The Sclerocarya birrea or Marula tree is a multipurpose forest species widespread in Africa and little studied in Niger. This study focused on the processing of its fruits in order to better contribute to its technological valorization. The samples were collected in two regions followed by their processing by extraction juice from pulp and oil from kernel before their physicochemical and biochemical characterization. The results showed that the Brix degree, the pH and the titratable acidity of the juice varied respectively from 8.40 ± 0.36 to 11.80 ± 0.20 °B; 2.55 ± 0.73 to 2.67 ± 0.66 and 7.77 ± 0.25 to 18.92 ± 0.52%. The quality parameters of oil showed that the acidity index varied from 7.4 ± 0.01 to 18.71 ± 0.01 KOH/g; the saponification index from 275.34 ± 0.02 to 298.03 ± 0.01 mgKOH/g; the iodine index from 7.23 ± 0.02 to 22.96 ± 0.01 I2/100g and the peroxide index from 0.16 ± 0.01 to 9.2 ± 0.00 meq O2 /kg. The fatty acid profile showed a richness in saturated, mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids with essential oils 3, 6, 7 and 9. The fruits of S. birrea thus demonstrate a great potential and a very rich and exploitable composition for several purposes and can be an alternative in contributing to the food and nutritional security of rural households.