The concealment, disguise or avoid knowing the origin or nature of money is considered a crime whose name is money laundering or money laundering. This subject of study that is increasing every time, has caused justice to intensify its regulations to combat it. In the same way has turned those who favor this activity into real cover money. Many attribute the beginnings of money laundering to Colombia, a country identified with drug trafficking, which turns out to be the main cause for this crime that significantly harms the economy of each country, being considered as a global problem. This country has taken many measures to prevent money laundering, as well as intensifying and strengthening penalties for those discovered in the crime of money laundering. These have favored its decline. In Ecuador, a neighboring country that is currently experiencing the same social and criminal problems, no preventive measures have been applied that reduce money laundering by a large percentage, facts that favor drug trafficking and other crimes so that money laundering not only increase, but intensify. In the present work we will study the current laws of the Colombian country as the Ecuadorian in an analytical and comparative way to know the aspects in which each legislation could improve.

Le monde urbain peut être appréhender et analyser suivant cinq ordre de réalités caractérisant les théories classique; il s’agit de la ville comme ordre morphologique, la ville comme ordre politique, la ville comme ordre naturel, la ville comme ordre interpersonnel et enfin la ville comme ordre psychologique. Toutefois Vincent kaufmann pense qu’il est nécessaire de dépasser ses théories classiques dans la mesure attendu qu’elles postulent plus au moins implicitement que la vie urbaine est enchainée dans des territoires aux frontières certes multiples, mais nettes et relativement solides, et elles affirment que la ville serait douée de la capacité de faire unité et société. Il ne s’agit de nier les différents ordre (morphologiques, politique, naturel interpersonnel) mais de la nécessité pour une théorie urbaine de comprendre le monde urbain en mouvement en répondant à trois principes :d’abord considérer la matérialité de la ville tout en prenant en compte les différentes logiques d’action des citadins, ensuite dépasser la conception aréolaire et statique de l’espace pour laisser apparaitre un espace réticulaire et rhizomique, et enfin se focaliser sur les mouvements de la ville tout en distinguant la notion de mobilité de celle de fluidité, tout en évitant d’éviter le développement des théories exclusives et totalisantes et d’occulter les relations heuristiques entre la réflexion et l’analyse théorique et la recherche empirique.

The study describes the quality of working conditions of the Rolling Personnel (Machinist) at the national railway company of Congo and its impact on their performance and health. 50 employees compose the sample. The descriptive method, the direct observation, the interview and the job analysis form of Professor Kabambi Ntanda from the University of Kinshasa constitute the research tools. The results indicate that these personnel work in extremely bad working conditions and present dangers. As a result, the employer should intervene as soon as possible to save the physical and mental health of this Personnel.

The study of water disinfection by photosensitization with methoxy-5 psoralen showed complete inhibition of fecal coliforms after 60 minutes of exposure to the light at all concentrations used (0.006; 0.2 and 0.340 g / l). The kinetic study shows that the kinetic constants are classified in the following order: 0.11; 0.15 and 0.17 min-1, respectively for 0.006; 0.2 and 0.340 g / l. In the other hand, for the faecal enterococci, complete inhibition was observed after 5 minutes of exposure at all concentrations used (0.006; 0.2 and 0.340 g / l).

Objective: To make available epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic data on hand trauma at Matanda Hospital in Butembo. Methodology: It was a descriptive retrospective study that was carried out from 1st January 2013 to 31 December 2017. Results: Hand traumas were mostly seen among males with 87% of the cases. The most affected age group was from 20 to 29 years with 35.2% of cases. The most concerned socio professional layer was military with 27.8% and road traffic accidents were the first cause of the trauma with 33.3% of cases. Wounds were the most common lesions with 37.1% of cases. According to the injured side, the right hand was the most affected with 51.9% of cases and surgical treatment was the most used with 46,3% of cases. Conclusion: Hand trauma is a major public health problem because of its severity and the socio-professional consequences it engenders. An improvement in its care is essential to minimize the sequelae.

If for some researchers, a pupil who didn't master the objectives of training must take the school year, such is not the case for others. The increase doesn't improve the pupil's output; on the contrary, it plays negatively on her incentive, her degree of stress, her esteem of oneself, her social integration, her behavior and even on her personality. After analysis of the data of this paper, we have concluded that the increase is not beneficial, nor to the learners, nor to the state that spends a lot of money and means for these pupils in school difficulty. Thus, the state must consider other options to avoid the waste of funds, which had to help the Congolese school to be performed.

In the present paper, we examine different obstacles that prevent the teaching efficient of the biology, especially in her aspect of the human reproduction. Thus, at the time of the teaching of this scientific discipline, the matters that don't make the unanimity exist. For some, all matters must be taught to the pupils to the point. While for others, the relative matters to the human reproduction, the sex, etc. must not be taught to the school, to the risk to push the pupil to the experimentation. Of where, it is necessary to wait that the nature teaches them. Reason for which, we wrote this paper to mean to the readers the different obstacles bound to this teaching.

Introduction and purpose : The prescription of the serum protein profile is useful in the diagnostic orientation of certain immune, inflammatory and nutritional diseases. It is recommended by the senior health authority who defines the conditions. We study the conditions of this prescription by evaluating its relevance in the hospital services of Ibn Rochd University Hospital in Casablanca. Method : a descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted by a questionnaire containing 23 questions, 4 closed questions, 14 multiple-choice questions, 4 closed-ended questions and an open-ended question form 48 doctors. Results of the study : 81.8% of doctors have not been trained in serum protein profile and 72.9% have gaps in their knowledge of the protein profile. 55.7% of doctors say that biological advice is a great contribution. Conclusion : A relevant prescription requires a good enough training and complementarity between clinicians and biologist because of an accelerated diagnosis.

In Morocco, the religious field and the political sphere are structurally interwoven, thus, the first serves as cement for the action of the second. In this way, Moroccan political diplomacy in sub-Saharan Africa cannot be dissociated from the religious dimension in view of the historical narrowness of the spiritual links between the kingdom and this part of Africa. The Moroccan state has thus built its continental stature and in particular its African foreign policy by relying on two tracks in order to reinvigorate its diplomacy, the first relies on tolerance and religious openness in order to reinforce its image as open to pluralistic dialogue. And the second revolves around the fight against terrorism, in a global context threatened more than ever by security threats.

Augmentation of labour with oxytocin is still a common practice in our environment, but remains a high-risk molecule. The purpose of this study was to describe the practice of augmentation of labour with oxytocin in Goma. It was a retrospective study about 412 cases stimulated over a period of 6 month period in three reference hospitals in Goma, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. The usual descriptive statistics were measured according to whether the variable was qualitative or quantitative. The results reveal an augmentation rate of 54%. The protocol of augmentation of labour with oxytocin protocol was not respected in the majority of cases: the bishop score not evaluated in 56.8% of the stimuli with 91.3% of cases stimulated by a dose of 10 IU diluted in 500 ml and a high flow rate ≥ 9 drops per minute in 15.4% of cases, short intervals of increase ≤ 29 minutes in 18.5% of cases and 90.6% of stimulations were not monitored by tococardiography. Augmentation of labour was more indicated by general practitioners and was monitored by more than half of midwives. Hypokinesia was the main indication. In more than one third of the cases, the increase intervals and the increased drops were not reported. The practice of augmentation of labour with oxytocin in the city of Goma do not meet the standards of the World Health Organization and a study on the maternal-neonatal prognosis after the augmentation of labour with oxytocin proves essential.

Sensory stimuli in the interactive ambient advertising design is the title of the research, which is focusing on achieving the sensory stimulation of the recipient by stimulating the five senses (touch, hearing, sight, smell and taste). The technological and technical development has led to the ease of using the special methods to deploy sensory stimuli in the interactive ambient advertising design. This depends on stimulating the senses of the recipient in simple ways of implementation and innovation in the era of advertising. It is known that each sense can be raised in a different way by working on many different ideas to convey the precise message to the respective audience, emphases on the importance of research in identifying the correct forms of sensory stimuli in the recipient and their impact on the design of the interactive ambient advertising and achieve the desired results from this. The research assumes that the use of these outcomes contributes to the achievement of the attractions and dazzling of the recipient and then reminds them of the intended message. The research follows the analytical descriptive method through the investigative study by selecting interactive ambient advertising models, understanding the explanation and analyzing steps of implementation, followed by applying functional learning of some innovative new designs.

The current survay aims to determine chemical parameters’ modifications of soils of Tectona grandis and Acacia auriculiformis trees of Djigbé and Ouèdo classified forests. On effect, chemical parameters (pHeau, pHKCl, organic carbon, total nitrogen, assimilable phosphorus, exchangeable cation K+) of trees soils of teck aged of 3, 7, 22 and 37 old years and Acacia auriculiformis aged of 2 and 6 old years at Ouèdo have been determined. A part from pHeau, and pHKCl, the same parameters have been determined in the litters under those trees and the linked herbal temporally abandoned soils. Statistical analyses have been performed with statistical Analysis Software system Version 9.2 and have been compared by the means of Newman Student Keuls’ test at 5 %. The litters are significantly (p < 0, 05) richer in organic carbon, total nitrogen, assimilable phosphorus and potassium in comparison with soils. The pHeau shows that the soils under trees of teck aged of 3, 7, 22 and 37 old years of Djigbé and Acacia auriculiformis aged of 2 old years are average neutral, but those under Acacia auriculiformis aged 6 old ages at Ouèdo are average acid. This research has helped to show that the soils under these trees have importante activity in mineral for the phosphorus and weak in (C, N and K+).

In a competitive environment, the act of shopping goes beyond the simple function of buying, it can be a source of emotions, fantasies and sensations hence the utility of taking an interest of e-consumer's behavior in order to make it a source of differentiation. So it is to offer consumers an environment that adapts to the evolution of their expectations without marginalizing the purchase in itself, these are the conditions that contribute to the creation of value for the Internet user. So the objective is to combine creativity and innovation in order to offer the consumer navigating on the Net a unique experience both gratifying and hedonic. Considering all these elements, this research aims to determine the impact of the perceived value in virtual environment on the consumer's behavior.

The yearly global percentage fraud loss was on the downward trend, with only 2013 being an abnormal case. Again, telecom revenues went up gradually from 2008 to 2017. PBX hacking and Subscription fraud appeared for all the years (2013 to 2017) in the top 5 fraud methods, and for fraud types, subscriber/identity (ID) theft was prevalent in 2008 and 2011 but did not show up in the top 5 for 2013, 2015, and 2017. Rather, lately, that is from 2011 to 2017, interconnect bypass fraud and International Revenue Share Fraud (IRSF) have become prevalent. Five fraud types and methods stand out: Subscription Fraud, PBX Fraud, Subscriber/Identity (ID) theft, Interconnect Bypass Fraud (IRSF), and International Revenue Share Fraud.

The general objective of this work was to contribute to the general body of knowledge and research work in the area of post-merger and acquisition organizational performance and performance improvement in the Telecommunications industry. Again, it was also aimed at coming out with conceptual and theoretical frameworks that could be helpful to mergers and acquisition researchers and Telecommunications global firms who acquire Telecommunications companies in Africa or emerging markets, to ensure continuous performance improvement in the short to long term. This work employed purely secondary data from mergers and acquisitions literature and author’s personal experiences of mergers and acquisitions to come out with frameworks. Four theoretical frameworks were developed from the conceptual framework. Each of the theoretical frameworks can be used to determine post-merger and acquisition organizational performance from the perspective of the employee, the customer, and the non-customer. The theories behind the frameworks have also been discussed thoroughly. These frameworks can be employed by any researcher who would like to research into post-merger and acquisition organizational performance.

Rice is a major crop in the world and South Kivu. However, its cultivation still underdeveloped in our country, more than 200,000 tons of rice were imported in 2010.manystudies have shown that high yields can be produced in the province of South Kivu, which could contribute to the reduction of these imports. The use of fertilizers is one of the strategies for increasing rice production in the world. The experimental design used was the split plot with as main plot the variety (VO46 and FC56) and the secondary type of fertilizer (NPK, Manure, NPK-Manure and a control). The combination of these two factors gave us a total of 8 treatments including 6 from the combination of variety with fertilizers and 2 corresponding controls to variety grown without fertilization. These treatments were repeated three times. We proceeded to the germination and transplanting of 2 plantlet per planting hole at the spacing of 25x20 cm. The farm manure used at transplanting period (71gr / pouch) and 13g of NPK 17-17-17 or the NPK-Manure combination was hanged per pouch. The results showed that there are statistically significant differences between treatments (fertilizers) and between the varieties studied (P = 0.011). Control plots yielded an average yield lower than fertilized plots. In addition, the plots fertilized with NPK alone yielded a lower average yield (3.4 t / ha) than those of the other plots fertilized (5.4 t / ha) but higher than that of the control. The VO46 variety fertilized with the NPK-mixed organic fertilizer gave a significantly high yield (5.4 t / ha) compared to the FC56 variety (4.1 t / ha) fertilized with the same combination.

Untold unemployment has evolved in Congolese urban areas. Basically, there are movements that take place between the countryside and the urban centers, the mass dismissals of workers in the private sector and the closure of a few companies. The objective of this study is three-fold, namely to identify the causes related to the proliferation, the resilience and multiplicity of "Zandu ya Bitula" markets in Kisangani; to determine the advantages and disadvantages of these markets; and, finally, to identify the categories of the Kisangani population who frequent these night markets. After data analysis, the results showed that the unemployed population as well as state civil servants are those frequenting the "Zandu ya Bitula" markets. The factors underlying the emergence of these markets are numerous, notably the maximization of revenue, time saving, selling foods at all cost because of lack of means of conservation, avoiding to pay taxes, lack of spare time, supply for the following day as well as the possibility of selling foods that are out of legal control. Disadvantages of these markets are: risk of theft, purchase of stolen goods, risk of diseases and multiple harassments.

This article is dedicated to the retrospective analysis of the mechanisms for drawing up public policy on wood resources, particularly for the artisanal exploitation of timber, from 2006 to 2016 in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In the light of the results obtained, during 11 years, 73% of the regulatory acts were taken against 18% of the political acts and 9% representing a legal act. This equates on average to 1 act per year. In short, as constructed, all these acts have been taken most spontaneously or following complex political agendas labeled as "opportunistic." Therefore, they weakly shape sustainable development from the established sector in study.

This article aims to understand the different relational configurations forming the backdrop of the artisanal timber sector in the Tshopo region in the Democratic Republic of Congo and their implications for sustainable local development. Thus, in terms of three types of relationships noted, namely coalitions, negotiations and conflicts, it is shown that this sector is dominated by weak links whose social capital is generally held by artisanal miners, modeled by the weak public policy. As a result, local development suffers as the rules of the game are much more strategic than impersonal.

Mercury is a metal whose physical, chemical and toxicological characteristics make it one of the most monitored metals in the world today. The Republic of Benin is certainly not industrialized; however, it presents risks of contamination of its ecosystems by mercury. This publication, as a prelude to research work on the mercury pollution of rivers in the Republic of Benin, takes stock of existing work relating to the said pollution of the waters of the southern Benin basin. It highlights some scientific work on mercury pollution in surface water, as well as plausible sources of contamination. It is apparent from publications that have addressed the issue that mercury pollution of soils and waters, with their sources, has reached disturbing limits. In fact, the use of pesticides in the cotton basin of Benin has caused mercurial pollution of the soil from 22.3 to 33 ppb. As for surface water, a mercury pollution of the order of 181.2 to 616.9 1μg / L, was obtained against 6μg / L recommended by WHO.

The region of Bab Taza is one of those mountainous areas that are experiencing a great dynamic of the slopes. This dynamic is manifested by the appearance of several types of mass movements that are responsible for the degradation and loss of soils on the slopes. To limit these losses of land in space, techniques are used such as: gabionage, runoff and reforestation. Their effectiveness depends on the cartographic expression, which delimits the stable, unstable or precariously balanced zones. After the distinction between stable and unstable areas, the work of fighting against these instabilities begins with the installation of correction techniques based on field work, laboratory and cartographic expression.

The objective of this study is to study the phytochemistry of the anti-bacterial activity of thirteen plants used in traditional medicine to treat typhoid fever in Benin. For this fact, we carried out the phytochemical screening, then the antibacterial activity was carried out by the micro-dilution method. The dosage of polyphenols was made on the extracts having exhibited good anti-salmonella activity. Phytochemical screening has revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins (gallic and catechic) and flavonoids for all plants, as for other secondary metabolites, they vary from one plant to another. For the forty-five [H2O, EtOH (96%), CH2Cl2-MeOH (V / V)] extracts, the extraction yield ranged from 3.3% to 23.78%; the CH2Cl2-MeOH extracts have the best yields followed by ethanolic extracts. The evaluation of the anti-salmonella activity of the forty-five extracts on seven strains of Salmonella (clinical isolate and reference) made it possible to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the active extracts following the biological screening. The ethanolic extract of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides and CH2Cl2-MeOH from Azadirachta indica are the most active in inhibiting four types of salmonella with MICs ranging from 250 to 500 μg / mL. The determination of the polyphenol contents showed the richness of these plants in these compounds and we noticed that the activity of the extracts varies according to their content of flavonoids. The results obtained confirmed the anti-salmonella potential of certain plants at the concentration tested and constitute a scientific database for the research of phytomedicines.

Art is not nature, but its modified nature resulting by integrated new relationships generating a new emotional response, as the artist depends on different formative systems in the construction of the artistic processes based on the non-ending variety of diverse and Differentiated systems in the nature, Where the environment and nature around us in its different manifestations is the main source of inspiration for all artists, regardless of different artistic methods of these artists, but is the reference and the test on which the artist depends on in the provisions of his artistic work, in terms of drawing form and achieving the foundations of the work of art, including aesthetic values Which differ in terms of different artists' visions, which leads to the contrast between them in dealing with these aspects, as each artist has his own vision in dealing with the various elements around him. However, the artistic vision that existed in arts in the past decades no longer there in the light of the recent scientific changes in tools, devices and computer systems that have emerged with the developments of modern science. In this sense, this research aims in combining modern science and taking advantage of its developments and techniques in the field of art, and creating distinctive artistic visions in different art fields, to come out with new aesthetic and artistic values derived from the nature around us.

In this paper I argue that master-narratives, that is to say the great ideological and religious systems in the modern world, are essentially despotic. These systems are, in some cases, barriers to the prosperity of the individual; they impede the human progress and impoverish the soul and the mind. The dominant cultural and political discourses in the modern world produce a miserable version of human identity; they create an identity which is too close to fanaticism and xenophobia, and too far from aesthetics and creativity. To resolve this ontological impasse, the author of this paper suggests a return to creative philosophical-thinking whose aim is to give rise to an identity of creativity, open-mindedness, and beauty.

The reduction of aerodynamic drag is a primordial element to reduce the energy consumption for ground vehicles, thus reducing greenhouse gases. This paper reviews on methods of controlling the wake flow of bluff body to reduce its aerodynamic drag. The study is limited to methods that allow a significant drag reduction greater than 3%, studied on generic cars, in the last eight years (2010-2018). There are two main methods of controlling the wake flow: passive control (vortex generator, underbody device, deflector, tail plate …) which is based on the installation of a device on the car to modify the vortices and active control (steady blowing, pulsed jets, suction, fluid oscillators…) witch modifies the wake of a car by setting up an additional energy. In addition, other methods allow coupling between different techniques. There is a wide variation in the drag reduction obtained for all these methods. Some of them can be industrialized and others are limited by design and habitability constraints.

This article highlights the contribution of the psychological approach to conflict in understanding the behavioral responses of humans in their interaction with their environment; in fact, to analyze and apprehend a conflict, is first of all to understand the different theories that are the most diverse in order to elucidate its complexity.

In Morocco, some so called ‘‘forgotten fruits’’ such as the ‘‘Zizyphus Lotus’’ fruits and the ‘‘Arbutus Unedo’’ fruits can be valorized in the context of regional sustainable development as local products. In addition, there is a rapidly increasing prevalence of the urolithiasis in the world. The Urolithiasis involves the formation of crystalline aggregates called "urinary stones" that are developed in the urinary tract, usually in the kidneys or ureters, but may also affect the bladder or urethra. The aim of this study is to evaluate the in vitro anti-lithiasic activity of selected ‘‘forgotten fruits’’. The anti-lithiasic activity was evaluated against the aggregation of calcium oxalate. ‘‘Zizyphus Lotus’’ - and ‘‘Arbutus Unedo’’ fruits samples were taken from six zones from Beni Mellal-Khenifra region. The seed of the two fruits species were subjected to a grinding mortar. The samples have been subsequently, submitted a cold maceration using distilled water during 48 hours. The study of the crystallization of calcium oxalate has been carried out by the polarizing optical microscope (PLM). Some aqueous extracts have an anti-crystallization effect on the aqueous solution of the studied lithogenous species.

Biology can be perceived as a difficult subject to learn due to the conceptual leaps required to understand particular biological topics. In some areas of this discipline, part of the difficulty may be associated with acquiring sufficient imagination to visualize particular concepts, and acquiring sufficient visio-spatial abilities to apply the concept to practical use. This study investigates the use of 3D animation as an aid for teaching the synaptic transmission concepts at baccalaureate level in Morocco. An experiment was conducted with two groups of baccalaureate Earth and life sciences students to ascertain if animation can be used to support the teaching of some concepts in nervous communication such as synaptic transmission. The results of this experiment show that animation can be useful more than static representations.

Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide; non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is the most common, accounting for 85% of all lung carcinomas. Methods: This was a retrospective study of 399 cases of lung carcinomas who were managed between January 2011 and December 2016 at surgical pathology department at Hassan II university hospital of Fez (Morocco). The clinical, radiological, histopathological, immunohistochemical and evolving details were collected from patients’s files. Results: There were 316 men (79%) and 83 women (21%), with a mean age of 59 years. The tumors size was classified as T1 (2%), T2 (19 %), T3 (15 %) and T4 (64%) According to the 2009 UICC TNM classification, the majority of cases were in stage IV (82%). Histological examination found 262 adenocarcinomas (66%), 78 squamous cell carcinomas (18%), 47 neuroendocrine noeoplasms (11 %), 16 metastasis (2,3%) and 2 carcinomas NOS. The immunohistochemical staining was done in 365 cases (92%). Cytokeratin7 was positive in 84% of cases, including 93% (214) adenocarcinomas versus 4% (9) neuroendocrine carcinomas and 3% (7) epidermoid carcinomas (p = 0.000001). TF1 was positive in 55% of cases with 86% (158) adenocarcinomas, 14% (24) neuroendocrine carcinomas and 0% squamous cell carcinomas. CK5 / 6 was positive in 86% (35) squamous cell carcinomas versus 14% (6 cases) adenocarcinomas. P63 was positive in 99.7% of the squamous cell carcinomas versus 0.3% of adenocarcinomas. Chromogranin A and synaptophysin were positive in 100% of neuroendocrine tumors. Overall, a discordant intratumoral immunohistochemical heterogeneity was rarely observed. Although TTF-1 appeared specific (97.3%) and sensible (86.2%) in the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma. After a median follow-up of 11 months [3-28 months], the median overall survival was 23 months. Overall survival rates were 50% at 23 months. In univariate analysis, 5 factors were statistically associated with overall survival. These factors are the histological type (adenocarcinoma versus squamous cell carcinoma versus neuroendocrine neoplasm), size tumor (T1-2 vs T3-4), lymph node status (N0 vs N +), stage of disease (I-II vs III-IV) And the performance score (PS 0-1 vs PS2-3-4) (Table 8). It is noted that overall survival is improved in patients under the age of 60 years, female, performance statute (PS 0 or 1), non-smoking, with adenocarcinoma, localized with a small size tumor (T1 / 2) and N0. Conclusion: Lung cancer are the leading cause of death in men worldwide, and, for many years, researchers are struggling to stop its progression and improve prognosis. In our experience locally advanced and metastatic adenocarcinomas are most common with a mean decrease of survival for delays diagnosis and the management, which joins the literature data.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) patients may have arthritis in early stages of the disease. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of anti-CCP in SLE patients from Morocco and its association with HLA class II alleles. Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (Anti-CCP) were measured using ELISA in 88 SLE patients with and without arthritis. Levels ≥ 25 units/ ml defined a positive test of anti-CCP antibodies. Positive anti-CCP was detected in 8 % of SLE patients whose 85.71% % with arthritis and 14.28% without arthritis. The mean titer of anti-CCP antibodies in the SLE group was 83.75 U/ml. HLA class II alleles typing was performed by polymerase chain reaction-sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP). We found an increase of HLA-DRB1*04 frequency and decrease of DRB1*07 frequency in SLE patients with anti-CCP positive. In the Moroccan population we demonstrated the presence of high titer of anti-CCP in SLE. Results from our study also identified the frequency of HLA-DRB1*04 allele is increased in SLE with anti-CCP positive.