The study area is located northwest of Toumodi in the Toumodi-Fètêkro volcanic belt. This work would be a contribution by petrography and structural, to a better knowledge of Zaakro Birimian formations area. The macroscopic and microscopic petrographic study showed that the study area contains metavolcanic rocks, volcano-sedimentary rocks associated to an orthoschist. The metavolcanic formations composed of meta-andesite, metarhyodacite and meta-rhyolite, massive, schistosed or sheared, and volcano-sedimentary formations composed of pyroclastic, volcanic breccias, cinerites these two formations associated to an orthoschist. The texture and mineralogical composition of the rocks have changed. The rocks have undergone deformations are metamorphosed and the original minerals were transformed into secondary minerals (epidote, chlorite, amphibole, carbonates). At the structural level, two deformation mechanisms are highlighted ductile shearing and brittle. The major directions of veins and fractures are ENE-WSW. The abundant presence of sulphides in samples characterized hydrothermal alteration and might indicate the presence of gold mineralization. The formations of ZAAKRO was implemented following two types of volcanism: A basic effusive volcanism generating andesites, and acid generating rhyolites and rhyodacites; Explosive volcanism at the origin of the formation of pyroclastic (volcanic breccias and cinerites). They have subsequently undergone a regional metamorphism of low degree corresponding togreen schist facies.

The energy efficiency of network equipment has become a priority in the current context of sustainability and cost reduction. This article examines hybrid strategies for improving this efficiency, integrating approaches based on software and hardware optimisation. Simulation results show a 30% improvement in energy efficiency over traditional methods. By comparing these results with other work, we discuss the implications of these strategies for the network industry.

This paper presents a bidirectional neural machine translation system between French and Fon, a major language spoken in Benin and belonging to the Gbe family. Unlike existing generic translation tools, our system is specifically designed to address the linguistic, cultural, and computational challenges of low-resource African languages. The proposed architecture builds upon Facebook AI’s NLLB-200 model, which we adapt through cross-linguistic transfer from Ewe to Fon, taking advantage of structural similarities within the Gbe languages. To further enhance performance, we employ the T-Projection method for more reliable annotation and integrate a continuous improvement framework driven by real-time user feedback. Evaluation was conducted on a 73MB French–Fon parallel corpus. The results indicate a 25% improvement in the translation of idiomatic expressions, as well as a 40% reduction in inference time through knowledge distillation. Beyond linguistic accuracy, the system introduces a cultural evaluation module, enabling context-aware translation in domains such as Vodoun practices, royal discourse, and traditional expressions. This ensures not only linguistic fidelity but also cultural adequacy. The system achieves a BLEU score of 0.94 and a user satisfaction rate of 0.93, confirming its effectiveness and relevance for real-world use in Beninese contexts.

This reflexion attempts to analyse how the notion of «bar» in the writing of Tierno Monénembo offers itself as the anchor of an aesthetic outlet. Like a pretext, the topos of the bar in his work illustrates the outlet of a counter-moral story. The objective is to demonstrate that the space of the bar constitutes an inscription of pretext consciously developed by the author to translate this aesthetic outlet. Thus, the postulate is that the consummated story deviates while undermining the reader’s expectations and makes the work particular. The analysis, with an onomastic aim, makes it possible to elucidate the events and the behaviour of the characters based on the meaning of their place of manifestation or attachment, notably in L’Aîné des orphelins, Le Terroriste noir, Bled and Saharienne indigo. It emerges from the examination that the outlet dimension in the Monenembian story reveals itself as a new taste for youthful need and above all, a change of scriptural paradigm.

Cotton yield decrease in Côte d’Ivoire are important because of the climate change and pest infestations. The target of this survey is to analyze the spatio-temporal dynamics of Intra-Seasonal Descriptors (ISD) of rainfall and the annual mean infestation levels (MILs) of two pests, Helicoverpa armigera and Jacobiella facialis, as well as their interactions. The analysis datas are mainly constituted of annual rainfall and entomological data of H. armigera and J. facialis covering the period 1971-2016. The spatio-temporal distributions of rainfall ISDs and pest MILs were statistically analyzed, mapped, and their interactions determined using Instat+ and Surfer 11 software. Outcomes showed an interannual variability in rainfall ISDs, with coefficients of variation exceeding 30%. For H. armigera, MIL peaks shifted from the South and Center (1995–2000) to the Center-East and North-East (2011–2016), with an overall declining trend in MILs, attributable to the adoption of the Insecticide Resistance Management Program (IRMP) in 1999. However, a recent increase in peak levels suggests that climatic conditions particularly reduced cumulative rainfall and fewer rainy days favor its development. Regarding J. facialis, MILs increased from 3 to 16 infested plants per 30 plants, due to the IRMP’s limited focus on this pest, with the infestation hotspot shifting from the North (1995-2000) to the North-East and Center-East (2011-2016). These results demonstrated the relevance of integrating climatic conditions into pest management strategies.

Malaria remains a major public health issue in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), with limited entomological data on mosquito species composition in some regions. This study investigates the mosquito species composition in Tushunguti, Kalehe Territory, with a particular focus on Anopheles funestus s.s. and Anopheles gambiae s.s. Adult mosquitoes were collected using CDC light traps and pyrethrum spray catches. Morphological identification was supplemented by molecular techniques (PCR) to confirm species identities. A total of 245 mosquitoes were collected, with Culex species being the most abundant (n=150), followed by Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae. Molecular analysis identified 49 Anopheles funestus s.s. and 20 Anopheles gambiae s.s. specimens. The human biting rate (HBR) for An. funestus was significantly higher (0.071 bites/person/night) compared to An. gambiae (0.028). These results suggest that An. funestus plays a dominant role in malaria transmission in the area, particularly in indoor environments. The co-occurrence of both species underlines the need for targeted vector control strategies that address species-specific behavior and distribution. The study emphasizes the importance of continuous entomological surveillance to adapt malaria interventions based on local vector dynamics.

In a context of limited access to modern veterinary care, this study aims to document the ethnoveterinary practices used by pastoralists and agro-pastoralists in the province of Houet in western Burkina Faso for the treatment of animal diseases. A survey was conducted between July and October 2022 among 270 livestock farmers, using semi-structured questionnaires, individual interviews and focus groups. A total of 44 plant species belonging to 28 families were identified. The most frequently cited species were Faidherbia albida (58.1%), Khaya senegalensis (54.2%), Guiera senegalensis (43%), Parkia biglobosa (31.8%), followed by Vitellaria paradoxa and Sterculia setigera. The leaves and bark were the most commonly used parts of the species listed. The fruits (5%) and pulp (7%), which are rarely prepared, were mainly administered as food (100% and 50% respectively). The leaves are used in all kinds of recipes and administered in parallel through force-feeding, food, exposure and application. The most commonly treated pathologies were animal trypanosomiasis (19.04%), envenomation (14.28%) and parasitic infestations (12.85%). Multiple factor analysis revealed significant differences between the two groups of livestock farmers in terms of the species used and the therapeutic approaches adopted. These results confirm the importance of endogenous knowledge in local animal health and could help in the search for resilient solutions for the health treatment of domestic farm animals.

In a context of strong dependence of Ivorian populations on surface water resources, the Mé River occupies a strategic position, particularly for the supply of drinking water to the city of Abidjan. However, this resource is facing a growing threat due to the intensification of artisanal gold mining activities within its watershed. This study therefore aims to assess the impact of these activities on the water quality of the Mé River, with a view toward the sustainable management of this resource. The methodological approach first involved a physicochemical analysis of the water resource in relation to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2017) guideline values, followed by a qualitative assessment using contamination and pollution indices based on trace metal elements (TMEs). The results show an alkaline pH (10.2), low mineralization (113.13 µS/cm), and a very high average turbidity (13,115.78 NTU). The analyses also revealed high concentrations of cadmium (Cd; mean: 36.81 µg/L), copper (Cu; mean: 166.72 µg/L), mercury (Hg; mean: 46.31 µg/L), and lead (Pb; mean: 72.5 µg/L), indicating contamination of anthropogenic origin, directly linked to artisanal gold mining activities. The contamination index shows a decreasing ranking of TMEs as follows: ICM (Cd) > ICM (Pb) > ICM (Hg) > ICM (Cu) > ICM (Mn) > ICM (As). Furthermore, the heavy metal pollution index (HPI) reveals that all analyzed water samples (100%) have an HPI value greater than 100, indicating a high pollution risk and rendering the water unsuitable for use.

Every year in Côte d’Ivoire, during the rainy season, several localities, including those within the Marahoué watershed, are subject to recurrent floods that cause loss of human lives, population displacement, and significant material damage. Identifying areas sensitive to this phenomenon is therefore crucial for the implementation of effective and sustainable preventive measures. This study thus aims to identify flood-prone zones in the Marahoué watershed by using current physical and hydrological characteristics derived from remote sensing observations, with the goal of supporting decision-makers in their sustainable development projects. The methodological approach employed begins with the delineation of the watershed into sub-basins, followed by the extraction of topographic, morphometric, hydrological, and environmental parameters associated with flooding, and the identification of sensitive areas through game theory algorithms (Borda and Condorcet). The results indicate that the downstream areas of the Marahoué watershed, particularly those located along the main river course, are highly sensitive to flooding. Conversely, upstream areas, which are generally situated at higher altitudes, were classified within the low to very low flood risk categories.

In Burkina Faso, pastoralism plays an important role in the development of animal production. However, the factors of its survival today remain insufficiently controlled. The objective of this study is to determine the important variables involved in predicting the survival of pastoralism in Sahelian countries plagued by insecurity. This study was conducted in two agroecological zones of Burkina Faso. It consisted of the selection of variables using the Random Forest package of Minitab 19.1 software to assess the importance of these variables in predicting the future practice of pastoral mobility. The results showed that the number of cattle was high among migrants with great variability (60 to 80 heads). Native herders have the highest numbers of small ruminants respectively 25 to 35 for sheep and 20 to 33 for goats. The results of the model showed eleven (11) variables strongly influenced the importance of the variables; The main variables were the village (55.48%), cattle population (14.754%), animal acquisition method (8.716%), and age (4.461%). Geographical and zootechnical factors were predominant, unlike social variables, which had little influence. In the current context of major social changes, it would be important to emphasize that a strategic approach could benefit the sustainability of pastoral farming. In order to ensure the survival and prosperity of this ancestral practice, it would be wise to carefully consider and effectively integrate the important variables.

The watermelon Citrullus lanatus contributes to food security. It production is dicreased by the attacks of Diaphania hyalinata. This study was carried out to evaluate the repellent effect of garlic (Allium sativum) and lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) on D. hyalinata in watermelon cultivation. The experimental setup was a Fisher block with four treatments. Insects were collected ten times, one observation per week, using the direct observation method. In the control plot, the attack rate on C. lanatus plants was 95.83%. The attack rate was lower on the C. lanatus plots than on plots associated with lemongrass (68.75%) than on plots associated with garlic plants (87.50%) and plots treated with Tihan 175 O-TEQ (83.33%). The plant attack intensity was type II on the plots with treatments and type III on the untreated plot (I = 35.42%). The highest fruit attack rate was recorded on the control plots. The C. lanatus fruit attack rates on plots with lemongrass (23.79%) or garlic plants (23.73%) and those treated with Tihan 175 O-TEQ (23.87%) were similar. Yield losses caused by D. hyalinata were higher on the control plot (66.49%) than on the C. lanatus plots associated with lemongrass (23.86%), garlic (22.17%) and Tihan 175 O-TEQ treatment (23.50%). The percentage reduction in attacked fruit compared with the untreated control was 75% for C. lanatus plots combined with lemongrass, 85% for plots combined with garlic and 75% for plots treated with Tihan 175 O-TEQ. Plants of A. sativum and C. citratus intercropped with C. lanatus cultivation increased yields.

This study concerns the determination of hepatic enzyme activity in beer consumers. It was carried out in the city of Gemena, with the overall objective of determining hepatic enzyme activity in beer consumers, evaluating the liver function of beer consumers, and detecting possible hepatic dysfunctions. The study involved a total of 60 confirmed beer-consuming subjects recruited mainly from students of ISTM Gemena in a purposive sampling because the characteristics of the respondents were well known and determined in advance to participate in the study. Laboratory analysis of ALT (GPT/ALAT), AST (GOT/ASAT) and GGT performed on whole blood collected in plain tubes and centrifuged to obtain serum revealed abnormally elevated enzymatic activity with estimated values approximating: 40.39±3.2 U/l, 55.44±9 U/l and 48.11±5.8 U/l respectively for GPT, GOT and GGT compared with 37.9±3.3 U/l, 35.36±3.2 and 40.96±3.3. It should be noted that there were more male consumers than female consumers (73.3% versus 16 female cases, i.e. 26.7%). The mean age of the respondents was between 20 and 30 years. The beer most consumed by the respondents was Castel (a beer imported from West Africa).