The objective of this investigation was to study the effect of carbonation on two reinforced concrete structures of 42 and 60 years old, located on two different environments: urban and rural. Samples of concrete were taken, the carbonation depth was measured and density, absorption and porosity tests were performed. The carbonation process can be modeled by the equation of the square root of time. From that model, the carbonation constant for each sample was calculated, the progress of the carbonation depth versus time was plotted and the correlation between porosity and depth of carbonation was analyzed. It was verified the existence of different microclimates surrounding structural elements. The moisture content of the surrounding surface of each structural element is the most important factor affecting the progress of carbonation.
Since the nineties years until nowadays, many industrialized countries adopted the inflation targeting strategy, following per other transition countries thus as other developing countries. In this framework, the monetary authorities are attached to announce an explicit target range of inflation rate foreseen on one or several periods. The inflation targeting requires the strengthening of communication between the monetary authorities and the public what enhance accountability and the discipline of the Central Bank towards its commitment to respect the realization of the objectives announced of its monetary policy in terms of inflation. The monetary authorities must be transparent concerning their monetary policy and will be judged, or even punished on all deviation from the target announced. The station results in a loss of credibility expressed by the economy actors. Through this paper, firstly, we discuss the theoretical background of this approach to inflation targeting as a new monetary policy rule. To do this, we have tried to practice this new strategy of inflation targeting while presenting its main interests, preconditions, its advantages and unwinding mechanisms. In a second time, we were moving to concrete examples through the main experiences of Industrialized Countries Central Banks, which are in fact the first precursors to incorporate explicit inflation targets in the formulation of monetary policies following this new strategy target, followed by other Transition countries (Czech Republic, Romania ... etc..) and some in developing countries such as Brazil and the Philippines, ... etc. which are actually encouraged by good results achieved by the major Western countries.
Delamination detection in the composite structure based on the vibration responses when excited at the lower modes has been suggested here. It has been observed that the nonlinear interaction between the delaminated layers produce higher harmonics of the exciting frequency. These higher harmonics have observed to be useful for the detection and location of the delamination without comparing the vibration data from the healthy state of the composite structure. The paper presents the observation based on the finite element analysis of a composite plate with and without delamination and then on the experiments on the composite plates with and without delamination.
A novel approach of shape optimization to reduce pulsating torque components in spoke type permanent magnet motors is developed in this paper. This method is demonstrated on the iron pole shape optimization of an 8-pole/18-slot spoke type motor. The results of experiments show the effectiveness of the presented method.
Effect of rotor iron pole radii and skew on performance of interior permanent magnet motors is studied in this paper. A comparison is carried out by finite element analysis method and is confirmed by the experimental results obtained with two laboratory prototypes. The results show that, although the skew method is very effective in suppressing the cogging torque of an interior permanent magnet (IPM) motor, it will deteriorate other performances more in respect to radii ratio method.
The rules of origin are justified by the need to regulate trade between two or a group of countries (trade policy mechanism). This paper proposes to study the impact of rules of origin on the implementation of the preferential trade agreement between Morocco and the United States of America. Following this study, the results showed that the rules of origin diminish substantially the efficiency of this Agreement and deprive Moroccan companies of the tax benefits in terms of access to the U.S. market. Therefore, they reflect protectionist practices in term of non tariff barriers. They take the form of manufacturing conditions hard to be met by the operators. The analysis of the relationship between preferential Moroccan exports to the United States of America, on one hand, and the presence of tariff preferences and the Rules of Origin, on the other hand, suggest that if the tariff preferences have indeed the effect of encouraging exports, the Rules of Origin have the reverse effect.
The objective of this work consisted in studying the procedures of the manufacture of beer from sorghum, in order to be able to put forward its qualities and to develop the local bittering substances such as Vernonia amygdalina and Nauclea diderrichii. In this study, Safrari sorghum cultivar was malted and brewed under laboratory controlled conditions. Different types of beers were manufactured using combinations of Vernonia amygdalina and Nauclea diderrichii as tropical hops. The extract, reducing sugars, free amino nitrogen (FAN) of worts hopped with Vernonia amygdalina and Nauclea diderrichii was respectively from: 16
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