This article deals with the determination of axial deformations and forces along a pile under axial loading, taking into account the interaction between the pile and the surrounding soil, and more specifically with the parametric study of the behavior of an axially loaded pile using Frank and Zhao’s model and the analytical expression of the conventional limit pressure pl. Frank and Zhao’s (1982) trilinear method of load transfer curves, used in this study, offers an analytical approach for calculating axial strains and forces along the pile. This method, suggested by the French national standard for the application of Eurocode 7 (NF P 94-262) in the calculation of pile settlements, is based on the progressive mobilization of lateral friction and tip pressure, modeled by t-z (lateral friction) and q-z (tip pressure) curves, and enables soil-pile interactions to be simulated. The type of soil chosen for this study is clay (coherent soil), which provides better mobilization of lateral friction around the pile. It emerged from this study that the parameters with the greatest influence on pile behavior are the value of the applied axial load N0, the ratio (D/L) and the pressure modulus EM, in other words, the modulus of deformation E of the soil. In addition to these three essential parameters, we can add the influence of the Young’s modulus Ep of the pile on its behavior. The choice of its value is important, as the compressibility of the pile material is a factor in the calculation of settlement. The results also show that the mechanical characteristics c_u, K_0,γ, α and ν have very little influence on settlement, axial force and deformation curves. All these results confirm the empirical relationships often used to calculate pile settlement, which are based directly on the value of the diameter D or on both the diameter D, the applied load N0, the Young’s modulus of the pile Ep and its length L.

Digital transformation in the Kolwezi mining industry is bringing major challenges and upheavals. It involves integrating digital technologies into all of a company’s operations, enabling it to evolve more easily and improve its competitiveness. In the Kolwezi mining industry, digital transformation is having a significant impact. Mining operations are automated to optimise exploration and mining. In addition, the optimisation and automation of business processes are also important areas of digital transformation. In short, digital transformation in the Kolwezi mining industry is helping to optimise mining operations, automate business processes and improve the industry’s competitiveness. Digital transformation in the mining industry presents both opportunities and challenges. Safety, employee training, the complexity of existing systems, the regulatory framework and the associated costs all need to be taken into account to successfully implement this transformation. Digital transformation offers significant benefits in the mining sector, but it requires a strategic approach, investment and increased awareness to overcome the challenges and maximise the benefits. It is recommended that digital transformation experts are consulted to develop a tailored plan for each mining business.

Digital transformation offers exciting career opportunities. Professionals skilled in digital transformation management, data analytics, and technical architecture are in high demand. To succeed in these fields, it is essential to possess advanced technical skills and a deep understanding of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and cloud computing. Skills in project management, data analysis, and communication are also important. Education, work experience, and certifications play a key role in broadening qualifications. Additionally, developing skills in collaboration, strategic thinking, and change management is crucial for success in this ever-evolving field. In summary, digital transformation presents numerous career opportunities, but it requires advanced technical skills, solid work experience, and the ability to adapt to changes. By developing your skills in areas such as digital transformation management, data analytics, and technical architecture, you can seize these opportunities and contribute to the success of organizations’ digital transformation efforts.

The market gardening sector is a sector of activity admired by women and men. With a view to improving market gardening production, an experiment was carried out at the Superior Normal School of Bongor (ENS/B) the main objective of this work is to evaluate the effects of pigeon droppings and cow dung on the development parameters of sesame in order to determine the optimal dose of organic fertilizer provided to the plants for a better yield. For this to do so, the agro-phenological parameters were observed, noted and measured. From the result, it appears that the number of flowers and capsules per plant, the number of seeds per capsule, the weight of seeds per capsule, the yields in grams per plant and ton per hectare were obtained in the plants having received the combination 20 g of cow dung and 20 g of pigeon droppings.

The use of plants by local people for health care has long been observed. This practice still persists in different communities. This study presents a bibliographic summary highlighting the knowledge of plants used in traditional pharmacopoeia in Niger. Analysis of the scientific literature, such as articles, dissertations and theses from the Google Scholar and PubMed search engines, as well as grey literature, revealed a number of items of information. A total of 315 medicinal species, including 8 fungi, were identified, divided into 220 genera and 88 families. The Papilionaceae, Poaceae and Caesalpiniaceae, with 30, 18 and 16 species respectively, are the best represented families. Leaves (28.89%) and bark (18.33%) are the most commonly used plant parts. The predominant methods of preparation are decoction (37%), maceration (23%) and powder (13%), while the oral route (44.87%) is the main method of administering plant-based remedies. Recipes are mainly administered 3 times a day (52.34%) and the predominant duration of treatment is one day (26%). Analysis of the scientific data available on medicinal plants in Niger suggests that further research is needed to gain a better understanding of the practices and uses of plants in traditional medicine.

Malacantha alnifolia (Sapotaceae) is a perennial plant found in the tropical rainforests of West Africa. In Côte d’Ivoire, this species usually used rheumatism and diarrhea children treatment. This study evaluated anti-arthritic effect of hydroethanol extract of Malacantha alnifolia (HEMa) at doses of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg bw in rats. HEMa is prepared by cold maceration of 100 g of M. alnifolia trunk bark powder in one liter of a 30% water/70% ethanol mixture for 24 h. Thirty-six albino Rattus norvegicus rats (130-185 g), aged 8 to 16 weeks, were divided into 6 batches of 6 rats each and treated daily during 10 days. Healthy and arthritic rats control received NaCl 9 ‰ (10 mL/kg bw) by gavage, those from batches 2, 3 and 4 received HEMa at 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg bw, respectively. Positive control rats received methotrexate at 0.75 mg/kg bw by gavage. Non-immunological arthritic model induced by injection of 0.1 mL 2.5% formaldehyde was used. Arthritic was assessed throught paw and knee edema, arthritic index scores, sedimentation rate, and inflammation-related hematological and biochemical parameters. Percentages inhibition of these parameters were calculated for each treated group of rats compared to the control group with arthritis. Edema established for 3 days by formaldehyde was significantly reduced by HEMa at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg bw with reductions in paw thickness ranging from 23.18 to 28, respectively. 89% and 25.60 to 31.34% compared to paw thickness of arthritic control rats. Hydroethanolic extract of Malacantha alnifolia has remarkable anti-arthritic properties similar to that of methotrexate.

This work was a literature review of the available data on the plant diversity in protected areas in Niger. It was based on several studies carried out in the period from 2005 to 2021 in nine (9) reserves of Niger. It aimed to assess the current state of the floristic diversity and ecosystem services in these protected areas. The results revealed the information on species richness, ecological spectrums and ecosystems services provided to local population living around these protected areas. A total of 648 plants species, mostly herbaceous, and dominated by Poaceae, were recorded. The spectrum of biological types is dominated by Therophytes (43.57%) and Microphanerophytes (19.07%), which are characteristic of Sahelian vegetation. The chorology revealed a predominance of multi-regional African species and species with a wide distribution. The study highlighted six (6) main categories of ecosystem services for local populations: human food, fodder, traditional pharmacopoeia, energy wood, service wood and craft wood. This review showed that the assessment of plant diversity in the protected area of Niger was far from exhaustive, and much remains to be updated.

Inadequate use of mineral fertilizers causes leaching and impoverishment of soil which results in a considerable drop in yield. The use of organic fertilizers seems to be a reliable alternative to improve yield. The objective of the work is to evaluate the effect of goat waste at different levels in order to determine the optimal dose for better rice production. It also aims to verify the idea that mineral fertilizer modifies the organoleptic quality of food. For this the length of the plants was measured and the associated maximum growth speed was determined. The number of tillers per plot, the number of panicles per plot, the number of grains per tiller, the weight of grains per tiller were recorded and the yield was estimated. The results showed that the parameters studied were significantly influenced by the fertilizer inputs. Thus the highest height (77.33 cm) was observed in the plants having received the dose of 2.5 kg/m2 of goat waste with the maximum growth speed of 5.11 cm per day reached on the 85th day after sowing. The same goes for the number of tillers per plot (336) and the number of panicles per plot (329.33). While the highest number of grains per tiller (1253), weight of grains per tiller (26.42) and yield were noted in plants treated with 10 g NPK and 5g Urea. In addition, the rice having been treated with goat waste is sweet (60 %) and presents a good floury appearance (86.67 %). The dose of 2 kg/m2 of goat waste seem to be optimal for the cultivation of rain fed rice. Thus goat waste could validly replace mineral fertilizer in soil fertilization.

This study is part of the sustainable development objectives (SDGS, 2015-2030). It highlights the challenges facing the DRC in its quest for environment sustainability. Among these challenges include poverty, food insecurity, acces to quality education and heath care, and gender inegality. Whict exacerbates environmental vulnerabilities and harms the quality of life of the population. This study advocates for a systemic approach that recognizes the independence bitween the ecological, political and socio-economic dimension, in order to ensure sustainable future for the DRC.

Knowledge of the digestive tract of fishes is a crucial clue to understanding their diet. Information on the digestive tract of P. obscura remains scarce and fragmentary. Therefore, this work aims to improve our knowledge of P. obscura by investigating the structure of its digestive tract in order to better understand its feeding ecology. To this end, the relationship between the length of the intestine and the standard length was determined by the equation: Li=〖aLS〗^b. On the other hand, the morphological and microscopic aspects of the digestive tract were described. The histological study was carried out according to the standard histological method and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Intestinal growth relative to standard length follows positive allometry. The digestive tract includes an oesophagus, a developed stomach, a cecum and a relatively short intestine. The wall of the digestive tract consists of four distinct tunics. The muscularis is made up of two layers of muscle fibres at the level of the oesophagus. In other parts of the digestive tract, the muscularis consists of one layer of muscle fibres.

Rice is one of the main crops of irrigated perimeters of the Niger River Valley. Reasoned fertilization on rice diocers is very important in improving yields, decreasing nutrient losses but also conservation of soil. The objective of this study is to characterize the physico-chemical solutions of soils to evaluate the effects of several fertilization formulas on the production of three varieties of rice at the irrigated niamey and Tillabéry perimeters. The study is carried out in two stages first one on the soil analyzes and the other on agricultural tests. Solutions of solutions were conducted at the Liborated sites, Saadia Amount and N’Dounga 1 during the year 2023. All ten samples taken were studied at the Social Science Laboratory of the Faculty of Agronomy and the LANB laboratory to know the physicochemical characteristics of the soil of the sites. Study of the study sites. For testing, kogoni91-1 (rifles), Orylux and IR15 rice varieties were used in a 2123 winter season and dry season 2023. The experimental device is the blocking block (3x5) with two factors: the 1st factor as variety with three varieties (Gambiaka; Orylux and IR15) and the 2nd factor fertilizer factor feature with five treatments: T0 = N122P30K30 (peasant practice); T1 = N138P90K60; T2 = N175P112 K60; T3 = N100P120K 50S20ZN2; T4 = N122P30K30S20ZN2. The soil analysis of the three sites have shown that soils have lemon-sandbrandex textures (Liborated and N’Dounga 1) and limited texture to Saadia upstream. The soils of the three sites are low in chemical and poor elements in exchangeable bases. The rates of organic matter and total nitrogen decrease with the depth at all the sites studied. The performance of genotypes are influenced by the imposed treatments or the environment in which the culture has been installed. During the dry season, the best combinations and also the most stable in the three sites are the variety 2 with T4 treatment and variety 1 with T4. During the rainy season, the variety combination 2 and T4 treatment has a high and stable yield to Liborated and Ndounga1 while the variety combination 3 with T4 treatment is the best performance in Saadia AMONT. The comparison of the averages shows that the highest average yield was obtained with the T4 formula combined with the varieties that are V1, V2 and V3 for the dry season and the wintering season.

In the Sahel, irrigated agriculture through market gardening activities occupies a key place in the socio-economic life of populations but food insecurity remains a persistent reality. The solution to deal with this delicate situation which occurs every other year (2), would be to resort to intensive irrigated production of market garden crops intended for consumption, such as the case of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.). This study was carried out on the experimental site of the departmental directorate of agriculture of Goudoumaria. The aim is to analyze the impact of complementary irrigation on the growth and productivity of three (3) tomato varieties in experimental trials conducted at a research station. These varieties are: F1 Mongal, Roma and Rio Grande with two (2) supplementary irrigation regimes with 2 treatments (T1: with supplementary irrigation in the absence of rain for 3 successive days and T2: without supplementary irrigation or Control, the plants receive as rainwater). The following parameters were measured over time: germination rate, growth parameters (height, number of leaves, stem diameter) and production. The results showed that supplementary irrigation improves the production of 3 tomato varieties from the first harvest with respective yields for F1 Mongal=9.216t/ha, Roma 16.464t/ha, and Rio Grande, 10.368t/ha. As for the controls (T2), the yields are 6.336t/ha (F1 Mongolian), 7.392t/ha for the Roma variety, 6.3t/ha (Rio Grande). These varieties are therefore well suited to supplementary irrigation and constitute a solution to the food and economic deficits of the population, especially since these varieties are well palatable to humans and very nutritious. To perpetuate this activity, which is beneficial to irrigators in the study area, the State must support them; only the means of drainage and wells or market gardening boreholes remain.

Since its independence in 1960, the education sector has become a sovereign sector of the State of Benin. To this end, the various study programs developed and implemented meet the goals defined by the authorities, which embody the people of Benin. As such, the study programs developed in the various school subjects take into account the objectives and purposes set by the authorities. However, an analysis of high school history studies programs between 1960 and 2016 shows that national history, especially post-colonial history, is poorly taught in schools. While in the years after independence, at least thirty themes related to national history were included in secondary school history curricula, this number has dropped considerably over the course of the reforms. Today, it is only three Learning Situations (SA) that address themes relating to national history. It is briefly taught, the history of the settlement of Benin, the participation of the former coastal kingdoms of Benin in the transatlantic slave trade and the stages of the decolonization of Benin to the detriment of the history of Africa, the great wars, the ‘UN... The logical consequence of this situation is the low knowledge of national historical facts by young Beninese. The objective of this research is to analyze the place of national history in secondary education programs in Benin between 1960 and 2016. Among other words, it is about understanding the anchoring of the national history in the said programs. To achieve this objective, the methodological approach used consists of a cross and adequate use of written and oral sources. The first is conducted through written documents, archives, curriculum documents and secondary history guides. The second was carried out with the designers of school programs, in particular inspectors. The results of this research show that national history is weakly embedded in high school curricula. This situation, which is due to several reasons, is at the origin of the ignorance of certain parts of national history by the current generation.

The aim of this work is to implement an experimental bench for pre-selecting potential fluids that would have the property of filtering the sun’s rays from inappropriate spectral bands for photovoltaic cells. In fact, they are responsible of the overheating and low efficiency. For this purpose, an experimental set-up based on in situ recording is applied. It adopts a comparative process of the effects of fluid layers on the electrical production and operating temperature of photovoltaic solar cells. A total of fifteen (14) fluids were analyzed for their ability to improve ICC current and reduce the operating temperature of PV cells. From this study, it emerged that three of the fluids tested, in particular the combination {vinegar + hydo alcohol}, the combination {sugar water + salt water} and vinegar, resulted in permanently positive increases in the Icc characteristic of around +25%, +26,57% and 5,69% accompanied by a decrease in the operating temperature of the cells of around 30%, 22% and 24%, respectively. Other fluids also had an average positive effect on the Icc current, such as sunflower oil (+1.5%), bleach (+3%) and yellow engine fluid (+3%). On the other hand, these stocks showed fluctuations that could become negative. The main observation is that the spectral splitting action is not constant and varies in real time.

Attiéké and fermented cassava dough are two cassava derivatives linked by the same transformation process. Fermented dough is obtained after spontaneous fermentation of the pulp over 2 to 3 days, with the addition of inoculum on cassava. Fermentation of dough for attiéké occupy an important role in the availability of fast sugars, mineral salts and cyanide, and in granulation. The dough becomes more acid under the action of Yeasts, Molds, Bacillus and mainly Lactobacillus. Dehydrated by pressing, it is generally characterized by a pH around 4.5, a humidity of around 52% for a reducing sugar content of around 1%. The aspect of the fermented dough that precedes attiéké depends on the factors and conditions involved in fermentation, the force of pressing and the hygiene of operations. However, the traditional processes and properties of attiéké have been assessed without prior studying the technological and biochemical properties of fermented cassava dough.

The strong demographic pressure on urban-rural environments in the cities of developing countries is very significant, making their evolution difficult to predict and plan. It is accompanied by serious problems in these areas that migrants do not have the means to address. These include: increasing unemployment, growing insecurity, land tenure, the proliferation of shanty towns, growing impoverishment, lack of urban amenities and services and insufficient housing. Furthermore, the remarkable fact of the recent history of the city of Lubumbashi is the proliferation of spontaneous neighborhoods and spaces of illegal and irregular occupation. This proliferation of precarious housing is the consequence of the lack of response from the State and the formal sector to the needs of the population in general, especially city dwellers and new city dwellers who navigate between the city and the countryside at will. economic and food crises.

The governance of a state refers to the set of process, structures and institutions through which a country is managed. The Democratic Republic of Congo is going through a hinge period of its political history marked by a complexity of challenges related to leadership and governance. This article analyses difficulties which impede the instauration of a good governance during the third legislature which started on 24 January 2019 with a political alternation at the head of the State. These difficulties are explained by the absence of a vision of development by the team of leaders, the rupture of FCC-CACH coalition and the installation of the sacred union and the trend of the power concentration by the President of the Republic. This entails the failure of consolidation of a democratic and transparent governance and constitutes a crucial stake for the national prosperity and the future of a united Congo.

The aim of this study was to describe the operation of private health facilities in Bunia town, in the Province of Ituri, Democratic Republic of Congo. The survey method, supported by semi-structured interviews and documentary analysis, was used to carry out this work. The data were analyzed using the percentage. After analyzing the data, the study revealed what follows: - More than 4/5 of private health facilities have authorization to open the facilities; - The majority of health facilities have 1 to 3 buildings; - A weight scale, blood pressure monitor, microscope and consultation table are the basic materials and equipment needed to start up a private health facility; - Nearly half of private health facilities receive 1 to 3 capacity-building sessions each year. In view of these results, it is important that the health authorities put in place appropriate strategies not only to supervise the opening of private health facilities, but also to ensure that they operate in accordance with standards.

This study was carried out with the aim of describing the obstacles to entrepreneurship among young people in the Kasenyi business Centre. To conduct this study, a survey supported by a semi-structured interview was used with 196 young people. Content analysis using percentage calculations was used to analyze the data. After analysis the study revealed the following results: - In terms of personal obstacles, 32.14% of respondents mentioned fear of failing after starting a business. Among respondents who were not ready to start their own business, 67.68% felt that entrepreneurship was too demanding. - As for economic obstacles, the lack of funds (38,95), and difficulties in accessing financing (84.18%) were mentioned by the majority of respondents. - As for socio-cultural obstacles, the lack of support resources (13,68%), insecurity (14.74%) and unfavorable environment (12.63%) were mentioned by respondents. Although some of the young people who have been trained in entrepreneurship have actually undertaken activities, the obstacles are still enormous and need to be analyzed and overcome in order to get young people effectively involved in entrepreneurship.

This study was conducted in order to explore patients’ perception of the computerized management of faith-based health services in Bunia town. The ethnographic method supported by the semi-structured interview was used to carry out with 40 patients who had attended the two faith based health services using computerized management in Bunia town. After analysis, the study revealed the following: - The reception within these health facilities is good, but there is a problem of delay due to internet connection and also the mood of the staff. - Patients receive good guidance; - Data is well archived and easily retrieved; - Patients are completely confident about the security of their data, but they need the printed sheets; - The billing service works well with honesty and offers a good service for users. It is very fast when there is internet connection, but the prices are not changed as soon as it is fixed in the machine, and others have found it very expensive; - The respondents mentioned the focus of doctors only on the machine, some say that the doctors’ attention should first be on the patients and then on the machine and others have not observed any change despite this new system; - There is an improvement in health care, for others there is no difference with the traditional system. It was found that computerized management has no influence on the quality of health care, a part form the delay when the internet connection is low; - Generally speaking, the laboratory is fast if there is a good internet connection. In view of these results, it is necessary that new strategies be developed for the improvement of this computerized management system in health facilities.

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of and factors associated with cleft lip and palate in newborns in referral health facilities in the town of Bunia. The cross-sectional method, supported by documentary analysis, was used to carry out this study, which targeted all newborns registered in the referral health facilities in the town of Bunia. Percentage calculations were used to analyse the data. After analysing the data, this study revealed the following: - The prevalence of cleft lip and palate in the referral health facilities in the town of Bunia was 1.93%. - Cleft lip and palate were more common in male newborns (62.4%). 88.6% of newborns with cleft lip and palate were born in pregnancies of 37-42 weeks of amenorrhoea. Nearly half and more than 1/3 respectively of the mothers giving birth to babies with cleft lip and palate were in gestational age 2 and aged 18-24 years. - The mother’s history of alcoholism and diabetes were identified as factors associated with cleft lip and palate in newborns in Bunia. In the light of these results, it can be concluded that cleft lip and palate continue to be recorded in health facilities in Bunia and that innovative strategies should be used to raise awareness among women of childbearing age.

The rapid growth of Internet of Things (IoT) networks, fuelled by advancements in Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs) and 5G technologies, has transformed industries such as healthcare, smart cities, and manufacturing. However, this expansion has also exposed IoT systems to cybersecurity vulnerabilities, making them prime targets for network intrusions and cyberattacks. Addressing these threats requires effective Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) capable of identifying and classifying malicious traffic patterns. This paper proposes a hybrid IDS framework that integrates a 1D Convolutional Neural Network (1D CNN) and a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) model. The 1D CNN serves as a feature extractor, capturing spatial patterns in network traffic, while the BiLSTM leverages temporal dependencies in both forward and backward directions to enhance classification accuracy. Experiments assess the model’s performance in both binary and multi-class classification tasks. The results demonstrate that the 1D CNN+BiLSTM outperforms traditional methods, including SVM, XGBoost, and CNN+LSTM, achieving the highest accuracy (95.03%), recall (94.80%), and F1-score (94.90%). These findings highlight the model’s ability to minimize false positives and false negatives, making it highly suitable for real-time intrusion detection in IoT environments.

In Guinea, water resources are under anthropogenic pressure. Changes in water quality can impact the composition of aquatic fauna. To date this fauna is practically unknown in the Niger River in Guinea. Our research was carried out on a 10 km route from the river to Faranah town centre. The general objective is to assess the richness and distribution of macroinvertebrates. Five stations were sampled during three hydrological regimes: Periods of low water, rising water and recession. Changes in composition, abundance and richness were determined by Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance. The Equitability Index was used to assess the distribution of different taxa in the sampled stations. The percentage of occurrence is used to determine the frequency of a taxon in a station. Diversity was assessed by the Shannon index. These indices were calculated considering the family as a taxonomic level. At the end of the inventory, 60 families were identified divided into 14 orders for 5 classes (insects, lamellibranchs, gastropods, crustaceans and annelids). This population is dominated by insects 57%. The faunal composition corresponds to the richness of African fresh waters. Depending on the hydrological regimes, 85% of the species collected are constant while for all the stations it is 88% which are fixed. The values of the Shannon ˃2 and equitability indices close to 1 reflect the presence of a very rich, diverse and stable benthic fauna.

The formulation of high-performance concretes is deduced from that of ordinary concretes which are a mixture in the appropriate proportions of binder, aggregates, water and optionally, admixtures. These types of concrete composed of ultrafine materials, including metakaolin in the case of this study, are characterized by high mechanical resistance and good workability due to the addition of a water-reducing superplasticizer. However, for a successful formulation, materials must be carefully studied to ensure their use. This research project aims to characterize all the materials used in the composition of high-performance concrete to serve as a reference in other similar work in Chad. These are the physical, chemical and mechanical characteristics of materials including cement, gravel, sand, superplasticizer and metakaolin, coming from various locations in Chad. After analysis, the characteristics of these materials are satisfactory and comply with international standards and hence favorable for the composition of high-performance and sustainable concretes.

This article proposes a governance model for the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the context of personalized e-learning. The main objective is to frame the integration of AI in order to maximize its benefits, such as the personalization of learning, while minimizing the associated risks, including algorithmic bias, the protection of per-sonal data, and the transparency of decision making processes. These associated risks remain a significant challenge to be met. The approach consisted of relying on the ISACA COBIT 5 information system governance framework in order to propose a model that highlights the governance processes, objectives, and actions. The governance model presented is composed of several key elements, including transparency, fairness, data security, and continuous improvement, which are essential for effective AI management. It proposes guidelines to align AI with the strategic objectives of educational institutions, thus ensuring an ethical and responsible use of AI technologies in e-learning. This work also highlights the importance of an integrated approach to AI governance, where risks are controlled and benefits are optimized. The conclusions drawn show that, although ambitious, such a governance framework is essential to build trust among users and stakeholders, while ensuring learning that is more tailored to the individual needs of students. Finally, this suggested governance model will need to be continuously refined and adapted as the technology evolves, and calls for future research to test and validate the model in real-world contexts.

In Niger, land used for silvo-pastoral purposes has for many years been the subject of restoration work with a view to strengthening the resilience of local populations. The aim of this study is to investigate the quality of fodder species in sylvo-pastoral sites developed on plateaux. The approach consisted of sampling and analysing the dominant species. A total of 19 samples of different species were taken. The parameters determined were dry matter (DM), mineral matter (MM), organic matter (OM), fat matter (FM), total protein or nitrogenous matter (TNM) and crude fibre (CF). The fodder value (FV) and digestible nitrogen matter (DNM) were deducted. The DM, MM, OM, FM, TNM and CF content varied respectively from 95.30 to 97.17%; from 5.11 to 16.68%; from 78.02 to 94.89%; from 1.71 to 12.21%; from 4.03 to 15.41%; and from 17.68 to 37.26% of fodder dry matter. The FV and DNM values ranged from 0.35 to 0.67 F.U/KgDM and from 19.70 to 90.70 g/KgDM respectively. Poaceae, which dominate the forage, are the lowest in protein and have a high cellulose content.

The fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) is native to America and was first reported in several African countries in 2016. It is an insect that mainly attacks maize plants and can cause significant yield losses in the absence of protection methods. This situation poses a threat to agriculture and the economy of African countries. Given the extent of the damage and losses caused by this pest, a systematic review was carried out through literature searches. This research made it possible to collect necessary information on the biology and ecology of the armyworm. Similarly, several pest control strategies were listed in this article. Among these strategies, integrated pest management is the best control option to minimize the impact of this pest. In addition, this article reviews the challenges to be faced in the control of this pest.

Soil erosion is a natural process with worrying environmental and socio-economic consequences in watersheds. A quantitative and spatiotemporal assessment of this phenomenon is imperative and must be taken into account for integrated management of the Sassandra catchment. LANDSAT Satellite images, rainfall data, the digital elevation model, soil data, Geographic Information System (GIS) software and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) were used to assess annual soil losses in the Sassandra catchment for the years 1986, 2002 and 2022. The results of the study show that soil erosion is increasing in the Sassandra catchment. The average soil losses obtained are 27, 37 and 39 million t/ha/yr respectively for the years 1986, 2002 and 2022.

Malnutrition is a health problem among children under 5 living in Internally displaced populations camps. These children are at high risk of malnutrition because of inadequate nutrition and poor care practices, which increase their vulnerability to all forms of malnutrition. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of different types of malnutrition in children aged 6-59 months living in Internally Displaced Populations camp in North-Kivu Province, in the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo. This is a descriptive survey of children aged 6-59 months living in Internally Displaced populations sites selected from displaced households using two-stage cluster sampling. Anthropometric measurements and the calculation of anthropometric indices for the sampled children were carried out using the World Health Organization’s 2006 growth standards. The results showed that 7.0% were emaciated, 21.4% underweight and 45.5% stunted. Children aged 24-59 months showed a high prevalence of all types of malnutrition. Males were more affected, and one of the three camps had a high prevalence of chronic malnutrition. Several of the studies cited also showed high prevalences, but this differed according to each environment. Interventions focusing on promotion, prevention and food security will need to be carried out to improve the nutritional status of internally displaced children.

Morocco’s agricultural sector, which is essential to the economy, faces major challenges such as population growth and the effects of climate change. Digitalization is a promising solution to improve productivity, optimize yields, reduce environmental impact and better manage natural resources. By integrating technologies such as precision agriculture and smart irrigation, it becomes possible to maximize efficiency while reducing the ecological footprint. Training farmers in these digital tools plays a crucial role, improving the use of inputs and promoting more efficient water management. However, access to this training remains a significant barrier, especially for small farms, which often lack the resources to benefit from these innovations. This article aims to analyze how digitalization can reconcile economic performance and sustainability in the Moroccan agricultural sector, while identifying the levers to be activated to facilitate the adoption of these technologies.