The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L., is a significant lepidopteran pest of brassicas, posing a major threat to vegetable production in West Africa. This highly prolific, mobile, and adaptive species can cause up to 100% yield loss, particularly in intensive production systems lacking crop rotation. Larval feeding damages leaf tissue, reducing the marketability of crops and jeopardizing food security. Economically, control costs and financial losses are substantial, with global estimates exceeding $4 billion. In West Africa, producers heavily rely on chemical insecticides, leading to increased resistance, environmental pollution, and health risks. Despite research efforts, managing P. xylostella remains challenging due to the rapid development of resistance and the limited availability of viable alternatives. Various control strategies have been studied, including Chemical control, Biological control, Cultural practices and Integrated Pest Management (IPM). New avenues for research include biotechnology (RNAi, RIDL), varietal selection, digital forecasting tools, and participatory research involving producers. The review concludes that only an integrated agroecological approach combining scientific innovation, local knowledge, and institutional support-will enable sustainable control of P. xylostella in West Africa while preserving human health, the environment, and the profitability of the vegetable sector.