The Smart Learning Tool for Kids with Real-time Image Classification is an AI-powered educational tool designed to assist young learners in recognizing and identifying objects through real-time image classification. The system captures images using a webcam, processes them through a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model and outputs the corresponding class label. It provides immediate audio feedback by pronouncing the class name in four languages: English, Myanmar, Thai and Chinese. The system aims to enhance kids’ learning experience by engaging multiple senses—visual and auditory—that makes learning interactive and multilingual. The CNN model is trained with custom training data, enabling accurate classification of 12 object classes. This system serves as a smart and user-friendly tool for early childhood education.

Drinking water is the source of domestic wastewater, which mainly degrades the environment and therefore affects the health of those involved in the process because the human body contains about 80%. The lack of information on the quality of well water leads the population of northern Benin, where the problem of drinking water is a real one, to use well water like drinking water without any treatment. This study was undertaken in order to better control the quality of wells waters consumed by the inhabitants of the Camp-Adagbe and Tibona districts in a north of Benin. Qualitative studies based on survey sheets and analyses of physicochemical parameters according to standardized methods were used. The results show that the majority of the population uses well water compared to drilling and SONEB water due to poor coverage of areas with difficult access to drinkable water. The well waters are acidic (pH: 6.47 0.3), turbid (Turb: 67.36 3.70 NTU), coloured (coul: 62.49 12.10 PtCo) and mineral-laden (Conductivity: 962.17±23.51 μS/cm; Ca2+: 75.45±3.46 mg/L; Mg2+: 118.5±1.81 mg/L). The water from the wells in the Camp-Adagbe and Tibona districts contain pathogenic germs such as E.coli (2 CFU) and total coliforms (3 CFU). Therefore, these waters are not suitable for human consumption according to WHO standards and those defined by Benin. It is therefore necessary that certain water from wells in the Camp-Adagbe and Tibona districts be treated before consumption.

Introduction: Uncompensated dental losses are the cause of functional and aesthetic disorders that require prosthetic treatment. The objective of this work was to assess the dental prosthetic rehabilitation needs of adult patients admitted for consultation in the odontostomatology service of the CSREF of Commune I of the district of Bamako. Materials and methods: our study was descriptive and cross-sectional involving 170 subjects admitted to consultations in the odontostomatology service of the CSREF in commune I of the district of Bamako, of both sexes, of adult age. The principle consisted in carrying out an oral and in particular prosthetic examination of each subject in the cabinet. Statistical analysis used SPSS version 21 software. Results: in the sample, the female sex was in the majority with 57.6% and a sex ratio of 0.73 in favor of men. The most represented missing tooth interval was 1 to 3 teeth with 69.7% of the sample in the maxilla and 71.2% in the mandible. Prosthesis wearers were 38.7% in the maxilla and 15.2% in the mandible. The prostheses worn were suitable in 76.5% of cases. The prevalence of the diagnosed therapeutic need was 62.4% PCP in the maxilla and 67.4% PCP in the mandible. But when the patient is asked to formulate a hypothesis of choice; 67.4% will choose the provisional resin PAP in the maxilla and 68.1% will choose the same type prosthesis in the mandible. The reasons may be due to financial constraints and limited access to oral health services for the poor. Conclusion: a better organization of the socio-health care system could facilitate the accessibility of underprivileged populations to prosthetic rehabilitation.

The watershed of the central lake system of the city of Yamoussoukro in Côte d’Ivoire is subject to various forms of pollution. Ralstonia solanacearum (R. solanacearum), responsible for bacterial wilt of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum; 2n=2X=24Chr.), persists in market garden environments and causes tomato yield losses of up to 100%. The aim of this study was to assess the genetic diversity of R. solanacearum, its impact on tomato cultivation in Yamoussoukro, and to obtain genotypes of Solanum lycopersicum resistant to R. solanacearum. Samples of water, soil and wilted tomato plants was collected from June 2022 to August 2023, at six growing sites around three selected lakes. R. solanacearum was isolated on SMSA medium and confirmed by PCR. Genetic diversity of strains was assessed by rep-PCR. Biovar, race and pathogenicity tests were used to assess the virulence levels of strains at each site studied, and to select tomato plants potentially resistant to R. solanacearum. The results showed a significant variation in the incidence and severity of bacterial wilt from one site to another. The 63 R. solanacearum strains isolated and confirmed by PCR belonged mainly to biovar 3 and race 1. Phylogenetic analysis of R. solanacearum showed three distinct groups with around 70% similarity. Two groups was made up solely of strains from Lake E. A single group included all strains from all lakes. Strains from the LacE-Ch2 site showed a particularly high aggressiveness of 88%. Of the 42 tomato cultivars tested in the greenhouse, three showed no symptoms of bacterial wilt.

The activist shareholder is an investor who seeks to exert a significant influence on the strategic and operational decisions of a company in which they hold stakes. The impact of activist shareholders on corporate governance can be both positive and negative. On one hand, they can contribute to improving transparency, accountability, and decision-making within the company. On the other hand, they can also create tensions and conflicts with other stakeholders, such as executives and employees. Our article aims to demonstrate how corporate governance must strike a balance between the interests of activist shareholders and those of other stakeholders, in order to promote effective and sustainable management of the company, as well as the role of activist shareholders in this governance.

Inclusive education is a challenge for modern societies and is part of the effort to consolidate the democratisation of education. It is a challenge to the transformation of educational establishments and teaching practices. The study of the issue of inclusion in physical and sports education is based on a methodology involving surveys of teachers and observation of educational practices. Individual semi-directive interviews were combined with the analysis of practices to give greater consistency to the results. The analysis reveals major challenges, including the need to transform the socio-cultural environment, train teachers in the culture of inclusive education and adapt teaching methods to take account of the educational needs of all. The presence of disability in schools may well provide an opportunity to promote innovations in teaching, especially in terms of content and methods. The configuration, operation and practices of educational institutions also need to be adapted to the inclusion paradigm. Schools have not yet capitalised on their experience in terms of singling out pupils and differentiating teaching to make a break with the past and start a real revolution.

Agriculture and livestock farming are very important in the development of African countries. Cohabitation between farmers and breeders as well as the governance of agropastoral resources and infrastructure remain at the heart of political concerns. However, the numerous actions carried out and the measures taken by the actors have not yet made it possible to definitively put an end to the various conflicts. This research aims to provide an overview of the conflicts and analyze but also and above all to analyze the establishment and management of agropastoral resources and infrastructures present in the commune of Banikoara. It was conducted following a socio-anthropological approach using qualitative research methods and tools. To this end, 178 people were surveyed through individual interviews and focus groups. The results made it possible to highlight the marked and georeferenced passage corridors, the grazing areas, the developed baffles and the livestock markets as the main infrastructures and shared resources which have had a positive impact on the reduction of conflicts. However, several modes of governance of these resources and infrastructures have been noted, the most appreciated of which seems to be community governance, followed by mixed governance and delegated governance depending on the case. These infrastructures as well as their governance strengthen cohesion between the different actors involved in use and management, but at the same time constitute factors of conflict.

Currently, the Congo Basin represents the most important center in terms of biodiversity concentration, especially with the increasing deforestation observed in the Amazon. The available climate models are mostly at larger scales, and few of them focus on specific areas of the Congo Basin, such as the locality of Makokou in Gabon. A new approach is therefore needed to predict temperatures changes in this particular region. Although some work focus on temperature prediction, most do not use deep learning algorithms. This contribution aims to compare the predictions of a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model with those from the combination of Wavelet Transform and LSTM (WT-LSTM). The developed LSTM model includes two LSTM layers, two Dropout layers (with a rate of 50 %) and a Dense layer to outpout the predicted value. The WT-LSTM model shows superior results compared to the LSTM model, with a root mean square error of 0.45 °C, a mean absolute error of 0.35 °C, and a Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.97 °C. These results highlight the importance of using advanced approaches to improve climate forecasts in areas crucial for biodiversity conservation. The increased accuracy of predictions could help better anticipate and mitigate the impacts of of local climate change, thereby contributing to the sustainable management of this ecologically sensitive region.

This study, we propose a method for optimizing the NVPO2 campaign in the community of N’djili (D.R Congo-Kinshasa). Through an integrated and iterative approach, we analyzed the different dimensions of the influence of the campaign on public health. Our results show significant improvements in the coverage of interventions and better acceptability by the community. To this end, we recommend the adoption of this methodology for future epidemic threat assessments.

Cajanus cajan is a seed legume grown in tropical areas. Its yield remains low due to the degradation of agricultural land and non-fertilization. This study assessed the effect of mineral and organic fertilizers on Cajanus cajan growth. The study was carried out on ferralitic soil in southern Benin. Four treatments were involved: control treatment (T0 = no fertilizer); T1: 10 g of NPK15-15-15 with 10 g of urea per slash; T2: 10 g of NPK15-15-15 and 10 g of urea per slash combined with organic fertilization; and T3: 5 g of NPK15-15-15 and 5 g of urea per slash combined with organic. Organic fertilizer, consisting of cow dung, was applied as a bottom dressing at a rate of 0.5 kg per slash. The four treatments were set up in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data on plant height, number of leaves, collar diameter and number of branches were collected on the plants. The results showed that the treatments resulting from the combination of mineral and organic fertilizers significantly (P < 0.01) improved the growth and production of Cajanus cajan. Thus, the use of cow dung combined with NPK15-15-15 and urea as fertilizers for Cajanus cajan improves the growth of this plant species.

Located in the North Kivu province, Masisi territory, Ngungu group, sector of bahemba and locality of Kaseke, the sector is typical of vegetation dominated by grassy savannahs with the main crops: cereals (corn), tubers (cassava, potato, sweet potato), rugged geomorphology containing plateaus dotted with a few hills and mountains and an average hydrographic network. The Ngungu-Rufufu sector is in Kibaro-Burundi. It is located near the lower Kibarian and abounds in metamorphic formations such as schists, phyllites, quartzo-phyllites, various quartzite alternations, granites, etc. Structurally, these formations are oriented NE-SW in the form of a folded chain having undergone shearing with, however, frequent virgations towards the NW. These virgations are much more observed at the west of Lake Kivu and in Maniema. The lower Kibarian was affected by granitic rocks of various types of age 950-1000 Ma, by pegmatite and by various basic rocks, mainly gabbros, diorites and dolerites. At Ngungu-Rufufu, the following lithologies have been identified: Talc sericite Schist, Quartz mica schist, quartzite, pegmatite, kaolinite, granite and «greisen» explained by the absence of feldspar. The Mineralization in the lower Kibarian is associated with acid magmatism mainly in Granite G4, dated at 976 Ma. This granite forms the last member of Kibarian magmatic events. It is red leucogranite with muscovite, tourmaline and garnet. In this regard, our study area is characterized by the mineralization of Sn, Ta and Nb in the pegmatitic and granitic rock, at the Center and the South-West of the sector. The Wolfram (W) and Gold (Au) mineralization is much more pronounced in the quartz vein. The reconnaissance methods used are the geological and topographical survey, Sampling of stream sediments, Cartography of the Galleries which would serve as simulation in the trench study and the Pitting or Wells. Finally, an assessment of tonnage was made according mineral grade.

Objective: Since solar energy allows decentralized production of electricity, it can help solve the problem of electrifying isolated sites where a large number of individuals do not have access to energy. This work aims to size a multi-source system for optimal management of the energy produced. Method: We used an energy management strategy that is an algorithm, which determines at each moment the sharing of power between the different components of the system. Findings: The sizing tools allowed us to establish relationships between the powers of the components by simple rules, to define the solar power and the storage volume necessary to meet the demand of a load on a given site. Novelty: This study allowed us to set up an electrical architecture and a control strategy capable of limiting conversion losses and optimizing energy management within the system.

The integration in DR Congo of the pedagogical approaches of Environmental Education and Sustainable Development (EEDD) in the teaching of natural resources at the level of Basic Education constitutes a didactic contribution of great importance during this period when we are witnessing a growing phenomenon of degradation of its natural resources, in particular forest resources and farmland. The present study aims to identify the constraints of teachers in the city of Bunia to integrate EEDD approaches into the lessons on the protection of natural resources provided for in the Life and Earth Sciences (SVT) course programs. The questionnaire survey covered 57 teachers spread across 131 secondary schools. The results show that teachers (100%) do not integrate EEDD approaches into the teaching of natural resources. The major constraints that prevent them from integrating these approaches are pedagogical and organizational. For a better integration of EEDD approaches in the teaching of natural resources, teachers must enroll in continuing professional training in EEDD didactics according to Senn’s didactic models but also according to the didactic approach called «global school approach». Teachers must also be trained on learning and teaching methods based on EEDD, on the epistemological approaches of sustainable development didactics as proposed by Sauvé and Meunier.

Justicia flava is a plant commonly used because of its several pharmacological properties. In this work seventy (70) rats were divided into 7 groups of 10 animals consisting of five males and five females each in order to check the subacute toxicity and the effects on the kidney of this plant. To do this, the animals were administered daily, orally and for 28 days with doses of 125, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg bw of the aqueous extract of J. flava. The results showed that this extract was non-toxic on renal function. At these doses, the extract did not cause any significant variation in serum levels of electrolytes (chlorine, sodium, calcium, and potassium). Likewise, renal markers like urea and creatinine showed no significant variation. No structural abnormality in the kidney tissues of treated rats compared to control rats was revealed during this experiment. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of J. flava is safe and without toxic effects for the kidney.

This article analyzes Senegalese companies’ perceptions of non-tariff measures and their application in fresh fruit and vegetable trade. The methodology relies on secondary data to focus on stylized facts, and a survey of SME exporters of fresh fruit and vegetables to analyze their perceptions of the application of non-tariff measures. The survey reveals that the main products exported are mangoes, melons and beans. The main destination countries are France and Spain. The results also show that the measures that significantly affect fresh fruit and vegetable exports are, in order of importance: sanitary and phytosanitary measures, rules of origin, technical barriers to trade, pre-shipment inspection and the regime of non-automatic licensing, quotas, prohibitions, quantitative control measures and other restrictions. The main recommendations put forward for greater efficiency in the export of fresh fruit and vegetables are: improving the diversification of products marketed, improving access to legal and regulatory texts, strengthening the capacity of players in international trade techniques, circuits and mechanisms for applying non-tariff measures, organizing companies into consortia for greater efficiency in implementing measures, and improving foreign trade infrastructure and logistics to reduce trade transaction costs.

The decline in soil fertility and the rainfall deficit strongly limit the cultivation of organic cotton in Burkina Faso. Zaï, a water and soil fertility management technique, can be explored to improve soil and organic cotton productivity. The objective is to determine the effects of zaï on the evolution of the chemical properties of the soil and on the productivity of organic cotton. A trial was implemented in the North Sudanese zone of Burkina Faso in an experimental design in completely randomized Fisher blocks with three (3) treatments including L1 (plowing + 1 t/ha of compost), L5 (plowing + 5 t/ha of compost), ha of compost), Z1 (zaï+1 t/ha of compost). The parameters measured focused on carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, exchangeable bases, cation exchange capacity and soil pH and seed cotton yields. The study shows that plowing combined with 5 t/ha compost and zaï combined with 1 t/ha compost significantly improve the chemical properties of the soil. Plowing combined with 5 t/ha of compost (L5) presented the highest average yield (1114±65 kg/ha). Zaï and plowing combined with 1 t/ha of compost recorded identical average yields (782±81 kg/ha and 752±23 kg/ha). Zaï combined with 1 t/ha of compost can be vulgarized in the North Sudanese zone of Burkina Faso and can be a means of adapting to increasingly difficult rainfall conditions marked by pockets of drought.

The present study was carried out at the slaughterhouse in the town of Korhogo to assess the morphological characteristics and quality of sheep carcasses. For this purpose, all sheep admitted to the slaughterhouse were considered. On these animals, different parameters such as determination of age, sex, live weight and body condition score were evaluated before slaughter. The criteria for assessing the quality of the carcasses (state of fattening, conformation and coloring, carcass weight and yield), carried out according to evaluation grids after slaughter. The results showed that Djallonke sheep were the most slaughtered in this slaughterhouse (91.3% of total numbers), including females over 4 years old (37.1%). However, Sahelian breed sheep had a higher carcass yield (47.93%) (P ≤ 0.05) than that of the Djallonkes (46.16%). The carcasses were mainly category D (83.77%) and conformation E (41.15%). However, the proportion of red coloring carcasses was highest in the Djallonké breed (64.97%) than in the Sahelian breed (5.92%). From the analysis of these results, it appears that most sheep admitted to the Korhogo slaughterhouse are females who have not finished their career in extensive breeding. Which could be detrimental to the sustainability of farms.

This study was conducted at the level of the developed parts of two plateaus of the commune of Sokorbé. Multifunctional and classic half-moons were made on the degraded and encrusted soils of the Goubey and Sinsan plateaus. On each of these two units, soil profiles were opened and described and samples were also taken at the level of the dug parts and analyzed in the laboratory. Infiltration tests were conducted on the different compartments of the structure: impluvium, Zaï and bottom of the basin at the completion and after 1 and 2 years of operation. The results show that the organic matter rate increased from 0.8% on controls (impluviums) to 1.3% in the dug parts (zaïs and bottom of the basin) of the Goubey plateau and to more than 3.5% in those of the Sinsan plateau after one year of operation. However, this rate decreases after two campaigns (two harvests) and tends towards the initial situation in the zaïs. The acidic pH (4 to 4.2) on the controls increased towards neutrality (6 to 6.5) in the zaïs. As for the quantity of water infiltrated over a period of one hour, it varies between 116 and 190 liters per m2 on the controls to reach, after two years of operation, a volume varying between 378 and 396 liters per m2 in the dug parts, respectively on the Goubey and Sinsan plateaus. The making of half-moons on the degraded soils of the plateaus improves the physicochemical characteristics of all the compartments of the half-moons.

Water availability and accessibility are major challenges in arid and semi-arid regions. Addressing the knowledge gaps regarding water resources is a critical step toward resolving this issue. This study seek to investigate hydrological and meteorological drought pattern across the Massili basin in central Burkina Faso. The method was based on the estimation of Pedj Drought Index (PDI), the Non-Stationary Standardized Precipitation Index (NSPI), the Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI), and the Precipitation index (P index). Monthly data on flow discharge (1975-2021), precipitation, and mean temperature (1960-2021) were collected and analyzed. These data were used to derive the indices and identify the characteristics of past droughts over the watershed. Results indicate severe droughts occurred in 1974, 1982, 2002, and 2010, while milder droughts were observed in 1984, 1997, 2000, 2001, and 2006. These results highlight critical drought periods in the Massili basin, with significant implications for water resource management and the development of adaptation strategies in this arid region. A deeper understanding of historical droughts can help strengthen local communities’ resilience to climate variability.

As part of the global energy transition towards more sustainable solutions, it is crucial to reduce dependence on fossil fuels by exploring renewable alternatives. This study focuses on the optimization of agricultural residues to develop biofuels for thermal power plants in Côte d’Ivoire. The raw materials studied come from rice, coffee and cocoa crops, which are abundant in rural areas of the country. The aim is to assess the feasibility of creating energy-efficient biofuels that are compatible with power plant boilers, while meeting environmental sustainability criteria. To achieve this, a linear programming model was used to determine the optimum proportions of the various agricultural residues to produce usable blends. The model considers higher heating value, the reduction of pollutant emissions and the preservation of combustion equipment. The energy performance of the fuels is then analyzed using a biomass power plant model. The results led to the development of two types of sustainable biofuel: the first, made up of 68% rice husk and 32% coffee husk, has a higher heating value of 13.79 MJ/kg; the second, made up of 60% rice husk and 40% cocoa pod husk, has a higher heating value of 13.49 MJ/kg. These biofuels stand out for their ability to reduce pollutant emissions and preserve combustion equipment. Rice straw is added to these two fuels to form the matrix of sustainable biofuels to produce electricity from a biomass power plant in Côte d’Ivoire. This study shows that it is possible to make effective use of agricultural residues to create sustainable biofuels, thereby contributing to a transition towards a more sustainable energy mix.

Exploitation of forest areas causes enormous environmental damage. The Lobo watershed belongs to an area with a high agricultural character due to the production of coffee, cocoa and cashew nuts. This basin is subject to strong anthropogenic pressures, so it is necessary to assess the dynamics of land use and its consequences on soil loss in the said basin. In this study, Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) satellite images from 1986 and OLI (Operational Land Imager) from 2014 were used to produce land cover maps. Results of the land cover dynamics analysis, based on supervised classification by maximum likelihood, show a proliferation of bare soil/habitats, food crops/fallow and perennial crops with high-reflectance with 36.90 %, 188.33 % and 16.81 % respectively, to the detriment of degraded forests (70.51 %) between 1986 and 2014.

This study conducted on three fodder crops namely pigeon pea (Cajanus Cajan (L.) Millsp.), fodder sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.)) and Maralfalfa (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.), aimed to study the variation in fodder production of these three crops after three cuts and to compare the fodder yields of these three crops. Apart from fodder sorghum, fodder production of all crops increased significantly at the second cut. However, at the third cut, carried out during the rainy season, fodder production of all three crops increased by two to six times compared to the first cut. Maralfalfa with 69.34 tons of dry matter per hectare, gave the highest total fodder production after three cuts. A fodder production that is more than twice the total production of sorghum and more than three times the total production of pigeon peas.

The abusive use of chemical fertilizer in vegetable farming deteriorates the quality of vegetables and fruits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of biofertilizers (Azolla caroliniana filtrate and compost) on the quality of tomato fruits through physicochemical and organoleptic parameters. Experiments were conducted over two consecutive years with four fertilization treatments: Azolla caroliniana filtrate, sawdust-based compost, NPK (10-18-18), and a control without fertilization. For each experiment, the fruits were sampled after ripening and transported to the laboratory for physicochemical analyses. The quantitative descriptive method was used for the sensory analysis of the fruits through the opinions of a tasting panel composed of 60 people. The results showed that Azolla caroliniana induced an increase in the pH (4.31) of the fruits compared to other treatments. Similarly, the application of Azolla significantly increased the vitamin C content (44.44 mg/100 g.fw) and lycopene content (6.43 mg/100 g.fw) of the fruits. Furthermore, the fruits of plants fertilized with compost and Azolla caroliniana were judged to be less salty, firm, and red-colored by the majority of the tasters. These biofertilizers allow for the production of high-quality tomatoes. Therefore, they can be used as alternatives to chemical inputs for soil fertilization.

The expansion of the plantation economy has led to difficulties in many rural areas of Côte d’Ivoire, and specifically in Abengourou. These difficulties can be seen in the ageing of cocoa orchards and the scarcity of arable land. This situation makes farmland vulnerable. The aim of this study is to map vulnerable agricultural areas in order to contribute to better management. In addition to data collected through literature and field missions, the results are based on AHP multifactorial spatial analysis techniques and geographic information systems (Land suitability map). The results showed that two groups of factors govern the vulnerability of agricultural land in the Abengourou department. These are physical and anthropogenic factors. The combination of these factors enabled us to identify five levels of vulnerability, from the most vulnerable to the least vulnerable. Level 1 is the extremely vulnerable zone (30.54%), followed by level 2 (very vulnerable, 16.68%), level 5 (less vulnerable, around 10.61%), level 3 (highly vulnerable, 27.79%) and level 4 (moderately vulnerable, 12.38%). People are adopting various strategies to deal with land vulnerability. These include changing the rules governing access to land, adopting agroforestry and using phytosanitary products to improve production. In addition, the study revealed that areas with different levels of vulnerability have different cropping histories, namely: dense forest (16,478 ha, 14.06%), degraded forest (11,364 ha, 9.7%), fallow-crop (21,808 ha, 18.61%), lowland (37,199, 31.75%) and annual cropping (30,324 ha, 25.88%). These cropping histories would provide clues for decision-making in the planning and sustainable management of arable land.

Low birth weight is one of the real public health problems. It is used as an indicator that reflects fetal growth within its mother but also predicts the future and growth of the child, at least in the first years of life. Several studies express the point of view that there would be a very high morbidity and mortality rate in children born with low birth weight than in other children. The general reference hospital being a 2nd level structure takes care of all people in need of health from the entire health zone. It has been noted according to our observation that there have been more and more children born with low birth weight, particularly at the maternity ward of the HGR of Gemena, a reason for any person with a scientific mind to seek to discover what the determinants may be. It should be noted that the study was conducted in the peri-urban area of ​​Gemena and covered nine health areas out of the twenty-three in the health zone. Rural health areas were not taken into account in this study given the difficulties of access and financial constraints. Well beyond the ZSUR of Gemena and its particular typology (urban health areas and rural health areas), each health zone, depending on the context, can be full of specific factors that other studies can help to discover. Beyond the survey, our observation, our sense of apprehension and our curiosity were used to collect empirical data, analyze them and bring out the essential elements useful for providing guidance as results for our study. Overall, six factors were incriminated for which a positive association was found between the parameter analyzed and the occurrence of low birth weight (LBW). This set of factors identified and listed above are therefore not exhaustive. It should also be noted that since the study was prospective, only cases recorded during the period of our study were considered for analysis. Like the shadow that hides the forest, rural areas and those not analyzed may well hide many other factors.