The purpose of this article is to review the aspects related to cement chemistry, more particularly to the process of clinkerization in the cement rotary kiln. The article also discusses the process engineering of cement manufacturing. Despite the increasing tendency to use substitute materials (fly ash, and blast furnace slags, pozzolans or volcanic ash, etc.), clinker is still today the most used material for producing cement. In this work, we discussed the mechanisms and parameters controlling the reactivity of the clinker phases, whether it was major or minor phases. Alite ((CaO)3.SiO2) or C3S) remains the most important phase in the mineralogical structure of clinker. We have also addressed the question of the partial melting of the charge, which the literature attributes to the presence of two oxides considered as the most melting (Al2O3 and Fe2O3), which are found in the form of aluminate phases ((CaO)3.Al2O3 or C3A) and Ferrite ((CaO)4.Al2O3.Fe2O3 or C4AF). The kinetic parameters of different clinkerization reactions are also discussed. The limitation of the CaOfree and MgOfree contents in the clinker is appropriate for a good reactivity of the clinker. The process evolution is also commented and discussed.

Inventories of water users are a vital step in the management of water resources. And new technologies such as GIS, remote sensing and DBMS help to facilitate the collection, management, and exploitation of data collected during inventories. This study is being carried out as part of a project launched by the Loukkos Watershed Agency which aims to carry out inventories of water users in its area of action. For effective management of water resources, it is necessary to identify all water withdrawals for irrigation, industrial or drinking water purposes. This study enabled, on the one hand, to update the inventory of the main water samplers of the Oued Laou Basin which is part of the Lukkos Basin Agency intervention zone, and on the other hand, the development of a database of sampling points and their characteristics and a Web mapping application to facilitate the consultation of these data by the ABHL. Information control is a major issue for any organization at the operational, decision-making and strategic levels. GIS has made a significant contribution to databases as it provides, through geographic information, a unifying framework for data and powerful tools for interpreting, analyzing and representing this data.

In a context of quest for economic emergence with growth and social development objectives, investment in research, development and the launch of new products is of great importance. As the risk of failure in the launch of new products is still current, our research is an extension of the work focused on the key success factors of new products. The main objective of this article is to analyze the impact of word of mouth on the intention to buy new bottles of mineral water by Cameroonian consumers while checking the possible moderation of this link by the gender and age. Data collected from a sample of 683 Cameroonian consumers allowed us to test the three hypotheses formulated. The results reveal (1) that there is a positive and significant effect of word of mouth on the intention to purchase new bottles of mineral water (10 liters, 0.33 liters and 0.30 liters); that (2) men are more sensitive to word of mouth than women and curiously that (3) the group of consumers over the age of 30 tends to express a greater intention to purchase new bottles of mineral water as a result of word-of-mouth exposure only the 0 to 30 age group.

The Ebrié Lagoon is the most important lagoon system in Côte d'Ivoire. This ecosystem is today facing enormous risks of pollution. These are characterized by the water quality deterioration and a strong disturbance by metallic pollutants. In this study, the level of arsenic contamination of water and sediments in the western part of the Ebrié Lagoon was determined on a year. Water and sediment samples are taken monthly from February 2014 to January 2015 in continental and marine areas. Arsenic is analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry at the wavelength 538 nm according to the EPA method, 2007. The seasonal variations in arsenic showed a significant difference between the continental and maritime areas. The results show that the water and sediments of the continental and maritime areas in the western part of the Ebrié Lagoon are contaminated by arsenic. The high values of water/sediment coefficients suggest that the sediments of these areas constitute an arsenic reservoir for the water column. The physico-chemical parameters studied have a strong correlation with arsenic. This arsenic pollution could disrupt the biological balance of the environment and adversely affect biological integrity and human health.

Blood Exposure Accidents (BEA) are a daily risk faced by the staff of Kolda’s Regional Hospital Center (RHCK).The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of BEA within this structure and to identify their main determinants. We have done a cross-sectional, descriptive study for an analytical purpose carried out over a period of two months. A total of 81 professionals agreed to participate in the study. Forty of them were victims of BEA (49.3%). The average age of the victims was 36.7 years. Women were the most affected (65%). 45% of victims were previously vaccinated against hepatitis B, before the occurrence of the accident. Nurses were more numerous (42.5%) and maternity was the service where the most victims were collected (25%). The mechanism of occurrence of the accident was dominated by the bite (82.5%). The most common procedures involved were surgical suture (20%), injections (20%) and catheterization (20%). The reporting rate was 66.7%. No contamination was observed. Several risk factors for the occurrence of BEA have been identified. They are psychological (stress, tiredness), organizational (overloaded and/or perforated containers, overwork), environmental (lack of lighting, unsuitable premises). Other factors were related to the patients (agitations, emergencies). In addition to this, there is a lack of respect for standard precautions as well as a lack of training and awareness among staff. Conclusion: the study has shown the need to raise awareness, train and improve the working conditions of caregivers.

The rural communities benefiting from PIT NGO's funding struggle to take ownership of the projects carried out in their localities, despite their participation. This is the case of the communities in the area of intervention of the Sokodé Program Unit which has 256 villages in the prefectures of Tchaoudjo and Tchamba. This article aims to identify the factors that explain the non-continuation of projects after the end of their funding. Thus, while all the respondents state that PIT is the initiating institution of participatory diagnoses, they are 8,08% of respondents to find effective the training of the facilitators (external and local), against 63,64% who consider it less effective and 28.28% who find it completely ineffective. In addition, 100% of the members of the ad-hoc committees, against 60% and 40% of those of CVD, 75% and 25% of agents partners and 20% and 10% of agents of PIT, respectively recognize in this NGO and communities, the structures that identify the projects to be carried out. Moreover, during the implementation of the projects, all the respondents denounced the haste with which the community trainings are organized, the lack of practices on the ground after the sessions in theaters and the post-project monitoring mechanism. All these factors are the result of the injunctions and deadline requirements that International Plan has to face from the donors and the combined lack of qualified resources within the partner structures for the development of a mobilization mechanism. funding, as well as post-project monitoring.

The study in relationship with endogenous adjustment of agroecosystems and security feeding to climate change and perturbation has been conducted to South-Kivu throughout an investigation by questionnaire near 422 chiefs of agricultural households in the global purpose to contribute to a lasting management of agroecosystems and the comprehension of dynamic functioning of exploitations of natural resources throughout the identification of strategies set by the agricultural household to fight against harmful effects of climate perturbation in their activities. The study has shown that in South-Kivu, adjustment strategies are especially reactive and their adoption by agroecosystems exploiters is very slow and in the government programs, the adjustment of the sector of the feeding production to climate change is not yet among priorities. This conducts to encourage political deciders, farmers and Scientists to set agroecological techniques and practices the systems of assurances to agricultural risks and installs the precocious alert system in each territory to warman inform agricultural on the evolution of environmental parameters.

The reference diagnosis of Pellonula leonensis stock exploitation at Taabo Lake was established, in part, through the characterization of the shore seines used in the fishery this Fish species, and on the other hand, the rate of mature specimens, the percentage of fish at optimal size, and the percentage of super-breeders. The results of our study shows, that there is no correlation in the assembly of seines. The correlation between fall and length is - 0.43. The distance between the rope and the length is 0.07. The value of the relationship between pocket length and purse length is low (0.65). The mesh at the level of the net plies are composed of 4.63 to 25.04 mm and those of the pockets vary between 2.48 and 6.64 mm. The seines with P. leonensis are differentiated by their length with corollary 3 types of seines (large, medium and small). The current status of the technological characteristics of P. leonensis seines has a negative impact on this Fish species stock equilibrium at Lake Taabo. The biological indicators applied to this stock under exploitation shows, that this species is fully exploited. The rates of juveniles, and those at optimal size in the catches are respectively 49.38% and 61.27%. P. leonensis in Taabo Lake is threatened because the super-breeders reach 9.23% in catches. In addition, this species is captured before length of first sexual maturity. The length of this Fish species at the optimal size (33.49 to 40.93) and the size at first sexual maturity (31.85 mm) can serve as a reference for any co-management plan for "Mimie la goʺ fishery in Taabo Lake.

The common hippopotamus belongs to the threatened species that urgently need conservation programs. In this perspective, a study on the relationships between the species and human was conducted in areas surrounding the Ouémé River in Benin. This study aims to assess the types of damages caused by hippopotamus and conflict mitigation solutions- in order to facilitate pacific cohabitation between hippopotamus and human. A total of 180 people were interviewed in 6 villages using structured and semi-structured interviews. Our results indicated that the main damage caused by common hippopotamus was crops raiding (81.67 % respondents). Most respondents (53.89 %) declared that hippopotamus caused damage to their crops in farmland during the whole year, but period for raids varied significantly between villages (χ2= 57.926, p < 0.0001). This study highlights the necessity to implement mitigation measures in order to promote pacific cohabitation between hippo and human.

The decision to grant credit to a small and medium-sized business (trader) by FBNBANK is essentially based on the analysis of its liquidity. However, other criteria such as the evolution of operation of the account, the guarantee or validity of demand, the seniority of the relations with the bank, the importance of the turnover, financial structure can also influence the decision of the banker. This study has highlighted determinants essential to decision to grant credit to merchants that must be used by commercial banks, and those used by FBNBANK. At the end of this analysis, we say that FBNBANK's credit granting determinants to small and medium-sized businesses are a special way of managing credit risk for its clients. They are defined by the bank taking into account origin of credit risk as well as their implementation and constitute a common standard for the various parties involved in the credit granting decision in order to allow a good credit risk assessment. You have to analyze the credit file, analysis of balance sheet and profit and loss account, the analysis of financial balance and know personality of company manager. The bank focuses on company's debt capacity and the resource structure it has. This analysis is made on basis of calculation of different ratios before registration of loan requested by the merchant to examine consequences of its possible granting.

The importance of microfinance is well established. Morocco is leader in the MENA region according to Mix Market, CGAP, Sanabel, World Bank reports ... .etc During 2007-2008, a crisis - coinciding with the global economic and financial crisis of 2008 - rocked the sector. What are the causes, the consequences and the measures taken to get out? are the big questions this work is trying to answer. In fact, two hypotheses guided the present work: - The reality of the microcredit sector can be apprehended through the print media. - The decline in time gives a complete vision and reveals the future trend of the sector. Thus, an analysis of a body of 25 articles, from the daily L'Economiste, covering the period from 2009 to 2015 revealed a trend that does not contradict the content of activity reports of microcredit associations. and unveiled a profound change that is shaking up the sector and precipitating the transformation of microcredit associations into microfinance institutions. The situation of the sector is not transcribed in time, the evolution concerns a more or less long period. In addition, the newspaper respects its editorial line: disseminate economic information, so the study of occurrences shows that the social side is very marginalized.

The present contribution aims to question the past to highlight that the tourist success of the seaside resort of Agadir has roots anchored in the past that only History can decipher. It is certain that Agadir was well attended by Westerners. The travelers and the travel relationships who have praised them are not lacking. Some even predicted its future importance, it is as an example of Germain Mouette, or Henri Dugard who predicts that it will attract tourists later. Through the writings and impressions of travelers who have traveled this region, we will try to reconstruct this past while insisting on the opinions of those who predicted the future growth of Agadir and this even before the advent of tourism. mass. The political decision to close the port to trade affected this coastal city, a state that lasted until it reopened. This changed the situation and allowed the influx of capital and also Westerners. It should be noted that during the protectorate, Agadir was developed as a tourist city. After independence the same tourist policy that favors this seaside resort, was continued.

The goal of this study is to enlighten the decisions of economical operators who would like to undertake or pursue the activities of Internet trade in DRC Beni town. To conduct this analysis, the observation method has been very useful. This study was motivated by the socio-economic consequences of the closing and/or decline of Internet shops. By socio-economic consequences we mean the loss of employment on the one hand and the downfall of incomes on the other hand. Most customers now rarely visit an Internet cafe for the causes linked to the access costs while they are regularly connected thanks to their telephones at a lower cost. This leads to the decrease of the number of customers and hence a considerable shortfall in revenues. Out coming from this study is that entrepreneurs interested in Internet services will have an additional tool to enlighten their choice. In fact, this study will have demonstrated the realities experienced on the ground and the necessary strategies to cope with the competition, to rise and/or keep up the revenues.

The purpose of the article is to analyze the efficiency of groundnut processing units using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. The study was carried out in the district of Covè, a district in central Benin where groundnut processing agribusiness is quite developed. Data were collected from 120 groundnut processing units. The results obtained show that 30% of the processing units studied are in a situation of increasing return to scale, 35% in a situation of constant returns to scale and the rest is 35% in a situation of Decreasing return to scale.

Teaching physics in the DRC (Democratic Republic of Congo) basic to the PPO (Pedagogy by objective) with a focus on what the learner needs to know at the end of the lesson. In this literature, we try to renovate this teaching by putting a focus of problem based learning by the APC (Approach by competence). This approach allows the learner : - to improve the assimilation of the learned concepts and to concretive them by concrete realizations; - to mobilize the resources. - to develop the competences. On this we propose some lessons on the heart with a new methodological structure. Somme schools in the DR Congo have been successful because the APC has significantly improved the overall performance of even the weakest learners.

Protein and energy deficiencies and mineral deficiencies are public health problems in developing countries. So the aim of this study is to produce formulations of different infant flours in order to contribute to the fight against malnutrition. Formulations are made from attiéké flour and cashew kernel flours (unfermented cashew kermel flour and fermented cashew kermel flours, 10%, 15%, 20%). Different physico-chemical and functional analyzes are carried out. The results showed that the incorporation of the two types of cashew meal into the attiéké flour increases the protein value of the attiéké flour. Protein levels increase proportionally with the incorporation rate. These values range from 7.53g / 100g FAFCNF10 to 10.62g / 100g for formulations with unfermented flour and 8.23g / 100g FAFCF10 to 11.53 g/100g FAFCF20. Other results range from: moisture (3.33 g / 100 g - 4.66 g / 100 g); ashes (1.60 g / 100 g - 3.20 g / 100 g); Fibers (0.57 g / 100 g -3.84 g / 100 g); lipids (0.18 g / 100 g - 6.68 g / 100 g); carbohydrate (91.16 - 74.92); swelling (298.33% - 158%); solubility (23.05 g / 100 g - 31.77 g / 100 g); (523 kcal / 100 g - 378 cal / 100 g). Cashew almond flours significantly improve the nutritional value of attiéké flour.

Referring to the ecology of iatromatical problems to the rate interest in mathematical manuals of the sixth form of the primary school, we have realized a descriptive study of the praxeologies used in the most dominant manual, considering the tropical needs connected with. Above the identifications of the praxeologies of that manual, not only have we characterized and evaluated them in following the institutional reports of the national program to the knowledge in study, but also following the aids « arranged » for the pursuit of mathematical activities. The hierarchized praxeologies, traditional, incomplete, and recurrent are pointed out. They inhibit the life of proportional thinking.

This article aims to propose a theoretical research model around information systems to explain the process by which information systems contribute to the global supply chain resilience by taking into account the users’ point of view contributing in different activities of the supply chain. Methodologically, we have used a theoretical exploration of the choice of reference models for inter-organizational information systems in the context of the supply chain. The results obtained from this research enabled us to justify the evaluation dimensions used for our research as well as the extension variables of the reference model.

Multiple myeloma is a little-known disease in young adults, it is rarely reported before the age of 30, even less if it is light chains. We report a case illustrating one of these exceptional situations. It has characteristics as organic sounding extended and favorable response to treatment despite diagnostic delay. We wanted to take the opportunity to raise awareness about the possibility of myeloma in adults at any age.

The present study was led during two crop years (during years 2011 and 2012) at the Research station Inera-gimbi to evaluate the performances of 11 varieties of rain rice under the édapho-climatic conditions of the sector of Bundi. Ten varieties of rain rice (BAIBINGE 1, INERA 7, INERA 8, IRAT 112, IRAT 216, IRAT 341, IR 47686-13-2-2, NERICA 4, NERICA 7, LIENGE) were used in comparison with local witness NGAMBI. The adopted experimental device was that of the complete blocks randomized with three repetitions. Each variety occupied a compartmental dimension of 5 m X 2 m. Several agronomic parameters, namely the percentage of recovery, tillering at 45 days after sowing, the period of 50 % flowering, the period of maturation to 50 %, the height with the insertion of ear, the height of the plants with maturity, the behavior of the varieties vis-a-vis the pyriculariose, the length of the panicles and the output were evaluated with harvest. The data obtained were evaluated by using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The comparison of average was carried out using the smallest significant difference (PPDS) with the threshold of probability of 5% and 1%. The results obtained indicate that there are significant differences between the varieties for all the evaluated parameters. Five varieties (IR 47686-13-2-2, INERA 8, LIENGE, IRAT 112, and NERICA 7) gave outputs significantly higher than local witness NGAMBI. These varieties in addition had a good resistance to the foliar pyriculariose. So they were regarded as powerful under the local conditions of Gimbi.

A study was led to the station of the National Institute for the Study and the Agronomic research (INERA) of Gimbi, sector of Bundi, territory of Seke-Banza, province of Kongo Central, Democratic République of Congo, during the farming years 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 in order to evaluate the various clones of cassava cultivated in the agroecologic conditions in this part of the country. Thirteen cultivars of manioc including 11 clones (2008/003, 2008/019, 2008/0223, 2008/0330, 2007/0305, 2007/021, 2007/071, 2007/030, 2007/084, 2007/089, 2007/0102) and 2 witnesses:local (Anti-ota) and improved (Obama) were evaluated in a test installed according to the device of the blocks completely randomized with 4 repetitions. Several parameters were observed to know the date of plantation, the duration of the time of the plantation to the recovery, percentage of recovery 1st MAP, the incidence and severity of diseases (CMD, CAD, CBB…), the ravageurs (white Fly, Thrips, CART and others),le diameter with the collet, the height of the plants with 3,6,9 and 12th MAP, the height of ramification, the number of collected seedlings, the index of harvest,le a number of marketable and nonmarketable roots, the color of pulp, the output of tuberoses roots. The results obtained indicate that in 12 months after plantation clones 2007/0305 with 18,937 T/ha, 2008/0223 with 18,852 T/ha, 2007/0102 with 18,410 T/ha, 2008/003 with 18,312 T/ha and 2008/0330 with 17,873 T/ha had an output higher than the improved witnesses than local (Obama with 17,610 T/ha, Anti-ota with 9,335 T/ha). The African mosaic was observed at the local witness with a weak incidence. In spite of the significant differences observed between the performances of these varieties, one noted in general that the averages of the four evaluated parameters expressed a tendency to the growth up to 15 MAP.

The purpose of the present study carried out with Patu in Democratic Republic of Congo, was to inventory the non-timber forest products (NTFP). For that to make, of the direct observations on the land, of the socio-economic investigations, and of the interviews concerning including the aspects of consumption of the non-timber forest products (NTFP) have been organized in the sector of Patu. These investigatings had for goal to get some information concerning use and the merchandising of the PFNL by the populations of the farming zones. The results obtained indicate that the consumption and marketing of the non-timber forest products (NTFP) show the socio-economic importance which they have in the life of the populations.

This work tackles the problem of accessibility to drinking water in the cracked areas of Côte d'Ivoire. On the Ivorian portion of the Niger River watershed, the problem is acute because the reservoirs built to feed populations with potable water are not properly supplied these last years and are subject to a very high eutrophication. A multidisciplinary approach combining Remote Sensing, Multicriteria Analysis and Spatial Reference Hydrogeological Information System was adopted to map the groundwater potential of the Basin. The mapping of groundwater potential zones shows that the Niger basin has good and excellent availability of groundwater (59% of the total area). This good groundwater availability is due to a low slope and good fracturing density which lead to good water infiltration in the aquifers. The identification of potential sites for access to water shows that nearly 60% of the basin's area is favorable for the establishment of high flow rate structures. On the whole, these aquifers have good accessibility (59% of the total area) and good exploitability (90%).

This study carried out on the methanol extract from the bark of the Manilkara mabokeensis plant, in order to determine the active principle and its effect on the strains of Staphylococus aureus, Shigella sp and Escherichia coli. Two methods of antibiogram (dilution and diffiusion) were used. The methanol of diffusion in solid medium (Mueller Hinton), induced growth inhibition diameter of 20mm, on E. coli and Shigella sp, respectively. However, the S. aureus brain multiplied around the plant extract disc. For the dilution method, the minimum inhibitory concentration was 0.07 for E. coli and 0.09 for Shigella sp. Therefore the extract of the plant was found to be active with a bactericidal effect for E. coli and bacteriostatic effect for Shigella sp. Chemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, the power and quinones. These results confirm the use of this plant to treat some cases of infections observed in the traditional workplace.

The malaria is one among the major problems of public health in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). We can notice today that even though the progress observed in the struggle against this curse and the important means placed at disposal by the international community, some big gaps exist as for the results of land between regions through the world, the countries and even of the meaningful differences inside a same country. The national strategic plans 2016-2020 of the RDC plan a stratification of the malaria for a differentiation of interventions according to the strata. Our study is the descriptive and analytic type survey has the object to show the difference of behavior in the use of the MILD in the sanitary districts covered by the PARSS/RDC project. to achieve this survey, we used the data collected by the PARSS project. Among the individuals interviewed at the time of this investigation, we kept the women old 15-49 years of the health areas sampled for the investigation. The results show that among the factors of stratifications that discriminate the sanitary districts better, one can mention the natural gates making difficult the geographical accessibility in some zones; the lack of adequate infrastructures for the circulation of goods and people. For achieving the struggle better against the malaria in a vast country as in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) , with a diversity of biodiversity and culture, a stratification of the needs and the policies of approach can drive to the results.

In this paper, we evaluate several criteria of vibration analysis signal in the temporal field. The objective is to evaluate their ability to detect a single or multiple fault, their ability to evaluate the severity of a bearing fault, and their ability to detect sound gearing or faulty gearing in different fault configurations created on the gear and bearing mounted on an experimental test stand. In order to evaluate the robustness of each criterion, operating parameters of the machines are taking into account in the experimental design to carry out tests under various conditions of use of the machine. We take into account parameters such as speed and load that we experiment different values to determine their influences on the criteria studied. If we identify the criterion under these conditions, then it is very likely that this is the appropriate criterion to detect the type of defect involved.