This article seeks to analyze the impact that the economic sector had, especially the banking sector in Guayaquil as a result of the health crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, the National Bank has had a significant impact on the credit granted to it, because the supervision of financial entities chooses to implement mechanisms to protect customers and protect the savings of depositors, branches and pensioners. Refinancing is an intervention, clients of many financial institutions attend this transaction to extend the payment of the card or credit they handle, it should be noted that each entity defines the interest rate according to the type of credit granted. These measures are expressed as restructuring, refinancing and deferred amortization of their existing debts, so they come into force 60 days after the end of the state of exception so that users could cancel their accounts. These guidelines remain valid until the country's economic recovery improves. The research was declared non-exploratory since we do not have control of the variables, therefore it has a descriptive and correlational scope, since we describe our variables and relate them to obtain a quantitative approach since we work with numerical and statistical data. The evolution of the credit portfolio has been analyzed in order to verify the economic impact suffered by the bank, to know the aforementioned data, the net profit accounts were also analyzed and, in turn, the payment of income tax since it is It is important to know the impact that this had on the treasury.

Supply chain 4.0 is the future of the industry. To deal with the varying demand and supply, it is important to digitize the various levels of supply chain. Supply chain 4.0 is an efficient, flexible and faster mechanism that empowers organizations to handle the requirements of the clients and also the challenges on the supply side. Major challenge in implementing supply chain 4.0 is the requirement of huge amount of technical advancement but the benefits of supply chain 4.0 over powers the cost involve.

Talent management is one of the most important concerns for leaders all over the world. In the power sector, talent management plays an important role for both local and multinational companies. This study focuses on talent management with the help of green human resource management in Bangladeshi power sector. From the literature review and twenty-six expert’s opinions, twelve important barriers were identified. These barriers are insufficient talent supply, unsecured career growth, scarcity of manpower, shortage of training programs, lack of advanced technical and technological knowledge, absence of mechanism in action, lack of infrastructure development, workforce adjustment, system loss, lack of supply, high demand, and inadequate financial incentive. Their mutual interrelationships were discussed using the Total Interpretive Structural Modeling Technique (TISM). After that, Matrice d'Impacts Croisés, Multiplication Appliquée à un Classement is known as MICMAC analysis, helps to identify the indirect relationship between barriers having high driving intensity. is known as MICMAC analysis, helps to identify the indirect relationship between barriers having high driving intensity. Finally, the DEMATEL approach was developed to establish the cause-effect relationship model between the barriers. Its purpose is to provide HR managers with an understanding of the relationship between the barriers and indicate the most critical ones that attach talent management with green human resource management for sustainability of an organization in the power sector of Bangladesh.

Introduction: Cola urceolata K. Schum is a plant of the Sterculiaceae family of the genus Cola. It is a species widely used in traditional medicine for its therapeutic properties and in food as a nutrient. Objectives: As part of the valuation of medicinal plants from the Central African Republic, the interest of this study is focused on ethnobotanical surveys, phytochemical analyzes and the antioxidant activity (DPPH) of Cola urceolata K. Schum. Methods: For the extraction, four solvents of different polarities (Cyclohexane: CYHA; Dichloromethane: DCM; Ethyl Acetate: EtOAc; Methanol: MeOH) were performed. Phytochemical tests were based on color reactions and chromatographic analyzes. The 96-well plate reader was used for quantitative analyzes of polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids and anthocyanins. Results: The results of the extraction showed that the methanol extract has the best yield of 8.21% followed by the cyclohexane extract 3.88%. The polyphenol content was better than the other quantified compounds. It varies between 8.90 ± 1.06 and 15.09 ± 1.58mg of gallic acid equivalent (EqAG). Qualitative screening showed the presence of alkaloids, anthocyanins, sterols and triterpenes. The inhibition of DPPH by the different extracts gave mean values ​​which varied between 4.65±2.85 and 15.17±4.60%. The results of principal component analysis (PCA) carried out using the «FactoMineR» and «factoextra» packages of the R software circle of correlation of variables. Conclusion: The phytochemical screening confirms the presence of certain molecules which can confer on Cola urceolata K. Schum its therapeutic virtues.

An important part of the production of dates is unmarketable or has a low commercial value. The valorization of this unmarketed production is done by the transformation. Among the old transformations anchored in the local traditional knowledge, there is the date syrup. It is a local product with great heritage value. Currently, there is a modernization of the production of date syrup, which leads to a regression of the traditional craft production of the product. This study aims to make a significant contribution to the knowledge and analysis of local know-how associated with this craft production. To this end, surveys were conducted in the oases of two regions of the pre-Saharan zones of Morocco, Alnif and Tata. The results of the survey provided information on the different aspects of the traditional manufacturing processes, from the choice of varieties used to the packaging and storage of the product.

This article tries to focus on the real behavior of young people in the management and protection of the environment in the Ziguinchor region. Indeed, the article was made possible thanks to a documentary analysis and a methodology based on a purely qualitative analysis. Thus, the results obtained show that the behavior of young people in dealing with the issue of the environment is relatively weak.

This paper represents an outline of the contribution of Value Added Tax (VAT) in Bangladesh in association with the GDP growth rate, the annual budget amount, and total government revenues from the beginning of vat introduction in Bangladesh. We constructed a correlation matrix using the Pearson and Spearman correlation methods, which was then visualized using a Heatmap to visualize the relationship between the variables. To evaluate the association among the variables, three hypotheses have been set and tested using ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and Spearman correlation. The data set have been developed from secondary sources combing the data of VAT revenues, GDP growth rate, the annual budget amount, and total government revenues from the very beginning of VAT's introduction in Bangladesh (1991-2020) to complete the study and test statistical models. According to our findings, VAT makes a significant contribution to government income generation, resulting in the coverage of budgeted revenues and contributing to consistent GDP growth. VAT, as an indirect tax, is now seen as a powerful fiscal weapon to meet the government's ever-increasing demand for revenues to support all development programs for countries transitioning from least developed to developing. VAT has a strong significant correlation with the annual budget amount, but no positive association with GDP growth rate or total governmental revenues, according to Pearson, Spearman, and ANOVA model findings. VAT can play a vital role in sustaining government internal revenue sources by bordering the basic tax base.

With the increasing demand for electrical energy, the design of electrical networks is becoming more and more complex to operate according to standards. The choice of devices for the installation of an electrical network would lead to many consequences such as loss of power, deterioration of the line due to overvoltages, etc. As a result, there are several methods of solving difficult problems, including metaheuristic methods. These methods, which appeared in the 1980s, are inspired by natural systems such as the particle swarm (PSO), the ant colony (ACO) and the genetic algorithm method (AG). The latter is a global research and optimization technique that is based on the mechanisms of natural selection and genetics, which can simultaneouly search for several possible solutions. In this work, it is a question of proposing a progam based on a metaheuristic method which will make it possible to optimally choose the elements of an electrical network. To do this, we first used the parameters of the Cameroonian North Interconnected Network (RIN) the proposed a program based on a genetic algorithm that we simulated with the characteristics of the latter using the MATLAB software in order to choose the best devices (conductors, insulators, pylons) for its implementation.

Electricity is missing or even unavailable in many localities in our country; while we have many power plants with large capacities (powers).This is partly due to energy losses in the networks. The transformers that are the essential components in the transmission and distribution of electrical energy have an aging population. The degradation of their paper/oil insulation system in the active part is the main cause. The dielectric losses in transformers due to this degradation (aging) are not taken into account in determining the efficiency of transformers. This paper shows that the dielectric losses in oil-impregnated paper-insulated transformers are becoming more and more important and are not to be neglected in the calculation of the efficiency of transformers due to their large number in electrical networks. With the help of DIRANA (Dielectric Analyzer), we made direct measurements of the dissipation factor and the capacity of the paper/oil insulation on real transformers in service in the electrical network in Côte d'Ivoire. In the following we calculated the dielectric power losses.

Due to its multiple functions, soil macrofauna plays a major role in the functioning of agroecosystems. However, its abundance and diversity can be influenced by various human activities such as agricultural practices. This study, initiated on ferric lixisols in the Sudano-Sahelian zone of Burkina Faso, aims to evaluate the effects of four agroecological practices on soil macrofauna. So, forty farmers' plots were sampled, based on a typology of cropping practices, associating water and soil conservation techniques (stone barriers) with generalized or localized (zaï) application of organic matter. Generalized input of organic matter is combined with mineral fertilization by microdose or not and localized input is combined with crop rotation or not. Macrofauna was collected, sixty days after sowing, using the monolith method. Three (3) monoliths were collected per plot. Manually sorted macrofauna was identified in the laboratory. The results allowed that thirty-six (36) families were identified whom the best abundant are: Termitidae (35 %), Formicidae (18 %) and Iulidae (7.7 %). Functionally, saprophages constitute 61.4 % of the population against 16.6 % of phytophagous, 13.9% of predators and 7.6 % of geophagous. Agroecological practices with uniform application of organic manure yielded the highest number of invertebrates (62.2 %) compared to localized application (37.8 %). The use of organic manure as an agroecological practice allows for better colonization of the soil by living organisms, provided that it is evenly distributed throughout the plot.

Morocco has undertaken a number of reforms that affect different aspects of its economy, but despite the substantial progress achieved by the country, the results in this area remain largely insufficient. Its productivity appears to be lower than that of other emerging countries. The private sector has not progressed, and firms suffer from weak productivity and economic growth, the productivity being one of the main drivers of both social and economic progress, it is essential to increase it by all possible means. In this sense, Moroccan companies must invest in research and innovation and must be a high level of flexibility to conserve and develop their productivity and competitiveness. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the impact of innovation and flexibility on productivity by conducting an empirical study with a sample of 150 Moroccan companies.

The purpose of this article is in line with the logic of analyzing the effectiveness of free education in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Free education is a law passed by the National Assembly of the Democratic Republic of Congo which stipulates that the government must take charge of the education of primary school children by relieving parents of the payment of school fees. In this article we will highlight the effectiveness of the said free education after an analysis of the survey results and propose some recommendations for the success of free education in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

The cross-border spaces of the districts of the Plateau are structured by complex activities, territories that are difficult to define but places that contain significant potential and opportunities for development between neighboring States. The objective was to assess the contribution of cross-border exchanges to the local development of the five communes of the Plateau. The quantitative data used concern, among other things, the collection rates of taxes issued in the Plateau department from 2015 to 2019 as well as the monthly income of cross-border trade actors. A total of 390 households were surveyed and 51 resource persons were interviewed during the study. The results obtained reveal that more than half of the players in the trade in manufactured products (55.90%) make a daily profit of at least 50,000 FCFA; (65.13%) of the traders in petroleum products surveyed earn more than 50,000 FCFA; among foreign exchange traders, 80.77% of them derive at least a profit of 5,000 FCFA from the daily execution of their foreign exchange activity. On the social side, 20.51% of the players surveyed said that this activity allows them to meet their basic needs. These points of expenditure are followed by other destinations of benefits such as schooling (15.38%), the purchase of means of transport (13.08%), the construction of housing on a rental or individual basis (12. 31%), ceremonies (11.54%) and savings in banks and/or micro-finance institutions (7.44%). It also contributes to the revenue of the local community through the taxes paid by the actors.

In sahelian contries like Niger, the market garden is a sustainable response to improve agriculture yet dominated by dry crops. This work is produced to analyze the technical efficacity and to identify socioeconomics and technical factors which explain this techncal efficacity. The approach used is the Stochastic Fronter Analysis and Cobb-Douglass is applicated as function of production. In order to identify the determiants of this efficacity, the Fractionnal Regression Model is used. It results that the efficacity scores averages are 44,51% for tomato, 51,81% for piment and 64,09% for cabbage. Between the farmer who is near the fronter and the farmer who is fare the fronter, we have a high contrast. The results show that being alphabete, access to vulgarisation, the farmer’s object and being near of exploitation improve the technical efficacity. However, selling in the exploitation, being in farmers’organisation and the contractualization with traders reduce the technical efficacity. This paper purpose to government and their partners to include rainy market gaderning in agricultural policy.

Bread may be made entirely with wheat or may contain other ingredients. A survey was therefore conducted in the ten municipalities to identify the type of bread provided in bakeries. This survey was followed by the analysis of nutritional quality. It appears that: four types of bread, namely bread made from 100% wheat flour and three other composite breads made respectively from 15% corn flour, also 15% bran flour and 20% flour of soy. The bakeries all produce 100% wheat bread. Only 30% of bakeries in Cocody offer 100% wheat bread, corn bread, bra n bread and soy bread. The water content therefore varies from 33.08% for soy bread to 37.22% for corn bread, whereas it is 32. 36% for 100% wheat bread. Corn and bran breads contain 62.78% and 63.58% dry matter respectively. it is soy bread that contains more protein with 6.13% followed by corn bread with 5.52%. As for the fiber levels, they vary from 7.39 (soya bread) to 14.31% (100% wheat bread). The carbohydrate content of soy bread is 48.56%. The energy values range from 293.64 kcal (soya) to 241.50 kcal (bran). The nutrient content in soy bread approaches that of standard bread. Its consumption can therefore be promoted.

The objective of the present study is to optimize seed cotton production by using ox dung in the BERE region of northwestern Côte d’Ivoire. The effect of ox dung was tested at a dose of 3000 kg/ha against 200 kg/ha of a mineral NPK fertilizer on cotton production. Two seeding methods regularly used by farmers were used in this study: flat seeding and seeding on ridges. The spacing of 80 cm x 30 cm with 2 plants per stake corresponding to the density of 83500 plants/ha were adopted. The experimental set-up consisted of completely randomized blocks with three replications. Observations were made on six agronomic parameters. Oxen dung increased the mass and yield of seed cotton by 19% compared to NPK, increasing their respective values from 3253.72 kg/ha for NPK and 3879.64 kg/ha for oxen dung. However, it induced low vegetative parameters of the cotton plants. The yield obtained with ridge seeding was higher than with flat seeding. The dung can therefore replace NPK fertilizer under the same growing conditions.

Natural lateritic gravels are the most frequent materials in French-speaking subtropical Africa and the most used for the construction of road infrastructures. However, some difficulties are often noted in practice, in the dimensioning phase, on the choice of the modulus of these materials which is often done using the empirical relation E = 5 * ICBR of CEBTP. The results obtained within the framework of the present study suggest that this relation gives modulus values higher than those obtained by exploiting the linear parts of the curves stress-strain CBR. This would lead to undersizing the pavement by applying this relationship.

Nowadays, public health interventions remain the driving force in promoting population health, especially in developing countries where communicable diseases still present a very worrying frequency. Despite the establishment of structured outreach teams, follow-up and monitoring are essential activities to ensure correction and catalyze effective delivery of immunization services. During this study, we conducted regular monitoring of AVM vaccination and motivated community health workers on sensitization, rumor management, and minimizing resistance to AVM vaccination in order to improve the AVM coverage rate and increase measles case reporting. Methods: A Quasi-Experimental Study and action research, led in the Karisimbi as an experimental Zone and Goma Health zone as a control Zone. Supervision of Community Health Workers was done by the team consisting of researchers at the health areas and the district-level health staff conducted supportive supervision of community health workers. During these supervisory visits, the team ensured knowledge of signal definitions and checked that community health workers correctly identified the measles cases, and the unvaccinated children and managed messages correctly. A structured interview was conducted for data collection and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were organized in the health areas for qualitative data to collect the opinions of community health workers on non-participation in measles social mobilization activities. A questionnaire grid and a focused discussion guide were used as data collection tools. The data collection was done in Kobo collection while the analysis and processing were SPSS 18 software. To estimate the degree of significance between the effectiveness of community health workers' training and the AVM vaccine administration, the study used the Odds Ratio test at a Confidence interval of 5%. Findings: The frequency of cases increased progressively over the months following the different techniques used for intervention. More than 4346 CHILDREN cases were vaccinated in routine activities and 4346 unvaccinated children at the VAR were recovered and 152 measles cases were identified. Resistance and rumors were circumvented by using model lessons from the presidents of the community relays through vaccination of relatives. Conclusion: The results showed that monitoring and follow-up had an important influence on the motivation of workers.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the biopesticide Prolaly on the improvement of productivity and quality of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The study was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three (03) repetitions. Treatments were carried out once a fortnight, using a sprayer, 21 days after transplanting (DAT). Vegetative growth parameters, statistically identical for all treatments at 32 DAT, were statistically different at 75 DAT. Phenological stages did not vary between treatments. The entomological data obtained revealed that the TB biological treatment was more effective in controlling whiteflies but less effective against Helicoverpa armigera. Furthermore, two diseases were observed in the experimental plot. They are a virus related to the spoon leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and a fungal disease related to collar rot. The incidences of virus disease on tomato plants were 80, 80 and 100% for TC, TB and T0 treatments respectively. Regarding fungal disease, the incidences were 20, 30 and 50% for TC, TB and T0 treatments, respectively. However, the highest healthy fruit rate (56.34%) was obtained with the TB treatment with a net yield (6.15 t/ha) statistically identical (p = 0.0230262) to that of the TC treatment (6.31 t/ha). Plant extract formulations would be an alternative in the biological management of diseases and insect pests of vegetable crops.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused the loss of several human lives and the global transformation of education systems throughout the world. It resulted to the fast transition of face-to-face teaching to distance education, especially in the developed countries, to prevent the dissemination of the pandemic among the students. However, because of the requirements and challenges of the online classes, the face-to-face courses had been restored with several restrictions. The objective of this research is to explore the perceptions of secondary school science teachers regarding the classroom management after the period of the confinement. The qualitative data have been received through individual and focus group interviews with six professors certified (mathematics, physics, chemistry and technology and life and earth sciences) and three of their pedagogical counselors. Regarding the barrier measures and other imposed restrictions, the results have pointed up the difficulties of the classroom management relating to the factors such as: classroom climate, communication, cooperation, physical organization of the class, conduct of practical work, management of behaviors and discipline and reduction of the feeling personal and professional efficacy. Concerning the convenient pedagogical practices that can help them to teach better, participants requested the implementation of professional development programs, related to the differentiated pedagogy and offered suggestions toward secondary school decision makers.

This work studies the association between certain internal governance mechanisms and the financial performance of companies. We focused on the characteristics of two mechanisms in particular, namely the ownership structure and the board of directors. Studying a corporate sample of 58 non-financial firms, multiple linear regression shows that with the exception of managerial and institutional ownership, the other traits of ownership structure and board of directors show an unexpected negative effect.

This study uses the Granger cointegration and causality test procedure developed as part of an ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) model to determine the effect of public sports spending on economic growth in Côte d'Ivoire. The results indicate that in the short term, consumer sports spending has a positive effect on economic growth, which is consistent with the Granger Causality Test estimates that reveal, two-way causality between operating sports expenditures and economic growth.

The control of fishing parameters holds a prominent place in the strategy put in place by the managers of this sector in Ivorian waters. This work focuses on the description of seasonal variations in fish production parameters in the Potou lagoon. The data was collected from January 2020 to December 2021 in the Vitré station from surveys and analysis of fishermen's catches. The values ​​of fishing effort, Catch per Unit of Effort and total production vary from season to season and from gear to gear. The total fishing effort is 9368 trips. It is higher (6576 trips) during the long dry season and lower (0 trips) in the short rainy season. Regarding the PUE values, they are higher (43.62 kg/trip) in the long dry season and lower (0 kg/trip) in the short rainy season. The highest catches are obtained in the long dry season with 274958.71 kg. Beach seines (231,524 kg or 35.90%) and gillnets (136,556 kg or 21.17% of total production) are the most efficient gears. The results of this work constitute a basic element for decision-making in the quest for a strategy for the sustainable management of fisheries resources in Côte d'Ivoire.

Benin's renewable water resource potential is no less important. In the basement regions such as the Collines department, the hydrogeological characteristics made of crystalline rocks condition the recharge of the aquifers and therefore the durability of the boreholes drilled. The objective of this study is to determine the potential groundwater recharge zones at the scale of collines aquifer systems. Thus from planimetric data made of geological, pedological, hydrographic, slope, land use maps; satellite images and technical data from 50 boreholes, piezometric level mapping methods associated with multi-criteria analysis methods were applied. It appears from the results obtained that the aquifer system of the Hills located in a hydrogeologically difficult zone is made of a strong potential of recharge. The piezometric levels vary between around 40 m and 320 m. The highest are located in the north (recharge zone) of the department and gradually decrease towards the south to minimum values ​​of 40 m. The general trend of the flow is from North to South with domes and depressions. The main domes are in the north in the municipalities of Bantè and Ouessè. Depressions are observed south of the communes of Savalou and Dassa-Zoumè. The domes constitute the groundwater recharge zones while the depressions are the discharge zones. Recharge areas require protective measures to avoid pollution in the aquifer system.

In agroecological zone 5 of Benin, agriculture is mainly rainfed and is closely linked to the evolution of the characteristics of the rainy season. This is intended to be a scientific contribution to the determination of the annual agricultural period linked to the rainy season at the scale of agroecological zone 5 of Benin. A reliable prediction of the start and end date of the rainy season would effectively help the preparation of fields, the mobilization of seeds, labor and equipment and also reduce the risk of sow too early or too late. The model of the cumulative percentage of average rainfall and the hydrological criterion, methods based on the analysis of rainfall at the scale of the study area, made it possible to identify the periods determining the rainy season in the study area. We observe greater instabilities at the start of the seasons than at the end. This trend differs according to climatic regimes.

Investigations on the state of potability of the city of Mao water consumption in the Kanem province in Chad were carried out in 2000. Three pieces of information (i) the physico-chemical analysis (ii) the bacteriological analysis and (iii) the piezometric measurements of the water points were crossed. The results show that 25% of the sampled water points have abnormal concentrations of nitrates of iron and ammonium total respectively 55mg / ml, 1.85mg / ml and 0.65mg / ml values that are beyond the limit of the national standard. These abnormal concentrations of chemical elements could have origins linked to human activities. Bacteriological analysis detects fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, fecal enterococci and total aerobic flora in 35% of the structures sampled and analyzed. Finally, the piezometric measurements show an overall low piezometric level in the city and highlight two piezometric domes in the center of the city which orient the direction of groundwater flow in all directions, converging towards the outskirts of the city.

Due to the spread of the Covid-19 pandemic, retailers in Morocco have been obliged to adapt their practices to this unprecedented context. The sanitary measures including the population lockdown led the retailers to propose alternative solutions in order to save their business but also in order to respect the measures put in place by the government. In this context, they have quickly started to adapt both strategic and operational marketing by offering new distribution channels that would allow consumers to buy from them on the one hand while reducing the time spent in the store and on the other hand to glean new market shares from competitors. To do this, they have relied on digital technology in order to face the imperatives of the pandemic but also to seize the opportunities that the situation could offer.

The objective of this work is the epidemiological, clinical and evolutionary aspects of the cases of domestic accidents recorded during the Covid-19 pandemic, and to evaluate the repercussions on their profile in terms of frequency, type and gravity. This is a descriptive and comparative study of cases of domestic accidents, admitted and managed in the pediatric emergency services of the Hassan II University Hospital of Fez, during the two periods before and during the Covid-19 pandemic, from July to December of the year 2020 and over the same period of the previous year 2019. There was an increase of 63.41% in domestic accident cases during the Covid-19 period. The average age of patients was high during the pandemic period (4.11 years vs 2.5 years) with a male predominance in the same periods. The analysis of the types of domestic accidents was marked by an increase in tracheobronchial foreign body inhalations in the Covid-19 era, from 7.31% to 16.41%, and intoxications, which rose from 2.40% to 25.37%. The symptomatology was dominated by digestive signs present in 42.53% followed by respiratory signs in 31.91% and neurological signs in 25.75% of cases. The evolution was, in general, favourable and remained similar in both periods, except for the death that occurred in one case in 2020 against none in 2019. The pandemic has changed the profile of domestic accidents in children and has had serious consequences for children's lifestyles.

A socio-environmental assessment on the installation of relay antennas in the city of Mbandaka, and their toxic effects on human health, was carried out in the districts of Mbandaka and its surroundings, in the province of Equateur, in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In these districts, the installation of relay antennas is done without respecting the standards in terms of communication. The field study revealed that the proliferation of relay antennas in the city of Mbandaka and its surroundings did not respect environmental standards, and this caused most cardiovascular diseases in the surrounding population. The results obtained show that: - No environmental impact study was carried out before the installation of these relay antennas. - 75% of the population uses mobile phones which makes this device the first advanced communication tool to be used. - 85% of relay antennas are installed less than 20 meters from residential houses. - 95% of respondents are ignorant of the danger of relay antennas. - The Environmental Impact Study did not take place before the installation of these relay antennas. - Most of the illnesses observed in the surrounding health structures are due to non-compliance with established standards for the installation of relay antennas. - 96% of GSM antenna sites located in Mbandakan did not comply with standards.

The objective of this work is to describe the epidemiological, clinical, biological, etiological profile and the management of pleural effusions in the pediatric setting. In this retrospective study over a period of two years, we collected 30 cases of pleural effusion in the pediatric emergencies of CHU Hassan II Fez, with an incidence of 0.51% and a male predominance of 56% of cases with a sex ratio of 1.3. The average age was 7.3 years. The incidence of cases was dominated by the autumn period with a peak in October. The average consultation time was 16 days, and 40% of patients received prior antibiotic therapy. Fever was observed in 92% of cases, cough in 68%, dyspnoea in 23.3%, chest pain in 46.6%. A fluid effusion syndrome was found in 83.3% of cases. On chest X-ray, pleurisy was very large in 50% and unilateral in 84%. Pleural puncture for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes was performed in 83.3%. The etiologies were dominated by pleurisy of infectious origin (60%), followed by tuberculosis (27%) and tumour causes (6.6%). Complications were pachypleuritis in 10% and reactionary pneumothorax in 6.6%.