The energy issue has two aspects: fossil fuels are depleting more quickly than ever before, while energy consumption is rising rapidly. Conventional sources like coal, oil, and natural gas used to satisfy the demand, while solar and wind energy are becoming more and more popular. Energy stored in biomass contributes to the production of renewable electricity and heat. Bio-energy can be a pivotal sustainable renewable energy option that can tackle numerous stumbling blocks in the energy section and contribute to developing rural areas with sustainable solutions. We have studied in case of the rural and undeveloped areas of Bangladesh for this research which can also be implied in the case of rural areas of other underdeveloped countries. Cow urine has been proposed to help meet some energy demand, especially in rural communities. This resource, abundant in rural cow farming, is generally considered waste and could be utilized to generate a substantial amount of electricity. Cow urine is an alkaline solution and serves as a source of electrolytes in the power cell. From urine collection to production, the whole model has been evaluated through Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) process to check the system feasibility. This article describes numerous surveys to find the different aspects and demand ratios of using inexpensive electricity from an end-user point of view. The proposed project works on an elementary basis of chemical reactions and, in turn, generates current flow. The main configuration uses an anode, cathode, alkaline electrolyte (fresh urine), and a connecting wire; the imbalance of the electron makes it possible for the current to start flowing to neutralize the imbalance. In this article, we propose a community-based tri-faceted community currency system with the aim that exchange held within the local economy results in additional economic benefits for that locality and promotes other green projects. Therefore, a hybrid approach of solar power, cow urine-based power, and IoT-based distribution systems are proposed, which will offer a significant advantage in renewable energy research and solve the scarcity of electricity to a greater extent. This proposed system will draw a line to meet the SDG 2030 goals.

Post-harvest losses refer to food losses that occur between harvest and consumption, i.e. before the product reaches consumers. The objective of this study was to establish a diagnostic and evaluative situation of the three sectors tomato, potato and cabbage, in terms of post-harvest losses (PHL) at the various levels of the value chain in high production areas in Niger. On one hand, 12 groups of around 60 members each were interviewed in focus groups separately, and 120 producers (10 producers per group and by product) were investigated on the other hand. The study identified the different types of PHL, the extent of these losses, the main factors behind these losses, their impact on the producer’s income and their consequences on the food and nutritional security of households. It also made it possible to identify the strategies adopted by producers to cope with these significant losses. The results of this study showed that most of the PHL are caused by physical, microbiological and physiological factors, except for potatoes where the bad faith of wholesalers devaluating an important quantity of the product, remains the main constraint causing enormous qualitative losses to producers (about 35 %). The study filled a gap in the field of post-harvest food losses, particularly in the case of market gardening. The professionalization of actors in pre-harvest techniques and their support with small processing and/or preservation equipment’s remain an alternative.

The Sclerocarya birrea or Marula tree is a multipurpose forest species widespread in Africa and little studied in Niger. This study focused on the processing of its fruits in order to better contribute to its technological valorization. The samples were collected in two regions followed by their processing by extraction juice from pulp and oil from kernel before their physicochemical and biochemical characterization. The results showed that the Brix degree, the pH and the titratable acidity of the juice varied respectively from 8.40 ± 0.36 to 11.80 ± 0.20 °B; 2.55 ± 0.73 to 2.67 ± 0.66 and 7.77 ± 0.25 to 18.92 ± 0.52%. The quality parameters of oil showed that the acidity index varied from 7.4 ± 0.01 to 18.71 ± 0.01 KOH/g; the saponification index from 275.34 ± 0.02 to 298.03 ± 0.01 mgKOH/g; the iodine index from 7.23 ± 0.02 to 22.96 ± 0.01 I2/100g and the peroxide index from 0.16 ± 0.01 to 9.2 ± 0.00 meq O2 /kg. The fatty acid profile showed a richness in saturated, mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids with essential oils 3, 6, 7 and 9. The fruits of S. birrea thus demonstrate a great potential and a very rich and exploitable composition for several purposes and can be an alternative in contributing to the food and nutritional security of rural households.

Food losses occur at different stages of the food system. They are particularly observed during harvesting operations, during packaging and/or storage, transport and preliminary processing operations. This study was intended to make a diagnosis of the three sub-sectors (tomato, potato and cabbage), in terms of post-harvest losses (PHL) in order to assess the impact of these losses on the producer’s income and their impact on household food and nutrition security. Eight hundred and forty actors (producers, transporters, traders, processors) were involved in this study. Individual interviews, focus groups and weighings made it possible to collect the data. The results allowed to categorize the different types of PHL and determine their impact on the resilience of producers in facing household food and nutritional insecurity. The study also made it possible to identify the strategies adopted by producers to cope with these significant losses. These adaptation strategies depend on the stages of the supply chain. From the use of seeds adapted to the use of good cultural practices in the pre-harvest phase, the use of skilled labor for harvesting and good conservation practices, producers adapt with suitable provisions for transport of the goods and the search for a safe outlet. PHLs constitute a real risk for farmers, preventing them of fully benefiting from their work, while remaining an obstacle to the food and nutritional security of farmers and their households.

Bambara groundnut is a food seed legume with enormous agronomic and nutritional potential. However, it remains a neglected crop. In order to improve its productivity in relation to soil and climatic conditions, the present study was conducted in Tenkodogo from July to October 2021. Soil characterization was carried out according to FAO guidelines directives before the setting up of experimental device. Experimental design consisted of the trial following a completely randomized block design with four replications. The effects of applying of 0 (BP0), 30 (BP30), 60 (BP60), 90 (BP90) and 120 (BP120) kg ha-1 of Burkina phosphate (BP) on two varieties KVS246 and KVS 235 of Bambara groundnut were compared. Crop management consisted of a flat plowing, direct application of BP, sowing distances of 0.40 m x 0.20 m and ridging on the 49th day after sowing. Results showed that the soil of experimental site are an iron and manganese sesquioxide’s soils class, specifically to shallow leached ferruginous tropical soil and should corresponding an endo petroplinthic lixisol. This acidic soil is characterized by a sandy surface texture and clay at depth, well drained, with low mineral content. In reference to the research results, the soil and climatic conditions of experimental site are potentially suitable for Bambara groundnut cropping. Treatments not significantly improved Bambara groundnut yields by verities. On this soil, the variety KVS 246 would better interact with applying of 60 and 90 kg ha-1 of BP and the variety KVS 235 with 120 kg ha-1 of BP to improve Bambara groundnut yield parameters compared to the control. Further research is needed over several years to better understand the effects of rock phosphate on Bambara groundnut crop and residual soil fertility.

The base of Damagaram Mounio, study area, outcrops in the eastern part of the Zinder region. In this zone, discontinuous aquifers are located in fractured, fissured and/or altered horizons of Precambrian granitoid and metamorphic formations and young fissured granites. They are essentially captured by fodder whose very high failure rates can exceed 50%. In addition, the flow rates of positive fodder are less than 2 m3/h for more than 85% of them. Thus, the problem of water resources is acute. In this densely populated area, this lack of water for the population’s food is aggravated by the levels of certain chemical parameters, including nitrates in particular, which greatly exceed the drinking water standards for human consumption, hence the present study. the main objective of which is to determine the origins of nitrates in the groundwater resources of the area. The methodological approach based on the sampling of hydraulic structures capturing the aquifers of the basement, the analysis of the physico-chemical and isotopic parameters of the waters of several boreholes, the determination characteristics of nitrates, led to several interesting results. Thus, the isotopic contents of Nitrogen 15 (15N), obtained in the groundwater of the area, varying from 0 to 7.2, thus showing that these nitrates could come from the nature of the soil (quagmire around the points) and chemical fertilizers, ureas and fertilizers used in the study area. This study has shown that in the basement area of ​​Damagaram Mounio, nitrates have a superficial origin. The nitrate contents of the waters of the Damagaram Mounio basement aquifers vary from 0.22 to 313.3 mg/L, with an average of 72.23 mg/L, and a standard deviation of 62.23. Thus, 32% of the modern structures sampled have nitrate levels above the acceptable limit value for drinking water set at 50 mg/L, according to the standards of the World Health Organization (WHO); these waters are unfit for human consumption. The spatial distribution of nitrate levels in groundwater in the area showed that these are more accentuated between the towns of Damagaram Takaya and Birni Kazoé, which are characterized by values ​​above 100 mg/l. Furthermore, the relationship between nitrate levels and electrical conductivity values ​​of water showed that the mineralization of groundwater in the area is controlled by nitrate ions.

The satisfaction of the energy needs of a computer laboratory requieres a systematic study of the consumption of the various electrical receivers listed. A compromise must be found between the time of use of these receivers and the number of needed to be connected to the photovoltaic power source in order to minimize, as much as possible, the daily energy consumed by the installation. We note the peak power (P_c), the number of the panels (N_(pa,t)), the power of the inverter (P_Ond) and the current of the regulator (I_rég) are lineary a function of the daily energy (E_cj). The total number of batteries (N_(b,t)) is a linear function of the daily energy (E_cj) and the autonomy of the battery bank (N_Au). In this paper, we propose a simplified and reliable method for sizing, selecting and wiring of the photovoltaic components in order to ensure an effective and secure supply of electrical energy.

The dark and worrying health picture characterized by the revelations made by international organizations concerning pneumonia challenged us as researchers. It is in this perspective that we decided to make our contribution to this problem by presenting a system for pneumonia detection in chest x-ray images. To achieve this goal, we used an approach based on deep learning to properly identify pathological or non-pathological radiographs by setting up a convolutional neural network called Xception. Two optimization algorithms were selected, namely Adam and SGD. The setting of hyperparameters of our convolutional neural network led us to a promising result compared to the size of our dataset. In conclusion, the obtained results in our experiments showed that the SGD optimization algorithm reached the best result of 92% accuracy on new data with a learning rate of 0.001 for 20 epochs.

This article aims at grasping why people living in the North part of Kabare territory continue to use informal financial services in spite of the presence of formal institutions which are more helpful than the former in the area. The presence of formal financial institutions in the North part of Kabare territory should decrease indubitably the fact of recouring on the ways of saving money and asking loans informally. This should be due to the usurious practice that they undergo. Unfortunately, the fact of not being aware of how formal institutions work, their policies as well as the lack of confidence on their behalf, hinder them to use microfinance institutions. To get solution to their financial needs, inhabitants of North Kabare have developed strategies of informal financement which they find useful and more adapted to their needs regardless the highness of the benefit which they pay. It is obvious that most of formal financial institutions are being installed progressively in this part of South Kivu province even though people living there are less interested in that dynamic and consider the informal ones as being sensitive to their financial needs.

This article attempts to analyze the application of the free teaching in publical primary schools of the educational sub province of Goma especially giving off the effects, impacts and perspectives. In that educational sub province, the free teaching is applied in agreement with the law. This way of doing things has got its advantages for parents on one hands and negative impacts for teachers, schools, state and pupils on the other hands. It causes the increasement of pupils’ number in classes, something which influence negatively the quality of teaching/learning process. Schools undergo much short comings namely, pedagogical, material and financial ones. A number of efforts are still evolved by all partners of education so as to lay well the free teaching.

This study aims to understand hydrogeochemical functioning of groundwater in Moundou city. This city is located in southwest of Chad between 16° 02’ and 16° 12’ East longitude and 8° 51’ and 8° 60’ North latitude. To carry out this study, 15 water points were sampled (8 wells and 7 boreholes,) from November 21 to 26, 2019; and chemical parameters analyzed are HCO3-, Cl-, NO2-, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42-, NO3-. In order to determine origins and processes of mineralization of groundwater hydrochemical and statistical approaches were used. The results show through Chadah diagram, that groundwater presents 2 facies: a bicarbonate calcic and magnesian facies (HCO3-Ca-Mg) and a chloride calcic and magnesian facies (Cl-Ca-Mg). Results also show that main phenomena at origin of mineralization of waters are alteration of silicates, cationic exchanges, evaporation and anthropic activities.

Flood vulnerability mapping and assessment is an important component of flood prevention and mitigation strategies, as it allows the identification of the most vulnerable areas based on the physical characteristics that determine flood propensity. This study aims to identify and map the factors related to flood risk in the Allada Plateau using a multi-criteria approach, in particular the Saaty Hierarchical Analysis Process (HAP) technique and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The methodology used in this study allowed the identification of six (06) criteria considered relevant and conditioning the floods, namely: drainage density, slopes, rainfall intensity, soil type, land use and population density. All these criteria were defined as raster datasets with a resolution. The AHP technique was used to calculate the weights of the criteria and factors. The relative importance of the selected criteria made rainfall intensity the most important criterion with a weight of 56%, followed by slope with 26%, and finally drainage density with a weight of 12%. The hazard map generated from this combination shows that 25% of the Allada plateau is a high-risk area. As for the vulnerability map, the most important criterion is population density with a weight of 88% followed by land use with 12%. The combination of the two maps in a GIS shows that the areas vulnerable to flooding occupy 35.37% of the study area. The flood risk map obtained from the combination of the hazard and vulnerability map shows that flood risk areas cover 28.68% of the area of the Allada plateau.

Playing theatre requires several skills but watching a play requires a great effort to succeed as a spectator. The latter occupies a principal place in the theatrical process insofar as it is the receiver and the recipient of the verbal discourse which makes the task quite difficult. The spectator is a key figure who participates in the scenic project during all phases of the performance. This contribution will try to shed light on what is the spectator, his role and his place in a theatrical performance.

Introduction: Smoking constitutes a serious risk to the health of workers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of caregivers on the harmful effects of tobacco and their perception of the actions to be promoted for a tobacco-free hospital. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study, carried out from April 1 to May 31, 2021 at the hospitals of Kossodo and Boulmiougou in Ouagadougou. Data collection was done using an anonymous, pre-established self-administered questionnaire. Results: A total of 246 caregivers were participated in the study. The average age was 44.8 years and 77.2% had more than 10 years of seniority in the function. The existence of the anti-tobacco law in Burkina Faso in public places was known by 78.9% of caregivers. Most caregivers were aware of tobacco-related harm (93.5%). The most known tobacco-related pathologies were lung cancer (55.3%), throat cancer (13.8%). Posters (88.2%), the ban on smoking in hospitals (93.9%), staff training (80.5%) and monitoring of compliance with the anti-smoking law (46%) were the major means recommended to achieve a tobacco-free hospital. Conclusion: Caregivers should serve as role models in tobacco control. The establishment of an anti-tobacco surveillance committee in health structures and the strengthening of awareness are to be promoted.

In insects, the hemolymph is the primary site of antimicrobial effectors produced in response to infection. In this study, the antibacterial activity of hemolymph extract from immunized larvae of Oryctes owariensis and Rhynchophorus phoenicis has been evaluated. The tests were carried out on in vitro growth of six bacterial strains including three clinical isolates (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella spp.) and three strains of food origin (Escherichia coli E1, Staphylococcus aureus S1 and S2 Meti-R). Activity of the different extracts was detected by diffusion method in a gel medium and quantified by macro-dilution technique in a liquid medium. Results showed that the different extracts demonstrate strong antibacterial activity and bactericidal power. Diameters of inhibition zones varied from 19.12±2.88 mm (E. coli ATCC 25922) to 22.58±2.18 mm (S. aureus S1) for the extract from O. owariensis infected larvae. This extract was more active on Gram positive bacteria with a MIC of 12.5 mg/mL and a MBC between 25 and 50 mg/mL. The extract from R. phoenicis infected larvae was very active on all strains with inhibition zone diameters between 26.22±0.69 mm (B. subtilis) and 35.30±2, 4 mm (S. aureus S1). MIC and MBC were respectively developed at the concentrations of 3.12 mg/mL and 6.25 mg/mL on all the bacterial strains. The sensitivity of bacterial strains to these hemolymph extracts reveals the probable presence of produced antimicrobial peptides.

The analysis of residents’ training needs in musculoskeletal disorders of the masticatory system is required in the department, because patients suffering from temporomandibular disorders and referred by general dentists constitute a significant proportion of patients consulting the service. Sufficient skills are thus required to provide appropriate care to these patients. Objective: The aim of our work is to survey residents’ training needs in «Temporomandibular Dysfunction» practicing within the prosthodontics department of the Dental Consultation and Treatment Center of Casablanca. Method: Qualitative descriptive analysis of the initial training requirements in ‘management of temporomandibular dysfunctions« among eleven residents in the department of fixed prosthodontic in Casablanca. Each participant responded to a questionnaire during a brainstorming session and an FGP grid has been done. Results: This work has highlighted a real need for training residents in temporomandibular dysfunction, especially for dysfunction of muscular origin and during the post-occlusal split stabilization period. Conclusion: Knowing the type of dysfunction (muscle or joint) is essential because the effectiveness of the diagnosis is a decisive step in the treatment. Within the context of the analysis of the training requirements for residents of the fixed prosthodontic department Casablanca in temporo-mandibular disorders, our preliminary survey should be regarded as a preliminary study.

Pineapple waste at Promo Fruits Benin is bulky and difficult to manage. In addition, the company is dependent on electrical and thermal energy. With the aim of reducing waste and the energy bill, a technical-economic and environmental study was carried out. The methodology used is based on the analysis of energy needs, the study of recovery processes, economic and environmental analysis. The results showed that the company's annual energy consumption in electricity and diesel is 600 MWh and 307,695 liters respectively. The annual waste potential available is 11,607 T while that necessary to meet the company's energy needs is 14,904 T. The study of the choice of process retained biomethanation. The Functional Specifications of the reactor allowing said recovery has been defined and the digester has been sized. The economic study for a period of 25 years revealed that the investment cost is 2,101,196,208 FCFA and that the operating cost is 19,385,128 FCFA per year. In addition, the study made it possible to reduce from 96,434,691.12 FCFA to 0 FCFA the annual bill for electrical energy and from 123,078,750 FCFA to 71,898,186 FCFA for thermal energy of the company. From an environmental point of view, a reduction of 472.76 tonnes CO_2/year is obtained from emissions produced by non-recovered waste.

With the signing of several bilateral and regional free trade agreements, Morocco has moved towards an economy that advocate international openness and market liberalization. It had to develop a strategy to help local businesses, made up mainly of small and medium-sized enterprises, to face international competition. It is in this logic that the Moroccan legislator has introduced measures into the general tax code with the aim of encouraging concentration and restructuring operations of companies in order to enable them to increase their performance and their competitiveness in the face of international competition. Indeed, these concentration and restructuring operations, called mergers, involve tax risks. This article aims to provide a clarification of the concept of tax risk, to present the forms of mergers proposed by Moroccan legislation and to shed light on the tax risk that these operations may entail.

The present study is foculazid on the contribution to diversity of spiders in Kasugho region, with the aim of to enumerate spiders find in the kasugho environement according to the habitat.To get data we used the view hunting.The identification was carried out using a monocular magnifying glass and identification key books. To analyse our resultats, we calculated the Shannon diversity indice, the Simpson indice, the Jaccard similarity, the equitability.The ANOVA test was used to compare data of the differents site of harvest.769 specimens of spiders was captured.They are regroup in 30 families and 59 species.The most abundant families are Lycosidae (56,6), follow by Araneidae (16,5%), Ctenidae (0, O4%°) and Tetragnatidae (0,06).The most diversified family is Araneidae (6 genera with 12 species).The fallow abound the largest number of species, (55,9%) but less diversified than the secondary forest, the banana plantation is the least diversified.The species similarity of species harvested in the old fallow and the secondary forest is 12,1%, 13,1% between the old follaw and banana plantation, 13,4% between secondary forest and banana plantation. In view of the above, it was found a very great dissimilarity between the different habitats.

Butembo city is undergoing serious disease problems as that of dirty hands. Among these diseases we have that caused by Entamoeba histolytica which is spreading a great deal among pupils although the increasing health structures. Two methods of checking the Enthamoeba are held: - The direct lugol coloration and. - The Thebaut test. Our concern is to detect which one of two mentioned above will offer us a good result. As a sample we examined 50 primary school pupils stool specimen. After a deep study, we got a clear conclusion that the Thebaut test is better than the direct Lugol coloration.

The formations of this region are essentially metamorphic Granit-Gneissic of which the term granitic is descended of the granitization-migmatization of Kimezien. Two tectonic periods have been demonstrated by double schistosities noticed to the level of the micas. The geochronology of these formations will be able to bring more precision on the age of these formations and that has the end will confirm or will invalidate the thesis to evoke in this survey.

This cartographic survey has been done from the samples of cores of polls achieved on longitudinal and transverse profiles as well as by the modelling, appropriated precisely in the concession of the mining of Bakwanga on the massif 12. Of these data of polls, we could achieve a cartographic survey and deduct the structure of this massive kimberlitic under survey. Let’s note that most polls on this massif, met the sand, sandstone, the epiclastic kimberlite, the xenokimberlite, the massive kimberlite and the limestone. In a general manner, to part the limestone, the dolomite, sandstone and the sand, three facies kimberlitics has been put in evidence in this publication and it, according to the percentage in kimberlitics elements, it is about of: - The kimberlite very tender epiclastic (0-25% of kimberlitic elements). - The little strengthened xenokimberlite (25-50% of kimberlitic elements). - The massive kimberlite (beyond 75% of kimberlitic elements).

In the city of Kinshasa, the poor management of waste (plastic bags, packaging, household waste and others) poses enormous problems of insalubrity and degradation of nature, thus causing the development of endermic diseases (malaria, typhoid, etc.). Despite the efforts made by the municipal authorities, this problem of insalubrity in the Congolese capital still remains. Good waste management through public trash cans will generate positive and negative impacts on the Kinshasa environment. On this, we propose in this study some strategies for the distribution of new locations according to the methods adopted. The data obtained in the field and the results of their analysis have made it possible to deduce that the rate of insalubrity has increased over the past six years due to poor waste management. To remedy this persistent problem, we ask the population of the District of Mont-Amba to properly manage their waste by installing garbage cans and to participate in community work. To the authorities, we are asking for strong awareness raising regarding waste management and the installation of public trash cans in appropriate places outside neighborhoods.