The Middle East is the epicentre of world geopolitics because it is at the heart of the stakes and the desires of the world's powers. The United States, which has long considered itself the world's policeman, must deal with the unbridled ambitions of the new Russia, determined to catch up in global governance. Since the end of the cold war, this is the first time that these two states have fought on the same political, diplomatic and strategic ground that the Syrian conflict offered. Beyond the lines of friction, Americans and Russians have been forced to cooperate against the dangerous expansionism of the Islamic state under the banner of the fight against terrorism.

Integration is the act of bringing elements together to form a homogenous whole. Brexit is breaking this concept of integration. The construction of Europe, which began in the 1950s, has blotted out the seeds of warmongering nationalism in the Old Continent. Europhobia fuelled by immigration, the political upheavals in Africa and the Middle East, the economic crisis and growing hyper-terrorism are all structural as well as cyclical factors in the implosion of the EU. After the British vote on the "Leave", exit agreements were formalised between the EU and the United Kingdom, the act of which has geopolitical, geo-economic, geo-strategic and geocultural consequences for both the European Union and Great Britain and for Africa, as well as for US-EU relations. It should be noted that the EU will lose one of its two permanent member states in the UN Security Council. The Brexit is an element that affirms the idea that the sovereignty and national interest of states take precedence over anything else in international life. Brexit has exposed the failure of the European integration process as a model school. In this way, it has exposed the limitations that integration organisations would suffer from leaving the phase of economic and monetary union to political union.