Theoretically, many researchers have found a positive relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI), and economic growth. In recent years, a number of economists have worked to empirically prove this result, studying several countries around the world.In this article, we have studied this relationship (FDI-economic growth), in the case of Tunisia during the period (1970-2015). We recalled the different empirical works that studied the impact of direct investment abroad on economic growth in the first section, then we analyzed the methodology of the work in the second section and finally we presented our interpret different results of the estimates. It has been found that FDI has had a significant and positive influence on Tunisian economic growth. We can also say that human capital is a determining factor in the process of attractiveness in Tunisia. Tunisia should therefore make a coherent trade-off between an attractiveness policy and an effective domestic policy which at the same time allows it to attract and benefit from the advantages of FDI.

The FLEGT VPA is a trade process initiated in 2010 between Cameroon and the European Union which aims to eradicate the trade in illegal timber through well-defined legality grids. Despite the efforts made by each stakeholder, this process is still not operational. This study, which took place from July 2017 to January 2018, aimed to contribute to the sustainable management of Cameroon's forests through the evaluation of the implementation of the FLEGT-VPA. To achieve this, we carried out an assessment of Annexes 7 and 9. The analysis shows that the specifications necessary to ensure the implementation of the FLEGT-VPA have been implemented at 57.77% on the basis of its Annex 9. Specifically, all 75 types of information are made public (85.54%) and well shared (82.776%). In addition, several problems were raised, notably the low rate of carrying out audits (4.76%); the low rate of implementation of the traceability system (13.06%) due to the low use of the computer system; the low promotion of FLEGT products (16.67%); the low/insufficient capacity building (40%); the low rate of issuing and promoting FLEGT permits, which are only issued to wood processing units (41.67%). In spite of all the difficulties encountered, the actors are particularly interested in its administrative agreements (80%); civil society organizations (100%); and private sector actors (88.9%) and wish for the effective implementation of the agreement. This may be possible if the legality grids and regulatory texts are revised with the support of the FAO-FLEGT projects and all stakeholders, and if SIGIF II is delivered and operational because it conditions the implementation of the key actions of the process.

The idea of a single African market, an African economic community is not new. It is even quite related to that of pan-Africanism as officially discussed in the aftermath of the massive emergence of new « independent » African states in the early 1960s.However, given the weakness of trade relations between African countries, estimated at only 16 percent compared to about 70 percent with Europe and Asia, the creation of an African continental free trade area has germinated and is making its way within the African Union. Its objective is to open up Africa to itself, a market with a population of about 1.2 billion and estimated to reach 2.5 billion by 2050.Its establishment does not respond to a dogma, but to a concrete desire to fluidify trade at the heart of the continent in order to make it a foundation for Africa's development. For, in its current form, inter-African trade is a paradox. The challenges presented by the implementation of the African Free Trade Area, one of the stages of integration for the creation of the African Economic Community, are of several orders and are likely to slow it down or lead it down. They are, among others, political, infrastructural, economic and legal.

Apart from its financial, economic and political consequences, the unpredictable Covid-19, has revealed to us the role and functions of borders in the contemporary globalized world. Indeed, the appearance of the corona virus in Wuhan in December 2019 made it possible to understand that the globalized society to which we belong is characterized by a profound fragility to the point that it is only through concerted action that we will be able to overcome this pandemic. It is in this perilous situation that a need for unity and solidarity arises and emerges, solidarity between States and Nations and solidarity within them between social classes and generations.The covid-19 highlighted the limits of ultra-liberalism and individualism. Market rules alone can no longer rule the world. Global governance will henceforth integrate, in addition to the political, economic and financial, the new areas of interest recognized as paramount, namely health, now seen as a major component of collective security, the environment and the question of equality.When Covid-19 reached sub-Saharan Africa, experts predicted a catastrophic situation with a rapid and exponential increase in the number of patients. Nevertheless, the virus spread more slowly than expected and most countries do not yet appear to have reached the peak of the epizootic.This reflection allows us to draw lessons that the world and especially Africa can learn from the development of this pandemic.

The purpose of this article is to present a methodological approach about the construction of a decision-making system for the implementation of a number of descriptive and predictive techniques using the query tools (SQL OLAP or MDX) and the process of Data Mining. The field of human resources (HR) is chosen as an application area. This field is currently an important subject in both the business and the scientific research world. Also, Human Resource analytics (HR analytics) is one of the most important emerging and disparate technologies of HR for the coming years. Ralph Kimball's approach is used to build this system with Microsoft technologies.

The development of biodegradable food packaging is one of the environmental protection issues. The aims of this study is the development and mechanical characterisation of bio-composites that can be used as food packaging based on Musa sapientum leaves and cassava starch. The physical characterisation of the constituents showed that the water content of the starch and the leaf fibres used are 10.44 ± 0.51% and 10.88 ± 1.08% respectively. The water absorption capacity of the leaf fibres and the starch are respectively 33.33 ± 4.44% and 76.67 ± 4.44%. Particle size analysis has shown that 99.93% of the fibres used are less than 1mm in size. The material samples were made by compression moulding and are composed of 10 to 25% starch with 50% water. The Young's modulus in bending of the materials produced varies between 0.07 and 3.37 MPa and the breaking strength in bending between 5.48 and 29.29 MPa. These two parameters increase with the starch content. In tensile strength, the materials obtained are fragile and have low deformation at break varying from 0.61% to 1.53%. The tensile strength of these materials varies between 0.01 and 0.99 MPa and increases with the starch content. The best formulations would be those containing 20% starch with 50% water. The process developed could enable the development of innovative materials for biodegradable food packaging.

Current pandemic caused by infection with Coronavirus 2019 is causing unprecedented global health crisis. The vulnerability of pregnant women to infections as well as the experience of previous coronavirus epidemics have raised questions about the risks of maternal-fetal complications. The first data in the literature suggest treatment similar to that of the general population. However, the speed with which the infection progressed, as well as the uncertainty of its impact on pregnancy due to the lack of solid scientific data, has forced obstetricians to adapt their practice based on pragmatic attitudes. This article reviews the obstetrical management of patients infected with SARS-COV-2 in the northern region of Morocco on the basis of current knowledge.

Septate uterus is the most common female malformation. It can be responsible for recurrent miscarriages and infertility. Hesteroscopic septoplasty is an effective procedure. It can prevent abortions and probably increase fertility. We report a case of a total septate uterus discovered during a cesarean section indicated after discovery of two cervical openings simultaneousely dilated in a primigeste in labor.

The use of organic manure is very old and practiced both in rainfed cultivation and in horticulture. In Niger it has been reported the presence of another source of organic manure called bat guano which is unknown to the population of the said country. The objective of this study is to describe the sector of guano exploitation in Niger. A series of questionnaires was formulated to describe the system of exploitation and use of bat guano. In addition to the agriculture and environment departments, three groups of stakeholders in the sector, including extractors and sellers, the trader (s) and users of guano were interviewed. The results of the investigations showed that to date, the only production and exploitation site of guano identified is that of Magarawa located in the department of Gouré in the Region of Zinder (Niger). The extraction is done using rudimentary tools (pick, knife, plastic) then bagged 40 and 85 kg. The quantity extracted per year is 332 tons. Marketing is mainly carried out by a single individual and the selling price is 4000 to 5000 FCFA per 85 kg bag of bat guano. The buyers are located in the vicinity of Gouré and the Diffa region, there is also a clientele coming from Nigeria. The users of guano are mainly horticulturalist in oasis basins. One of the biggest buyers is the commune of Guidimouni located in the southwest, 100km from Gouré. We conclude that this exploitation of bald guano is an income-generating activity and requires good organization.

Hibiscus sabdariffa commonly known as roselle is a species widely used in Burkina Faso. The objective of this study is to contribute to a better knowledge of the species. Specifically, it is to (i) draw up an inventory of local knowledge about the plant and (ii) to identify modes of management of the plant by farmers in Burkina Faso. An investigation was carried out through semi-structured interviews in six provinces in Western area of Burkina Faso. Informations such as: vernacular names, cultivation practices, method of obtaining and saving seeds, cultivation periods and uses of the plant are listing. In total, 179 farmers from 13 ethnical groups were interviewed. About 34 vernacular names were recorded according to these ethnic groups. To describe local varieties, farmers use morphological traits such as the color and size of plant and shape of calyxes. On this basis, two local varieties were described on the basis of the color of the plant, two on the basis of shape of calyxes and two on the basis of the size of plant. Leaves, calyxes and seeds are used as food for local populations and marketing of seeds, leaves and calyxes and their derived products constitutes a significant source of incomes for producers.