This article highlights the debut and evolution of communication systems in Cameroon, especially the electronic communications system. From a diachronic and interdisciplinary perspective, the present text shows the influence of the electronic communication in the everyday life of Cameroonians through social networks and, the consubstantial drifts. In doing so, it highlights the challenges and constraints of communicative public action in the process of regulation and control, while outlining viable solutions for the sustainability of the social climate and the supervision of youth, a target strong exposed. The rise of digital is dazzling and its importance in the economic, social and political life of Cameroon is accompanied by innovations that simplify the business climate and further opens the country to globalization at the same time as it civilizes morals. This "revolution" which takes shape from the beginning of the year 2000 accelerates around a decade, 2010, to be included in the process of liberalization of the Cameroonian society which in 2006 climbed to a new level in the field of social communication. The advent of interactive digital communication and the influence of social networks such as Facebook and WhatsApp on mentalities shows how postmodernity through acts on information to bring forth misinformation or fake news, a serious danger for social cohesion; as can be seen in the armed conflict in the northwestern and southwestern regions.

This study discusses the impact of IT alignment on organizational performance and takes into account the rapid evolution of technology. The maturity assessment of strategic alignment has enablers and inhibitors. An empirical study was conducted on Moroccan public sector organizations to assess alignment using different criteria such as maturity of the communications, maturity of the measure of the value, maturity of the governance, maturity of the partnership, maturity of architecture and maturity of skills. We used A quantitative approach in this study, which consists of a survey of properties and variables and their relationships; where characteristics are classified, analyzed and statistical models are constructed to justify what is observed. The research hypotheses were tested and the model was built according to the results.

The effect of soil salinity on some agrophysiological parameters at different stages of growth (Elongation and Heading) was studied in four varieties of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Namely: Carioca (V1), Karim (V2) Tarik (V3) and Tomouh (V4), under control of three saline levels (3, 6 and 9 g / l NaCl). The results obtained show that the salinity leads to an increase in the water content, the sugar content and the Na+ and Cl- content. However, a decrease in plant length, number of leaves, number of plants, last leaf length, fresh and dry biomass, K+ content, K+ / Na+ ratio, and number of spikes was observed. The results prove the tolerance to salinity of the variety Carioca (V1) compared to other varieties. This tolerance is manifested by a lower decrease in fresh and dry biomass, K+ content and yield. Also, this variety was characterized by a lower salt sensitivity index (I.S.R.S) and a low accumulation of Na+ and Cl- especially at higher concentrations (6 and 9 g / l NaCl).

As part of the development of natural heritage of Morocco, an ethnobotanical study was undertaken in the Tarfaya province in order to inventory the main medicinal plants used in folk medicine to treat kidney stones. The means of study is a questionnaire distributed to 150 individuals which we considered as a representative sample of the population studied. The survey revealed that the frequency of use of medicinal plants is related to the age, sex and educational level of our respondents. The analysis of the obtained results showed that 40 plant species belonging to 27 botanical families were used in this region for the treatment of kidney stones. The most cited families were Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, Leguminosae, and Poaceae. The most cited plant species were Herniaria hirsuta, Anastatica hierochuntica, Apium graveolens, Ziziphus lotus, Allium sativum and Ranunculus muricatus. The dominant plant part used in preparations was seed. The main mode of utilization was decoction. This study showed the importance of folk medicine for the local people living in the study area. Hence, this data could be the basis for ethnopharmacological and phytochemical studies.

The face and maxillary arch forms have been suggested as aids that guide the choice of the maxillary central incisor form, in order to achieve an esthetic prosthesis when pre-extractionnal elements or dental reference are missing. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of William’s geometric theory of tooth selection by studying the correlation between maxillary central incisor form and face form, and to determine whether the maxillary arch can be considered as guide for selection of the maxillary central incisor by studying the relationship between these two factors in a Moroccan population. One hundred and fourteen students comprising 30 males and 84 females whose ages ranged from 21 to 25 years studying in the fifth year at dental faculty of Casablanca were selected as a study subject. Standardized photographs of face, maxillary central incisor and cast of maxillary arches were taken for each subject and then the outlines of these three factors were digitally traced and superimposed by an experienced graphic designer using the "Photoshop C6S” software. The outlines were evaluated by 4 observers and the results were collected. A statistical analysis was subsequently realized using the "SPSS" software. The lowest level of correlation was between the face form and the maxillary central incisor form because it was identical only in 21.9% of subjects, the identical correlation was more pronounced between the maxillary arch form and the maxillary central incisor form (54.4%). The results of the study indicated that there was no highly defined relationship between the maxillary central incisor form and the face form which does not support the “law of harmony”. However, the maxillary arch form and the maxillary central incisor form were correlated, therefore we had concluded that the arch is a more accurate guide for selection of the maxillary central incisor form in complete denture fabrication or in complex anterior restorations.

The present research aims to study the role of quality labels in the marketing of local products in Morocco and their effects on promotion of their sales. A longitudinal study was carried out on cooperatives certified quality labels Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) saffron and, Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) Argane to protect their products since 2013-2015. The results confirm the effect of the two labels on the marketing of both local products.

Un enseignement réussi des sciences de la terre en particulier la théorie de la tectonique des plaques demande entre autres un changement pédagogique, c’est le facteur dont la quasi-totalité des enseignants n’en tiennent pas encore compte. Ces sciences sont malheureusement, présentées par nos enseignants d’une façon qui les laissent aux regards de nos élèves comme une suite de découvertes qui se fait d’une manière aléatoire et simple et loin de tout problème qui leur donnée naissance.

Only a science education, based on the concrete implementation of the experimental method can achieve the degree of intellectual training that makes available to the critical acceptance and integration of novelty. The teaching process must be done permanently. Based on the questionnaire and the importance of experimentation in environmental education and sustainable development in the qualifying secondary cycle. It has been deduced that experimentation has only a reduced place in the teaching of this discipline. For the following reason: Teachers are not motivated to practice classroom experiences. They are aware of the importance of experimentation, and its didactic interest in the development of critical thinking in students.

ICTs provide innovative means, not only for the dissemination of knowledge but also for the exploration of learning strategies that promote the construction of skills (Lebrun, 1999, CSE, 2000). Many professors who are beginning to be interested in ICT want to integrate them as tools to support their magisterial approach (Guay, 2002). Here, the professor takes advantage of ICT resources to significantly enrich his class presentations through multimedia presentations. Poellhuber and Boulanger (2001) speak of "interactive mastery". It is also about making documents available to students at all times, such as a website with links to EIDS. The present study was established with the aim of highlighting the utility of ICT in EEDD teaching at the core of the qualifying secondary school curriculum. The critical analysis of the curricular SVT curricula, and the statistical results allowed us to note that most teachers state that the use of ICT facilitates the construction of knowledge about EESD by students, and that the majority of them wish to benefit from continuous training to have a solid knowledge of Computer Science and to improve their practical ICT skills.

This research consists in understanding the nature of the social links mobilized in the process of identification and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunity. This understanding will be made through the personal conceptions of entrepreneurs accompanied by the city of Agadir. The results emphasized that the entrepreneur is not always alone in an opportunity capture process. Yet all the entrepreneurs interviewed used relational networks. The latter are not of the same nature and do not produce the same type of social capital in the phases of identification and entrepreneurial exploitation.

The excitement of the excesses experienced by audit firms in the business world and more particularly in Cameroon has led to questioning the quality of services, on the one hand, and the complexity of the determinants of choice of audit firms, on the other hand. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the criteria of choice of audit firms in the context of Cameroon. Thus, we opted for a qualitative approach by case study. The data, collected from the entities approved to the statutory audit (21) as well as the audit firms (13) by semi-directive interviews, were analyzed via the NVIVO 10 software. It follows from the analysis that the Audit firms are much more chosen on the basis of cost, personal or professional relationships and recommendations. The level of subjectivity of these criteria makes the independence of the auditors difficult to prove; in addition, in a socio-economic context where the weight of the deficit variables depletes the strength of the performance.

This study aims to return in front of the stage accounting types of information produced by preparers as well as the way in which they perceive their relevance. For the drive, we opted for a qualitative approach with case study. Therefore, semi-structured interviews were conducted in 15 Cameroonian SMEs, particularly in the cities of Douala and Bafoussam. The data collected through an interview schedule, have been exploited through content analysis via the software NVIVO 10. It appears that managers produce several types of information and perceive their relevance as an ideal or a destination to be achieved, a policy-making tool, an information and decision-making tool.

The study aimed to determine the food value of the garba (street food more appreciated in Abidjan). On the whole, 10 samples of dish of garba and its major components (attiéké and tuna), were collected in 10 different areas of sale in the neighborhood of Abobo and Yopougon. The results showed that the dish of garba contained 9.82±0.23 % of proteins, 7.27±0.64 % of lipids, 1.73±0.12 % of fibers, 1.57±0.15 % of ash and 30.92±1.44 % of carbohydrates. Its hydrocyanic acid (HCN) content was 0.14±0.02 mg/100g and total energy was 228.39±8.13 kcal/100g. The composition of minerals revealed that the dish of garba is rich in calcium, sodium and potassium. The analysis of the profile in fatty acid of the dish of garba showed that, this dish is low in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). The sum of the PUFA contained in the garba was of 7.77±1.21 % of the total fatty acids, including, 0.12±0.25 % of omega-3 and 7.64±1.35 % of omega-6. Finally, the results revealed that the procedure processing of this dish (fish frying), the addition of some ingredients (salt, frying oil), affect negatively food value.

In this study, we wanted to both identify and analyze the structural barriers that prevent Wamba teachers from properly using local languages in primary schools so that planned policies are more timely, meaningful, and strengthened; to identify the difficulties encountered by teachers in introducing local languages in the above-mentioned schools and to determine whether local languages (local languages) can be adapted to all branches (subjects) enrolled in the primary curriculum in R.D.Congo. In the end, we found that, local languages can facilitate the better understanding of the subject as well as its assimilation by the students. At the same time, they can develop national pride, cultivate the love of the homeland, help students internalize the values of the environment, facilitate modernity and can significantly reduce the myth of superiority of Western languages inherited from colonization. The obstacles to their introduction into Wamba primary schools are at the same time political, linguistic, socio-cultural, economic and psychopedagogical. Their use in schools is a handicap to development and modernity. Difficulties encountered by teachers in this regard include the lack of an official program in local languages, textbooks (books) compliant and adapted and the non-training of some teachers who do not master local languages. Also, local languages are not adapted to certain disciplines (branches) of the program.

Contributing to the fight against waterborne diseases in the Kakongo sector in the DRC is the overall objective of this research. Water samples taken from sixteen sources in sixteen villages belonging to four groups in this sector were sent to the laboratory in accordance with WHO standards. Indeed, the results of physico-chemical analyzes in the laboratory have shown that almost all the sources of water consumed by the population of this sector is not drinkable. Microbiological analyzes have shown that 50% of the sources are started with Escherichia coli, 81.2% with total germs and 68.7% with faecal coliforms, proof that on the basis of WHO requirements, the waters of these sources are unfit for human consumption. The danger remains open in this sector, it is imperative and urgent to develop these sources, popularize good techniques of household waste management and consider sustainable environmental education among the people of the province of Kongo Central in general and the Kakongo sector in particular, if we want to save a multitude of lives at risk as advocated by the Millennium Development Goals. The consumption of these waters without any treatment presents very serious health risks for the population.

Extreme flow events have had a significant impact on populations and their activities in recent decades. To reduce the impacts associated with their advent a analysis between extreme hydrological phenomena and climate variability is necessary. However, qualitative data accessing difficulties and explanatory variable definition of extremes hydrological phenomena limit extreme flows rate studies. This study proposes the analysis the variability of the floods and the low flows at the Bianouan hydrometric station. Thus, five (5) floods characteristics variables (QCX5, QXJA, F90p, F95p and F99p) and three (3) for, the low flows (VCN10, QJNA and F10p) were extracted daily flows from the Bianouan hydrometric station from 1 January1962 to 31 December 2005. The variability of these extremes has been studied by the trend analysis (linear regression) and of the stationarity (Pettitt and Hubert tests). The results show that for flood variables the negative trend is very significant and ruptures are observed in 1980. For low flow variables the negative trend is significant and the ruptures are observed in 1981. From this study, we can deduce that the ruptures observed in the rains and flows average in the end 1960s and early 1970s have affected later the extreme flows around the 1980s.

Reading and writing are two activities with the same purpose, to produce meaning. They can strengthen and complement each other. The purpose of this work is to highlight how reading helps improve the scriptural competence of learners. And this by analyzing the links that these two activities have, while highlighting the knowledge at stake, the processes mobilized in each of them, and the tools likely to promote the transfer of this knowledge from reading to writing. Awareness of the contribution of reading could help to construct didactic devices in order to create situations that help to take advantage of the interaction of these two practices and to achieve effective transfers. There are also pedagogical principles to respect to achieve a certain balance and a beneficial articulation between the two activities.