This paper presents a discussion about the implementation of mechanisms of fuzzy logic for recognizing patterns and parameters in order to predicting the movement intention from a user, through muscle activity in upper and lower members in adult human beings. This information is obtained through reading surface electromyography and is debugged and analyzed by a fuzzy logic system calculated for the prediction of intended movement. A brief comparison between fuzzy sets of straight lines and curved lines is done to determine the best system in generating reliable control orders for prototype robotic exoskeleton type. The fuzzy system designed is Mandani type with nine rules in the inference engine, which had two stages of interaction with samples: one design and other validation, where sought meet an initial threshold of 80 % of effectiveness. Used analog and digital components for data acquisition processes to perform amplification, filtering, digitization and transmission of samples which were implemented in full. The fuzzy system has four input parameters easy obtaining the electromyographic signal input, looking it fast execution at a later real time application. As an important part harmonization by using RMS envelope to make the system more robust against disturbances in the samples. This information is used for generate control commands to an exoskeleton type robotic system to support some user activities.

The fetus acardiac headless is a rare anomaly characteristic of twin monochromic pregnancies. Its frequency is 1/35000 births. Its evolution is constantly lethal for the affected fetus. The healthy fetus is exposed to a high risk of death in utero or complications. Among the different pathophysiological theories proposed, only the vascular theory is retained. Arterio - arterial and venous anastomoses are the source of vascularization against the current TRAP syndrome (Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion disorder) of the abnormal fetus which receives the desaturated blood of oxygen and low in nutrients from healthy fetus.

The physiological parameters of latex micro-diagnosis, operation for determining the physiological state of the rubber production system is subject to seasonal fluctuations. These parameters are likely to be influenced by climate change and the retention period of latex and serum TCA, separately. Thus, working to determine optimal conditions for the realisation of this diagnosis were conducted in Côte d'Ivoire. Relatively to the retention periods of serum TCA on the stability of physiological parameters, measurement parameters were done 4, 8, 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after harvesting latex at field. About the seasonal parameters evolution, measuring of physiological parameters were performed 4 h as before, corresponding the days of trees bleeding, during the period ranging from October to December 2013. The results obtained showed that the latex samples taken in October (period of low volatility of physiological parameters) and conservation of latex and serum TCA or less on time for 4 h constitute the optimal conditions for achieving latex micro-diagnosis from Hevea brasiliensis in Côte d’Ivoire.

Introduction: Historically, Morocco has known many successive conquests and invasions that have induced genetic changes in its autochthons population. It’s known that blood groups are among the most polymorphic systems. The study of ABO blood groups showed that their distribution varied in different populations. The aim of this study is to analyze the diversity and genetic differentiation of ABO system in the Moroccan population. Material and methods: Data of ABO system genetic polymorphism from previous study were analyzed using statistical approaches which are the classical and the Bayesian methods. The classical approach has been used to assess genetic differentiation by adopting multivariate analysis type: PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and the index of genetic differentiation Fst. The Bayesian approach was used to assess the genetic structure of ABO system in the Moroccan population compared to other countries. Results: Within the studied Moroccan population, 10 ABO alleles and 21 genotypes were identified. The heterozygosis rate is about 0.74 and 0.72, respectively, for the expected and observed heterozygosis. PCA analysis shows that the studied population forms 4 groups. Data of genetic distances confirm the presence of Morocco within a group formed by Kuwait, Spain and Jordan with low genetic distances of 1%, 1.8% and 2%, respectively. The Bayesian analysis shows that all the countries, except Germany, present 5 genetic pools. Besides Morocco and Kuwait that have been found to present 5 genetic pools with similar frequencies. Conclusion: The Moroccan population studied exhibits similarity with the countries of the Middle East and the southwest of Europe.

Burning mouth syndrome (BMS) is defined as a chronic pain condition characterized by a burning sensation in the clinically healthy oral mucosa. This condition is probably of multifactorial origin, often idiopathic and its exact etiopathogenesis remains unclear. The diagnosis is difficult, it can be made only after excluding all known diseases and deficiencies that can cause an oral burning sensation. The treatment frequently involves medications and dentists should be able to evaluate, diagnose and properly manage these patients.

This research is a contribution of indirect analyses to classic geological and structural mapping. The principles of this analysis is to combine structural streams and structural directions in the goal to find structural building of streams network. Streams were numerized under Arcview and the data of each stream was done. Frequency graphics of number and total length of streams on Strahler classification were built and interpreted with “lois des rivières”. Recognition of Structural directions was done by the building of Prud’homme main valleys and Howard drainage anomalies. Structural streams have affected by at least point 5 in hierarchy. They are held by N30°, N60°, N130°, N160° orientations. This methodology can be applied at all ivoirian drainage system due to their tree buliding. The main valley is host by N60° direction. Others valleys are holding by N30° N130° et EO. in the landscape, structural directions are sitting as drainage anomalies as directions deviations and linear streams. These directions are well knowed in ivoirian precambrian structural context.

Leiomyoma, known as a disease of the uterus, composed of smooth muscle fibers and collagenous stroma, is rarely encountered in other sites. We report here an exceptional case with a location of the labia minora with literature review. This is a 27-year- old patient was admitted to the mass of the left labium lasting for 9 month of firm consistency. The surgery allowed removal of a tissue-like measured 3 cm. The final histological diagnosis was vulvar leiomyoma.

Being aware of the importance of reconsidering the touristic activity and according to the definition of the notion of sustainable development, Moroccan public authorities have set up since the year 2000 some sectoral strategies to adapt the tourist supply in accordance with the new requirements of the tourists. The emergence of this variety of tourism offers (rural, solidary, ethical, Community…) certifies the vivacity of a phenomenon in full development. These new offers have a common denominator: it is to combine the environmental protection and the economic profitability in a long run. What is the context in which this responsible, solidary touristic activity has emerged? What is, then, the commitment of morocco in this new touristic offer? What are the efforts of certain associations for contributing to the territorial development? To answer these questions of research, we will, first, present a review of the literature about the evolution of mass tourism to durable tourism. Secondly, we will treat the importance of solidary tourism to valorize the specific resources of the territory in order to sit a territorial development.

Exchange rate in Moroccan economy has been considered a critical push-forward force for domestic inflation which leads to the depreciation of currency value. Exchange rate is the price for which the currency of a country can be exchanged for another country's currency in the foreign exchange market. This article seeks to adopt two stochastic models for estimation of exchange rate EURO/MAD. Firstly, it aims at the investigation of stochastic models (two models) to show the variation of exchange rate, and, secondly, try to draw a comparison between these models in terms of error estimation performances and, as a result, to recommend a stochastic model for exchange rate EURO/MAD. The present paper is an extension of our precedent work entitled and referenced: “Elaboration of two stochastic models of EURO/MAD exchange rate and measure of their forecast accuracy,” International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 1029–1036, August 2016.. In addition to our precedent results (for reasons of clarity we repeat our previous work here), we produced a prediction intervals for each future value of exchange rate EURO/MAD. In this paper, the geometric Brownian motion (stochastic process without mean reversion propriety) and Vasicek process (stochastic process with mean reversion speed), are used to model the exchange rate EURO / MAD, then they are compared in terms of average estimation error. In order to calculate models parameters daily close price of the Euro/MAD from 01/12/2008 to 01/03/2016 (2242 values) can be taken from Casablanca stock exchange and ,hence, two stochastic models for exchange rate is to be derived, and compared. According to simulation results, we can finally recommend one of the two models.

Education sciences research Works are unanimous on the fundamental role of conceptions to organize and facilitate a learning situation of a scientific concept. The objective of this work is to detect the conceptual universe of students, at the end of license cycle, relatively to chemical bond concept and its associated concepts like valence and octet rule and to compare the students’ responses at the beginning and end of this cycle. The purpose is to see, after intense courses on those concepts, what are the definitions and models appropriated by students and how they design it. To do this, we asked 50 students, subjects of our study, to express their definitions of the chemical bond, valence and octet rule. The data analysis has shown that there is still confusion and amalgams about this concept and its associated concepts.

Sorghum is the staple crops in the Saharan areas of West Africa. Like other crops, its production is highly dependent on the improved crop seed varieties and on water use efficiency (WUE) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). The objective of this study was to assess the effect of sorghum root growth and water and nitrogen use efficiency on grain yield and harvest index under rainfed and drip irrigation conditions. The study was conducted in the Central region of Burkina Faso in 2014. The improved seed variety Sariaso 14 was sown. 60 kg ha-1 of nitrogen was applied. A randomized split-split-plot design with four replications was used. The results showed that the two watering systems had significant effects on sorghum WUE, NUE, root growth, grain yield and harvest index. Root growth was found to be twice higher in the rainfed condition than in the irrigation one. On the other hand, WUE and NUE were higher by 92 and 26% respectively in the irrigated plot. Irrigation was found to improve grain yield and harvest index by 44% and 56% respectively. Irrigation is considered more beneficial for farmers given the erratic distribution of rainfall.

Study on feeding and nutrition of 206 bicycle carriers of charcoal has been carried out on several Lubumbashi roads, that is, Kafubu, Kasenga, Kasumbalesa, Kipopo, Likasi and Rwashi. It results from this study that the nutritional status is standard with a body mass index of 22, 3±1, 9 for a narrow breadth person. Need and food supplies evaluation shows that they have a deficient diet in energy as well as in nutrients (proteins and lipids). These results are alike as those published in the literature. So, we plead in favour of systematic enrichment in diet supplies for this category of carries.

Objectives of the study: The Assessment of hygienic quality is an essential step in the production and marketing of traditional medicine products using plant species that constitute a vast reserve of active ingredients that can be used to cure many diseases. Our study had the objective to assess the hygienic quality of some herbal medicines in order to identify the microbiological risk associated with the consumption of these Togolese traditional medicine products sold on the markets of the municipality of Lomé and that treat the DS. Materials and Methods: We collected 90 antidiabetic recipes sold in the maritime region. Search germ was made by routine standardized methods of the French Association for Standardization (AFNOR). Results: Revenues are in the form of mixture containing honey, decoctions, tinctures of, charred, herbal teas, capsules. Decoctions represent 56.17% followed by followed tinctures (16.67%). The results of the study of the hygienic quality of herbal medicines indicate the presence of total bacteria, total coliform, yeast (Candida albicans) and fungi (Aspergillus Niger, Aspergillus flavus, Mucor sp. Et Géothricum sp.). The majority of these phytomédicamensts are unfit for consumption because of the total germs that were more isolated. Conclusion: The use of traditional herbal medicines therefore carries risks of toxiinfection for consumers. A greater awareness must be made to educate traditional healers and herbal medicines sellers on good hygiene practices, preparation and storage of their products.

Diabetes (diabetes) is a disease (or rather syndrome) Endocrine most prevalent. It is estimated diabetics to more than 100 million worldwide and this figure and the percentage of the affected population are steadily increasing (around 6% in the "rich" countries). non-insulin-dependent diabetes (type 2, fatty diabetes or the elderly) that are revealed later and are balanced mostly by diet (slimming) calorie-low carbohydrate with or without associated medication (primarily sulfonylureas, the biguanides, insulin). It is the latter type of diabetes that seems constantly growing and can be treated by the phytothérapie.Thisreview Reviews some of the shows and compoundsisolated identifiedfrom the that previously demostrated a hypoglycemic effect plants. These compounds-have-been classified in appropiate chemical groupsand Reported data are on their pharmacological activity, mechanism of action and other properties. This paper reviews mucilage, glycans, proteins, pectins, flavonoids, steroids and triterpenoids, alkaloids, other nitrogen compounds and miscellaneous substance s with hypoglycemic effect.

The study investigated the relationship between personality types, learning styles, motivation, self-esteem and academic stress among the distance learners of Ibadan Study Centre. Six hundred (600) respondents were purposively selected from four randomly selected faculties. The age range of the respondents was between 25 and 46 years with a mean age of 35.5 and SD = 4.2. Three research questions were raised and answered in this study. Five instruments were utilized to elicit information from the respondents. The instruments include: Student Academic Stress Scale; Multi-dimensional Personality Inventory; Self-esteem Scale; Self-report Situational Motivational Scale and Learning Style Scale. The data collected were analyzed using Pearsons Product Moment Correlation Coefficient and Multiple Regression analysis. The results obtained revealed that there were significant correlations among the independent variables. The independent variables (agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, extroversion, general intelligence, learning style, motivation and self-esteem) made joint contribution to the prediction of academic stress among the distance learners. The result also shows that self-esteem made the most potent contribution to the prediction of academic stress among the respondents. The implication of this is that learners with high self-esteem and appropriate learning skills are not prone to academic stress because they must have overcome stress producing stimuli through adequate preparation.

In December 2015, we have made a survey on 67 small and medium-sized businesses having an account in one of the seven main banks operating in Bukavu City. The aim was to know the determining factors of a Bank by the Bukavu’s small and medium-sized businesses which can assist these financial institutions in marketing strategies. The analytical method sustained by the survey technique was very useful for to collect and interpret the data on the field. The findings proved that several factors intervene in the choice of a Bank as a partner to small and medium-sized businesses in the Bukavu City. Among them we listed the price cost of granted services by the Bank, loan facility, service’s quality solvency and the Bank reputation. Considering these variables, the marketing services of our different Banks should focus their marketing strategies to the above mentioned factors in order to attract customers.

The access of the individuals to financial services is a key factor of the growth and economic development. The World Bank estimates in 2014, at only 12,2 % the proportion of adults who has an account in a formal financial institution. That means the majority of the people is excluded of the access of financial services. While analyzing the situation of the supply of financial services in Cameroon, this article examines the explanatory factors of the access of individuals in the area of Adamawa Region. An econometric analysis based on binary logit model shows that the access of individuals to the formal financial services is positively and significantly influenced by the level of income, the salary status and the age. However, the level of education and matrimonial status don’t influence significantly the access of the individuals to the formal financial services in this part of the country. Thus, financial institutions could segment the market to propose to the individuals, financial product adapted to their level of income. In the same way, the authorities could initiate actions supporting the possession of account in formal financial institution.

The study of strategic culture as a set of traditional practices and habits of thought that, in a society, governing the organization and the use of military force to serve political objectives proves important in the context Africa in general and Cameroon in particular. Indeed, when the Cameroonian elite military waged a relentless war against the Boko Haram group in Cameroon, the goal of this article is to see how constructivism through strategic culture gradually acquired by the elite since independence by through training, enabling it to conduct a difficult battle against terrorism. It appears therefore that the formation of the strategic culture of the Cameroonian military elite is marked with the seal, first the pluralism of French foreign models, including China and the US, on the other hand, the dynamics of reinterpretation of influences Foreign or invention of a hybrid type. Since independence, the Cameroonian military elite internalizes and externalizes multiple military practices that today are operationalized on the front through hybridization of strategic paradigms both internal and external and unprecedented capacity innovation against the terrorist threat.

The management of sandy soil in Bateke plateau to feed Kinshasa population in continued growth, is one of the problems that arises in this urban peripheral agriculture. Agroforestry in time, alternating trees and crops on the same land was used as technical means to increase fertility and production. However, agricultural practice in the long term at Bateke plateau showed that agroforestry was not able alone to ensure continuity of production on the same land. In this study, we tested the effect of biochar associated with litter from an agroforestry system could have on improving maize production in Bateke plateau. We observed that forty one and five months respectively after application of biochar and litter maize production was influenced favorably. Among all combinations of biochar doses (0, 2, 4 and 8 kg / m2) and Acacia mangium litter doses (0, 5, 10 and 20 t / ha), the combination of 4 Kg / m2 of biochar with 20 t / ha of litter was the best with 2019 kg / ha of maize cobs with spathe. Moreover, the presence of the clipped hedge has had an effect on the stems and maize cobs differently on plants in his neighborhood and those in the middle of the experimental plot.

Mining investments and sustainable development in Democratic Republic of Congo is question that alerts disciplines like economics sciences, public international law, sociology and international relations. Democratic Republic of Congo abounds enormous potentialities in its soil and subsoil. She modified its mining exploitation methods when facilitating small scale investissments whose technology compete those of big scale investments. Preoccupation is the cobtribution of these investments in sustainable development in Haut-Katanga. Case study of four big scale investments and four other small scale investments inspired this study including TENKE FUNGURUME MINING, KAMOTO COPPER COMPAGNY, MINERALS AND METALS GROUP, SOCIETE D’EXPLOITATION KIPOI for small scale asian firms including. CHEMAF, RUASHI MINING for big scale, it reveals that investment is a factor of economic growth and development made possible by mining fees and taxes. On the social front, some firms rehabilitated and constructed schools. Others firms produced some achievements for instance the big ophtalmological clinic, shalina Eye Clinic. On the environment front, some firms are engaged to reduce negative impacts on environment of which toxic wastes are treated and evacuated to big highly secured bassin. In contrast, quantity of metals concentrated underground of others firms, is dangerous for very special plant species. Others again, provokes environmental problems because its factory stagnate due to lack of canalisation structure. Mining investments impact on sustainable development in Haut-Katanga, in economic, social and environment levels.

This study aims the description of the geometry of the weathering profile and identification of areas of high aquifer potential of geological formations in the region of Sikensi-Tiassalé (south of Côte d’Ivoire). For this reason, the weathering profile models have been established for this region. These models were carried out from drilling data implanted in the study area. The formations in the basement have a vertical structure and a significant horizontal heterogeneity that is allocated to changes in facies. A succession of several layers is observed. Fractured and altered basement is observed in its upper part. Fractures are scarce with depth. Superficial formations overlying the basement have variable thicknesses: To the surface, there is laterite cuirass and topsoil, thicknesses between 0.5 and 3.5 m. Underneath the laterite, there is the sandy clay alterites of thicknesses between 5 and 40 m, in which one can identify horizons of allotérites and isaltérites. The water potential is important in the fractured base because all arrivals of water is only found in this part of the geological formations.

The present study was carried out in the territory of Kimvula in the south-west of the Democratic Republic of Congo. The floristic survey conducted shows that the Kimvula flora has 1,065 species distributed in 666 genera and 159 families. The best represented families are Fabaceae (12.21%), Poaceae (7.79%), Asteraceae (5.54%), Rubiaceae (5.07%), Apocynaceae (4.04%) and Malvaceae (4.04%). The analysis shows the ecological characteristics, as regards the morphological types, this flora is dominated by woody species (50%) while the dominant life forms are phanerophytes (50%). Examination of leaf dimensions indicates the abundance of mesophyll (37.4%) and sarcochores (36.9%) are the types of diaspores best represented in Kimvula. The results of phytogeography distribution reveal the abundance of wide distribution species (65.5%) and low presence of endemic species (1.6%). The disturbance index (29.30%) shows that ecosystems of the study area are less disturbed and Shannon-Weaver diversity index shows that secondary forest (4.8 bits) is the most diversified plant formation.

This work opts to clarify the hydrological efficiency of the water transfer between the two dams Sidi Saad and El Haouareb. The Hydrological model GR2M was chosen to be calibrated and validated in the watershed corresponding to the two study sites. Coupled with the rain generation model, this model allowed the estimation of future inputs of two dams Sidi Saad and El Haouareb. Different scenarios were subsequently developed to estimate the monthly outputs of two dams and the volumes of security. A study of the filling of the dam is performed at the end by the balance equation and using the generated inflows and the estimated scenarios, which was used to study the possibility of water transfer.

The current work aims to map the different forms of erosion which are expressed in the district of Attecoube. From georeferenced aerial photographs and based on the concepts of texture and structure, the different forms of erosion were discriminated on the screen. Many field visits, with tablets, GPS and tape measure (for measurements) allowed checking and adjusting the interpretations made on screen. These high-tech devices were also used for capturing images. Then, we superimposed the erosion forms map at the slopes map of the study area. Three main forms of erosion were revealed: - diffuse erosion covers 14,32% of the study area; - gully erosion which manifest itself on every slope range, covers 66.39% of the Attecoube district; - mass wasting localised, cover only 06.82% of the study area.

Introduction: Road traffic accidents constitute a major public health problem because of death, disability and trauma with medical, surgical, psychological, mental, economic, social and sometimes legal formidable complications resulting from them. Socio-professional reintegration of the survivors of accidents can become complex. This study identifies the main determinants of road security in Goma in the Democratic Republic of Congo and offers prevention strategies adapted to the context. Methodology: The study is descriptive cross and analysis data collected from police oral trials about traffic accidents occurred during 2015. Resultats: The study essentially shows that 36% of the accidents occurred on weekends (Saturday and Sunday); 25.5% of the accidents took place between 18 and 21 hours; the main cause of accidents was the bad driver behavior, including speeding and drunk steering wheel. Serious injuries (24.5%) and death (11.9%) were dreadful consequences. Discussion and conclusion: Accidents can be avoided. The study proposes strategies to reduce road traffic accidents by securing users the road, the vehicle and the road infrastructure. The implementation of these strategies is heavily dependent on the political will of the authorities of the DR Congo.