals to be realized. This paper presents a situational analysis of ear and hearing care services in the Northwest Region of Cameroon, to contribute to the development of improved services. The paper provides a baseline overview of what is known about ear and hearing care, including a context analysis, suggestions on realistic targets for change, and recommendations for further work, policy development, and research. The World Health Organization Ear and Hearing Care Situational Analysis Tool for data collection and analysis was used to collect data from a cross section of respondents including providers and beneficiaries of services. Results indicate that there is a severe shortage of ear and hearing services, limited accessibility to medical products and health technologies, no training avenues locally available and no clear strategy to identify and address components and gaps. The study recommends an urgent need for the design of a 5-year strategic plan to address the gaps which should include strong representation from the deaf and hearing-impaired communities. This plan should ensure that every hospital and health center has a clear process for assessing clients of all ages for hearing impairments and that processes facilitating the acquisition of hearing care technologies are established. More broadly Information on hearing care needs to be shared in the mainstream and the deaf communities.

Today, tourism is not only a tool of entertainment for people; it has become a critical factor in the development process of various sectors. Many countries, including Algeria, are now building towards a strategic growth in all the concerned sectors such as: economic, political, social and cultural. In other words, tourism servers as a cultural spread, more than that, it is a mechanism that generates further benefits for the state by attracting tourist and visitors to local and international tourism. Tebessa, a city that unfortunately is not qualified to compete with major touristic cities in the country and now more than ever, it is required to step up to a touristic state. To get it on board with the travel industry, the city has to engage in more authentic implementation of the strategic plans and targets set on theoretical plans through modern techniques such as "SWOT analysis. Relatively, tourism is a vital economic alternative to deal with the obstacles hindering the productivity and effects of its absence. It also serves as income budget to support the operations of enhancing the touristic attractions, technologies including the geographical information system (GIS) and creating as many modernised sites as possible.

The economic development of Abidjan has as a corollary the galloping demography and the growing production of household waste. The objective of this study is to diagnose the functioning of the household waste sector in the district of Abidjan, particularly in the municipalities of Port-Bouët and Treichville after a concession of the sector to new private operators. This study was carried out through direct surveys and field observations. Thus, households produce as waste peelings (67.6% in Port-bouët and 78.5% in Treichville), food debris (7.4% in Port-bouët and 4.1% in Treichville), plastic (13 % in Port-bouët and 9.3% in Treichville), Balayure (4.2% in Port-bouët and 2.2% in Treichville), glassmaking (0.8% in Port-bouët and 0.7% in Treichville), iron / aluminum (3.7% in Port-bouët and 3% in Treichville), paper (3.3% in Port-bouët and 2.2% in Treichville). In addition, it appears that households have different receptacles for collecting household waste for storage. The latter is done without selective sorting of waste. The collection and transport of waste is done on a daily basis by private operators, as well as their treatment, which is nothing other than landfilling at the recovery and technical landfill center (CVET) of Kossihouen. However, the waste does not pass through a sorting center and recovery in this CVET is at an embryonic stage.

This study assessed the economics of vegetable marketing in urban and semi-urban markets in the Upper West Region of Ghana to identify differentials in profit margins as well as the constraints marketeers face. Mixed method research design was adopted for the study which involved a survey, focus group discussions, and personal observations. Multi-stage sampling and probability proportional to size sampling techniques were used to select the marketeers. One hundred and ninety-six (196) vegetable marketeers comprising 153 urban and 43 semi-urban marketeers were sampled. Gross margin analysis was used to estimate costs and returns while a profit function was used to estimate net profit of the respondents. The results showed that urban marketeers had higher gross margin and net profit per unit order compared to semi-urban marketeers. The urban vegetable market was more competitive but generally marketeers seemed to rely on increased sales volumes to create profits, with urban marketeers being more able to create higher profits. Sales volume therefore accounted largely for marketeers’ profit margin. Lack of representation, weak support services, and lack of appropriate business skills were among the common problems facing the marketeers. Noncompliance to market regulations and business fluctuations were also identified as challenges to vegetable marketing in the study area. The study concluded that vegetable marketing is a profitable venture with prospects to enhance economic empowerment of vegetable marketeers in the study area.

Traditional Moroccan education is a type of education that is completely different from modern education. It has its own purposes and main objectives, the content and teaching methods make this type of teaching very specific. Traditional Moroccan education and particularly the traditional Moroccan medersa - which represents the main traditional educational establishment within this educational system - had known several reforms since the establishment of this type of education in Morocco. In this article we will then study the latest reform 13-01 which has profoundly modified the nature and function of this type of education, consequently we are going to explain its big repercussions as well as its limits.

The present study aims to analyze the consumption of household energy for cooking within households in Kinshasa, Matadi, Boma and Moanda, while placing particular emphasis on the factors that explain the determining factors in the transition to use butane gas. To achieve this, 1,300 households were surveyed in the four cities.The results of the study reveal that 80% of the households surveyed in the four cities use the energy mix for cooking. The charcoal for energy remains one of the preferred components of energy mix for cooking in reason of weakness observed in the supply of electric current. However, wood energy is one of the drivers of deforestation in developing countries. In addition, butane gas as one of the alternatives to wood energy is almost nonexistent in the energy pool in the sites visited (0.5%).Two factors (gender of the household head and joint use of electricity and charcoal) explain the mutation of households that have never used butane gas to butane gas (p <0.05). Indeed, households whose head of household is a man have two times the marginal propensity to migrate to the use of butane gas that households headed by women (p <0.05). By cons, households jointly wear electricity and charcoal were 0.4 times less rested first to migrate to the use of butane gas than households that use of other energy mix (p <0, 05).

Today, the problems of protecting workers against the dangers of ionizing radiation are less well understood in our African countries.However, it is useful to assess the level of risk of exposure to ionizing radiation for people working in artisanal mining areas; by the dust emanating from these mining areas which may contain natural radioactive elements within it, of telluric origin; and There is therefore a problem of radiation protection. To do our study properly, we started by taking environmental measurements of radioactivity on the entire Twilizembe site and on the five cobalt ore fillings stored on it, then we sampled on these embankments to carry out radiochemical analyzes with a view to assessing the level of radiation protection of people working on this site, based on the theory of physical phenomena of radioactive decays occurring in different radioactive filiations (natural radioactive family). Based on the results obtained, we notice that the uranium concentration values ​​are too low, but can have a negative impact on people in the future (in the case of stochastic effects) and hence the need to evaluate the others. aspects of exhibitions to be very precise and give a definitive conclusion to this work.

The risk factors of ionizing radiation on people working in the artisanal mining sector seem to be neglected due to the lack of information for workers in this trading center. These intense mining activities observed on the latter generate large quantities of aerosols in the environment due to the particle size reduction that takes place there and we note that inhalation and ingestion by the latter is inevitable; especially during the dry season; in addition, there is a risk of irradiation and contamination by radioelements which could be contained in the aerosols and which would cause transformations of certain organs of the body due to their levels of radiosensitivity. To this end, to have more details on the probability of the risk due to the contamination and the irradiation of these radioactive elements which would be contained in these aerosols, we have opted as a research technique based on observation, interview and questioning all the people working directly on this site as well as taking measurements of ambient radioactivity levels. The results obtained show that, in general, the values ​​of the ambient radioactivity levels taken are fair but exceed 0.5 µSv / h, which is the limit value accepted by ICRP 103 (international commission on radiological protection) for persons of public and published in 2007; and recommend a worker dosimetric monitoring program to prevent any risk of contamination and exposure.

Globalization is increasingly having an impact on the labor market, leading to strong competition. Nowadays, engineering missions have become more and more diversified. The customer-supplier relationship requires engineering schools to implement quality measures in favor of the various economic parties producing goods and services for a better acquisition of skills. This work aims to propose an improvement of mechanical engineering training programs in an engineering school in Morocco through the deployment of the QFD (Quality Function Deployment) quality approach. Our objective is to use the QFD tool in the field of engineering education. After the construction of the QFD matrix, we present the resulting analysis of the results and action plans to be implemented.

Sustainable management of fish stocks requires a good knowledge of growth parameters. From October 2016 to September 2017, 1091 specimens were sampled in four areas of Taabo Lake, in order to study Parailia pellucida length-weight relationship and condition factor. Growth of immatures and matures specimens is allometric in favor of weight. Females have positive allometric growth (b = 4.5) while that of males is negative allometric (b = 2.88). Regression equations were, respectively: W = 0,115LS4,58 for immatures, W, = 0.099LS3.73 for matures, W = 0.107LS4.17 for immatures + matures specimens, W = 0.117LS4.5 for females, W = 0.083LS2.88 for males, and W = 0.107LS4.13 for females + males. Determination coefficient for immatures and matures is, respectively, of 0.21 and 0.18. It reaches 0.13 for females and 0.15 for males. Immatures (0.96 ± 0.74) and matures specimens (0.93 ± 0.7) have substantially the same condition factors. Females (Kc = 1.06 ± 0.93) condition factor is relatively better than that of males (Kc = 0.93 ± 0.72).

The above-ground shrub biomasses were studied in a degradation sequence of Djebel Zaghouan. The plots of 25 and 400 m2 each were geolocated with a breakdown into three stages of degradation: degraded, moderately degraded and preserved. Mathematical models were developed for each species to determine the relationships of aboveground biomass as a function of biovolume and crown surface. Regression equations are of different types: logarithmic, power, polynomial, linear and exponential with high coefficient of determination (R2). The highest total phytomass was recorded at station 14 with an average production of 17.48t / ha and a significant degree of recovery of 61.13%. However, the lowest aerial phytomass was recorded in station 22 (0.561t / ha) with a recovery rate of 6%.

This work was aimed at investigating the impact of human capital-driven factors, personality-driven factors, and environmentally driven factors on the entrepreneurial potential of the students at the University of Professional Studies, Accra (UPSA), Ghana. With 188 respondents retrieved out of 249 questionnaires sent to Information Technology and Business Administration final year students of UPSA, Ghana, and using ordinal regression analysis, the following results were revealed: the “Entrepreneurial potential” of the students depends on their personality traits of “Need for achievement” and “Risk tolerance” and the human capital factor of “Entrepreneurship education and training”. “Entrepreneurship education and training” is the most significant predictor with a p-value of 0.004, followed by “need for achievement” with a p-value of 0.033, and then “risk tolerance” with a p-value of 0.036.

Chad's tree-based parks undergo increasing human pressure, leading to the loss of biodiversity and the modification of the ecological landscape. This study was carried out in the Nya division, Far South of Chad. It aimed to analyze the spatial and temporal dynamics of land cover between 1984 and 2016 and to determine the drivers of vegetation degradation. The databases used were made up of 3 Landsat satellite images (MSS de 1984, TM de 2002 et ORLI_TIRS de 2016) and supplemented by field studies. Satellite images were processed using ENVI and ArcGIS software. Interview was used to identify the activities carried out by the local population. In 1984, Nya division consisted of seven types of land cover, the most important of which was tree-based parks (27.17%), followed by gallery forest (23.59%), shrub savannah (16.68%) and herb savannah (14.59%). Gradually tree-based parks and gallery forest disappeared. In 2016, the main types of land cover were herb savannah (35.74%), house and bare soil (33.32%) and shrub savannah (10.04%). Petroleum project, agriculture, overgrazing, population growth, wood collection and bushfires are perceived by local population as main drivers of forest cover change. These results suggest the establishment of an effective sustainable management policy of tree-base parks of Nya division to avoid its total destruction and its biodiversity loss.