This paper explores the intersection of informal settlements and pandemic resilience. The study emphasizes the historical context of pandemics and their correlation with urban design, highlighting the pivotal role of urban planning and architectural interventions in curtailing disease transmission. The methodology involves a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature from databases like PubMed, JSTOR, and Google Scholar, focusing on keywords related to informal settlements, urban interventions, architecture, and pandemics. The selected articles, primarily from 2020, undergo comparative analysis, leading to the development of a conceptual framework for pandemic resilience in informal settlements. Results from the literature review are presented in two sections: «Informal Settlements and Pandemics» and «Informal Settlements and COVID-19.» Findings underscore overcrowding, poor sanitation, and inadequate infrastructure as contributors to disease transmission. Case studies emphasize the significance of enhanced waste and water infrastructures, proper drainage, and improved housing design for pandemic prevention. Difficulties implementing public health guidelines, such as social distancing, in these settings are revealed. Additionally, digital connectivity disparities and multifactorial vulnerabilities of informal settlements to COVID-19 are explored. In conclusion, the study advocates for rethinking urban planning and architectural design to address vulnerabilities in informal settlements during pandemics, providing insights for post-pandemic urban remodeling, and emphasizing resilience in future health crises.

The onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most cultivated vegetables in Niger due to its use in food and medicine. The present study, the first of its kind on the production of bulbs from bulbils, aims to compare two onion production technologies in Niger. For this, a test was set up on the CACH experimental site which is located in the Niamey IV commune. The parameters studied were the rate of plant recovery, plant growth and yield and the characteristics of the bulbs at harvest. The results showed that plant height increased over time for all treatments. The analysis shows that there are significant differences between the treatments. The average number of bulbs per plot found at the bulbil treatment level (86.33±8,430 bulbs) is significantly higher compared to that of the seedling treatment (75±5,292 bulbs); the average weight of bulbil treatment (0.98 kg) is lower than that of seedling treatment (1.16 kg); the weight of fresh biomass from seedling treatment (0.3±0.1414 kg) is greater than that of bulbils (0.25±0.2074 kg). The study noted that the yield in weight for the seedling treatment (19666.67±2.129 kg/ha) is significantly greater than that recorded for the bulbil treatment (19000±1.211 kg/ha). Both techniques have proven to be effective and can be used successively so that the onion is available and accessible all seasons of the year.

In Morocco, the antimony indices and deposits are divided into three regions: Central Morocco which contains the majority of the indices, the Rif, the Tazekka and Tamlelt massifs. These mineralizations are mainly hosted in Paleozoic terrains, sometimes near outcrops of Hercynian granites outside their aureole of contact metamorphism. They are in most cases in the form of stibine with fracture filling. Antimony deposits are vein-like and belong to several morphological types: deposits of large fractures opposing those of small fractures to which a particular type can be attributed, including that of cracks, and stratiform deposits with mineralization disseminated within the rock sedimentary host. The pattern of distribution of antimoniferous mineralization in Central Morocco clearly shows their dependence on granite massifs. Lithological control is a key trap for the distribution of mineralization. The preferential alignment of these mineralizations is generally following the major fractures including two tectonic axes of NE-SW direction (Smala-Achemeche; Pays Zaïan-Haut Oued Beht), with a high frequency in the vicinity of the Carboniferous terrains and those of the pre-Carboniferous basement which constitutes the essential element of the search for new mineralized zones. In fact, it is the hearts of the anticlines as well as their flanks that are the best mineralized. Brittle tectonics played an essential role either at the local level of the deposit, or at the regional level of faulted anticlinal folds in determining the distribution of antimoniferous mineralization in the various massifs. The age of emplacement of antimoniferous mineralization is similar to the different massifs having been deposited at the end of the Hercynian orogeny.

The northern part of the Moroccan meseta is characterized by a number of deposits or showings of tin and tungsten. They are spatially associated with the Hercynian granitic massifs. The magmatic activity of the North-Mesetian basement is characterized by the establishment in the West and in the center of important granite intrusions: Zaër, Ment, Oulmès, of several pointings of lesser importance: Moulay Bouazza, Aouam, Oued Beht and massifs, still in a hypothetical state, such as the buried granite of Achemmèche (El Hammam). This magmatic activity has led to the establishment of stanno-wolfamiferous mineralization locally of economic importance. This comparative study presents a synthesis of the stanno-wolframiferous occurrences of Hercynian Central Morocco. The study focused on the mineralization of five localities representing the main Sn-W mineralized districts of Central Hercynian Morocco (Oulmès, Zaër, Ment, El Hammam, and Aouam). The characteristics of each of these mineralized occurrences are described before establishing a comparative synthesis given by way of conclusion. It specifies the similarities and differences between the different granite stocks of Central Morocco by identifying the points of analogy and difference of the Sn-W mineralized sites of Hercynian Central Morocco.

In the district of EI Hammam and precisely in the sector of Ticht Ouguas and along the fault of Jbala, which materializes in this place the abnormal contact between the anticlinorium of Khouribga-Oulmès and the synclinorium of Fourhal-TeIt, the presence sulphides disseminated in the sediments, the discovery of a major gravimetric anomaly in these sectors and above all the recognition and description, for the first time, of volcanic pillow lavas (pillow lavas), prompted the undertaking of prospecting for sulphide deposits. In this sense, two cored boreholes (SCJB1, SCJB2) of a few hundred m were implanted in the valley of the Boutoukret wadi upstream of the mine, almost on the route of the Jbala fault. The region of the Jbala fault has experienced multiple geological events, which can be summarized in two major stages. The first stage corresponds to Visean turbiditic sedimentation in an active context of synsedimentary tectonics, followed by a second stage which corresponds to a major deformation with a NE-SW structure (post-Visean event) materialized by the functioning of the inherited fault, a tourmalinization (introduction of boron probably in relation to a thermal flux of deep origin (placement of the Achemèche granite), shear under conditions of brittle deformation, and finally a placement of sulphides. The petrographic and mineralogical study of a certain number of samples from these drillings supplemented with those of surface made it possible to recognize petrographic facies (1) of the sedimentary rocks corresponding to an alternation of limestone benches, sandstones and dark pelites having undergone slight metamorphism hardly exceeding the degree of greenschist, (2) igneous rocks: diorites, dolerites and pillow lavas probably similar to a keratophyre, and (3) sulphides present along the entire length of the boreholes. Depending on the arrangement and lithological nature of the formations that host these sulphides, several types have been distinguished: either disseminated (essentially pyrite and pyrrhotite) or in fine laminae predominantly pyritic, or polymetallic (pyrite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and especially sphalerite) associated with carbonate levels, more or less skarnified and later in fissures parallel with the sulphides of the fluorite veins.

Background: Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) assessment and the determinants affecting it in the general population are essential to determine its needs and expectations. This work aims to evaluate the effect of educational level and marital status on HRQOL. Methods: Duke Health Profile was administered to a sample of 385 people chosen by quotas, living in Tetuan city in northern Morocco. Results: The Duke profile dimensions measured depend on the educational level, some of which tend to increase with studies increasing. Illiterate people have a bad perception of HRQOL for all dimensions, as opposed to those with high level of education. Marital status greatly influences the Duke profile dimensions. They was married people who express better HRQOL followed by singles, however divorced and especially widowed people had a bad perception of it. Conclusion: They was illiterate people, divorced and widowed people who perceive themselves in poor health and have a bad perception of HRQOL.

The report by the Platform of Civil Society Organizations in the Mining Sector (POM) highlights a significant increase in investments in the mining sector in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in recent years, particularly in the southern and eastern regions of the country. While these investments have a positive impact on the national economy, the forced displacement of local communities affected by mining projects disrupts their way of life. Despite the constitutional guarantee of the right to housing, practices of expropriation and relocation are common, raising questions about the coherence of Congolese legislation in this regard. The report emphasizes the need to examine this issue from a legal perspective, particularly regarding the expropriation procedure associated with forced displacements for mining projects. It raises questions about the compliance of investors with this procedure, sanctions in case of violation, and the level of compensation provided to affected communities. The central focus of the study is therefore on expropriation for the purpose of mining, with an emphasis on legal procedures and challenges faced by communities and investors.

The commercial profession is subject to strict rules regarding conflicts of interest, aimed at preventing situations where a merchant might be tempted to prioritize personal interests over those of their clients. In this context, legal restrictions on marriage can be seen as an extension of these rules, intended to prevent potential conflicts of interest that may arise from a merchant marrying someone with connections to their clients or suppliers. However, such restrictions may be viewed as infringing upon individual freedom and the right to marry. Moreover, they can be challenging to enforce in practice, given the difficulty of determining whether a person is involved in a specific commercial relationship. Ultimately, the justification for restrictions on merchants’ marriages will depend on various factors, including the nature of the commercial profession, the scope of commercial relationships involved, and the individual rights at stake. Therefore, authorities such as civil registries, bar associations, judicial councils, and national orders of certified accountants must carefully examine each case to determine if marriage restrictions are justified in the particular circumstances of the case.

The study of all this which is linked to hunting rites, as well as ideology, has always been important in Prehistory, especially for the Upper Paleolithic. The rite constitutes a particular moment from the point of view of the hunting of an animal, hunting of locusts, the death of a customary leader, hunting songs, death of a chief hunter. This study was carried out in the Tshofa sector, Lubao Territory, Lomami Province in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The survey method supported by the interview technique served as a framework for collecting useful information.

Since the 2013-2014 school year, Morocco has implemented the Moroccan Baccalaureate with the French option, commonly known as the International Baccalaureate with the French Option (IB French). The other two international sections - English option and Spanish option - have been in the experimental phase in certain regional academies and are gradually being generalized in the following years. It should be noted that the International Baccalaureate with the French Option is essentially a Moroccan baccalaureate with the only difference being that scientific subjects, particularly life sciences and earth sciences, are taught in French. Unfortunately, many of our teachers and students struggle to integrate into this process due to their level of proficiency in the French language. Several attempts are being made to upgrade our teachers and students: encouraging students to conduct scientific research in French, using ICT (leveraging digital resources in French), promoting oral and written expression, etc. These various attempts can have a positive effect on students’ language proficiency and can also facilitate classroom debates, which remain an essential tool for upgrading both students and teachers. Problem-based learning, therefore, remains a classroom practice that promotes both the acquisition of the scientific method and the improvement of language proficiency for our students and even our teachers.

This article carries out an in-depth review of the literature on organizational innovation, focusing on the main approaches, definitions, its typologies, characteristics and some theories of organizational innovation. The main objective of this work is to improve understanding of organizational innovation and to develop effective strategies for stimulating such innovation and improving organizational performance. The results of this article provide an in-depth understanding of the definition, types, characteristics and theory of organizational innovation. However, as with any study, this literature review provides researchers with significant contributions, but may also present certain limitations. The sources selected may not include all relevant publications. To this end, this work encourages future researchers to fill the gaps identified and maintain understanding of this type of organizational innovation.