The choice of the structure to construct according to the type of soil (lift) requires specific analyzes related to soil geotechnical behavior. The study is carried out on the basis of tests carried out in situ by the geotechnical laboratory of the OFFICE DES ROUTES along the Lubumbashi River. This allowed us to classify the soil and to reveal the different layers that constitute it, to reveal certain physical parameters on the one hand, and to know the permissible constraint on the other hand in order to size our structures. At the end of these studies it was retained that the soil surrounding the sheet pile curtain includes three layers at different depths, namely the laterite (a filler material), silt and dense sand. Our study is carried out in two phases, the first phase concerns the study of the soil while the second and final is concerns the choice of the structure to construct according to the type of soil (lift), since the structure did not exist yet.

Schistosomiasis is a considerable public health problem in Côte d’Ivoire, particularly in rural area. This study was carried out in location of Ahoué southern Côte d’Ivoire, sub-prefecture of Brofodoumé. The objective was to assess the epidemiology of schistosomiasis among school children in Ahoué located near a dam. Overall, 122 school children provided urine and stool sample. Stool samples were subjected to the method of Kato-katz, while urines samples analysed using urine filtration method. The results of the analyses of the urine and the stool revealed that the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis and intestinal schistosomiasis was 24, 59% and 6, 56% respectively. The differences between the prevalence of schistosomiases, the sex and the age brackets are not significant (P> 0,05). Of all infected children, more half (73, 33%) had light parasite density for urinary schistosomiasis and high parasite density (50%) for intestinal schistosomiasis. A questionnaire was administered to collect relevant information for schistosomiasis transmission. Principal factors of transmission whose frequentation of the dam, age bracket and fact of urinating in the dam were accused. This study was used to assess the level of endemicity of schistosomiasis and will allow considering the appropriate means of checking this disease.

Protein-caloric malnutrition is very frequent in the Third World countries particularly in the rural zones. The seeds of leguminous plants, in particular, those of lima beans constitute a significant source of plant proteins for the human consumption. The purpose of this study is to contribute of food safety by the valorization of seeds of three cultivars (white, red and black) of Phaseolus lunatus (L.) with the view to their more rational use in the different diets. With this intention, an ethnobotanic survey carried out in Côte d'Ivoire (Southern and East), showed that the seeds of P. lunatus (L.) well known by the old people. 84.46 % of the questioned women have a better knowledge of seeds of P. lunatus (L.) than men questioned with a percentage of 65.59 %. The cultivars differ from an area with another. According to the ethnic groups, the seeds are consumed in various forms (pulp, paste and alimentarus complement) and each ethnic group has its vernacular name.

The mangrove marine park (MCP), like any ecosystem under threat of anthropogenic pressures, needs to be monitored in order to guide its governance strategy. In this paper, we present the preliminary results of the potential of satellite images Sentinel2, optical and Sentinel1, radar, for the mapping of PMM. In general, the use of satellite imagery is justified notably by the potential it offers to carry out multiple studies (multi-scale and multi-temporal) as well as by the difficulties of access to the site which is essentially marine, and therefore Difficult to access by land. In particular, the use of radar is justified by the limitation of optical imagery which is inoperative under cloudy skies while PMM is during long weeks of the cloudy year. To perform this work, we used a Sentinel2 scene of June 18, 2016 and a Sentinel1 scene of May 21, 2016. We used an object-oriented classification, after photo-interpretation of the scene extracts. The results show that S1 can detect savannah, high mangrove, low mangrove, inhabited areas, (large) buildings and water with satisfactory accuracy. Like S1, S2 can detect savannah, high mangrove, low mangrove, inhabited areas, water, (large) buildings in addition to bare soil. These results highlight the potential of scenes S1 and S2 for the mapping of coastal zones in the tropical context. S1 thus makes it possible to detect the same objects as S2, with the exception of the bare ground. This is an important asset for monitoring this ecosystem because it is free from the clouds that cover the area of many weeks during the year and limits its monitoring by optical imaging. In terms of prospects, we consider the detection of oil slicks using S1 images and the use of images with better spatial resolution (Pleiades, SPOT6 and 7) in order to assess the importance of anthropogenic activities Within the PMM (encampments, carbonization ...).

The purpose of the current study was the assessment of the persistence of Ascaris eggs and Giardia cysts in sewage products and environmental components commonly implicated in the transmission of these pathogen parasites. In fact, wastewater and sewage sediments reuse for agricultural purposes has the potential to contaminate water supplies, soil and crops. The ability of parasites cysts to persist in the environment may threaten public health. So, destruction rates of parasite cysts and eggs in stored sediments, crops and soil were examined to help understand the fate of these agents in sewage products and environmental components. In lagoon stored sewage sediments, Ascaris eggs disappeared after approximately 180 days of storage versus 49 days for sediments stored under ambient laboratory conditions, and less than 18 days in dried sediments. Giardia cysts persisted less than one month lagoon-stored sediments, up to 24 days under laboratory conditions and less than 9 days in dried sediments. For parasites persistence on crops, Ascaris eggs persisted on lucerne for 6 days while Giardia cysts have not been detected for longer periods than 3 days after contamination. In soil, Ascaris eggs were not isolated in periods greater than 90 days, while Giardia cysts were not discovered 3 days after contamination induced by wastewater.

From 1999 to 2015, armed conflicts persist in the Province of Ituri. What justifies this persistence? How to analyze its dynamics? In order to answer these questions, we set out to present the context of the emergence of armed conflicts in Ituri and to analyze its dynamics. After analysis, we have come to the conclusion that the multiplicity of actors (state and non-state) involved in these conflicts with different issues is not conducive to the effective resolution of these armed conflicts. These conflicts emerged in a fragile state where Laurent Désiré Kabila's regional and international allies had wagered the end of his regime. In its dynamics, these conflicts favored the creation of different local armed groups, first on an ethnic basis, and then on the basis of several interests following the evolution of internal, regional and international socio-political relations. This justifies the play of alliances and counter-alliances between different actors and consequently the persistence of these armed conflicts.

The inventory of macroinvertebrates was studied from samples carried out at 15 stations distributed over the longitudinal profile of the river. Sampling was conducted monthly between June 2015 and May 2016. The macrofauna surveyed consisted of 39,718 macroinvertebrates individuals belonging to 91 taxa (genera and species), 42 families, 13 orders and 7 classes. The community is largely dominated by Insects which have contained 82.41% of the total richness of the macrofauna collected. The molluscs were composed of 12.08% of the total richness. Annelids and crustaceans were the poorest groups in the population. The Coleoptera represented the most abundant order in individuals number and the Thiaridae constituted the most abundant family. The study showed a seasonal variation in the abundance of taxa where stations were most abundant in individuals number during the rainy season with high density.

This article presents our analyses, in a didactical approach of the relationship to knowledge, from the didactic writings relating to situations of teaching-learning of the Pythagoras’s theorem, which writings have allowed us, with manual and official programs school most used in the DRC at the level of 3RD and 4th years secondary, to define, in terms of “3C relationships” [Rap1(Relationship of Knowledge), Rap2(Relationship of comprehension) and Rap3(Relationship of contextualisation)] relations that an individual or institution can maintain with the Pythagoras’s theorem, on the one hand; and put on feet, from the notes of 3C relationships defined in this study, three levels to appreciate the evolution of the relationship to knowledge of students to the Pythagoras’s theorem, including the level “low”, “medium” and “high”, on the other hand. This allows the operationalization of the relationship to knowledge on the didactical plan. The article also has some variables that we used to enjoy their possible influence on the relationship to knowledge in study, among students in the classes of Scientific Humanities of a school chosen to test the feasibility of the didactical study of 3C relationships.

The location, location and mapping of hidden facilities make it possible to avoid the risks of accidents and other nuisances that can cause material and human damage during the various phases of planning and construction of a project. Hence it is important to identify these to solve several problems on a given site. Damaging these buried utilities during construction work, urbanization continues to be one of the major risks for different industries. Currently, it is important to update information on hidden utilities that will serve several scientific disciplines during field work and for successful projects involving excavation, well drilling, exploration drilling, leveling And construction in the field of civil engineering. Bluestake (picketing and marking) processes identify and locate the various hidden utilities such as underground piping, ducting and cable systems, sewers and other installations that can emit a frequency that can be detected during field prospecting . Accordingly, the Blue stake processes are based on the geophysical prospecting method, see the electromagnetic approach using an apparatus consisting of a transmitter, a receiver, electrodes, the ground rod and the electromagnetic field clamp which Of the searched utility sends a detectable frequency and then locates it for mapping.

This article studies the relationship between the foreign direct investment (FDI) and the industrialization. It examines the impact of the FDI on industrial performances in a sample comprising thirty nine African countries within the period extending from 1980 til 2015. The estimation technique hinges upon the generalized method of moments along with instrumentation of variables based on dynamic panel data. On the one hand, the results of different estimations proved that the FDI does not contribute to the industrialization of Africa. Contrarily, the latter has a positive and significant impact on added value by manufacturing integrating interaction variables. On the other hand, the FDI contribute significantly to the amelioration of the added value in the industrial sector. The positive and significant effect characterizes the five African regions in a distinct manner. This disparity is essentially due to the availability of natural resources and the difference in inter-regional economical and political structures. Based on the aforementioned results, it is advisable that African countries reinforce the FDI in favor of industrialization in order to assure an adequate structural transformation of the continent.

In this article, we first present a theory cadre about the fuzzy flow and we propose a variant of the algorithm of Ford and Fulkerson which permits to calculate the maximal fuzzy flow.

The monetary politics is one of means of interventions the more used by the public powers in the life economic of the nations. This paper shows indeed, how this politics in DRC contributes to the stability of the funding of the macroeconomic setting in spite of the numerous uncertainties that enameled the environment international financial macro and the pressures on the public expenses. The profile of the economy proved to be dominated by the maintenance to a level satisfactory of its growth under the impulse of the mining production, of the sector of the construction, of the trade of thick and of detail as well as agriculture. indeed, since 2010, the Government and the BCC committed to preserve the stability of the general level of the prices while perpetuating it on the long term. This engagement permitted a backing of conception and setting of the budgetary policies and the realization of all quantitative targets established by the monetary programming, to know the rate of inflation, the monetary stock and the monetary basis to the strict sense as well as the stability of the change market.

L’étude a été conduite pendant 3 ans à Maradi et à Niamey. Elle vise à connaître les caractéristiques du système d’approvisionnement en fourrages des élevages urbains et périurbains. Un suivi périodique a été effectué sur 13 axes routiers et 22 points de vente des fourrages au niveau des 2 villes. Les enquêtes saisonnières auprès de 174 acteurs portant sur les caractéristiques des fourrages, ont été conduites. L’analyse bromatologique des 16 échantillons de fourrages prélevés sur les marchés, a été faite. L’analyse multi-variée des données a été réalisée avec le logiciel SPSS 10. Les résultats ont montré que les fourrages commercialisés proviennent des champs, des périmètres irrigués, des vallées, des plateaux, des jachères et des enclaves pastorales. Ils appartiennent à 34 espèces reparties en 14 familles dont les Poaceae (41,1%), des Fabaceae (14,7%), des Mimonaceae (9%), Ceasalpiniaceae (6%) et 29% pour les 10 familles restantes. Les résidus de cultures ont constitué 48% à Niamey et 55% à Maradi des fourrages vendus. Les principaux acteurs de la chaîne de valeur fourrages sont: producteurs, collecteurs, vendeurs, transporteurs et acheteurs (éleveurs, détaillants, unités aliments/bétail). La vente des fourrages est pratiquée par les hommes adultes (841,4%), les adolescents (12,50,71%) et les femmes (3,50,71%). Les fourrages riches en azote (MAT≥ 8%) sont les plus chers. La récolte et la vente des fourrages sont des activités créatrices d’emploi et génératrices de revenus substantiels mais représentent à long terme une sérieuse menace pour l’équilibre agro-écologique des systèmes de production et de l’environnement périurbain.

The exploration of the Central sedimentary basin in Democratic Republic of Congo, focused on geological, geochemical and geophysical studies, as well as well drilling, started early in nineteen fifty with several foreign organizations including the Belgian firm REMINA. Coupled with field work carried out by the Congolese national oil company, this work resulted in the confirmation of the surface index at several sites, as well as the recognition of the potential mother rocks, reservoir rocks and cover rocks. In this work we contribute to the development of a geological model of the petroleum system of this sedimentary basin based on the interpretation of Bouguer anomalies. After analysis the results are represented in the form of maps. Apart from the surface index, mother rocks, reservoir rocks and cover rocks already confirmed in this area, these results have enabled the identification of places with large sediment thicknesses or central deposits and areas likely to trap hydrocarbons in this basin. Our model of this sedimentary basin allows to locate the maturation zones of the mother rocks, gives an idea of the direction of hydrocarbon migration, help identification and the location of the probable geological structures favourable to the accumulation of oil in this area.

Data relative to trees growth rates seems fragmentary for many tropical species in the Congo Basin, and several studies question the growth diameter values used by the government. In this study, an approach for tree-ring measurement using Geographic Information System tools (softwares ArcMap and Photoscan) was tested on two commercial species from tropical African rainforest (Iroko- Milicia excelsa and Afrormosia- Pericopsis elata). The aim of this study was to evaluate the precision gain of the GIS tools used in the estimates of diameter increments and to compare the results with the values recommended by the Congolese Forest Administration (DRC). Diameter increments were calculated through semi-automatic procedure to the nearest 10-5 mm. For all classes of diameter, the mean annual increment is 6.65mm/year for iroko and 4.66mm/year for afrormosia. We observe that the values used by the forest authority (5mm/year and 4 mm/year for iroko and afrormosia respectively) seem to under-estimate growth rhythms. The method used can be applied to other commercial tree species with distinct and annual tree-rings for providing new data in order to fill knowledge gaps on the growth rates of tropical trees.