Indirect or cast restorations are fabricated in the dental laboratory by technical staff while the restorations are placed by clinicians. Clinicians generally do hold theoretical knowledge of the casting process and casting defects but lack experience of fabrication. This hampers them from having an understanding of a particular casting defect. This article reviews the recent evidence in casting defects and implies their application in clinical practice. The aims and objectives of such a review are to allow clinicians to be in a better position to identify these defects of casting and accordingly take action. The article also presents a brief appraisal of the materials involved and their potential behaviour in causing such defects. The casting technique and the properties of the material that interact during the fabrication of indirect restorations have also been discussed.

The article focuses on the M’BUTI incubator model, an innovative generator of projects in various sectors of life. It is inspired by Mandombe writing, a medium for ensuring the decolonization of knowledge. In conducting this study, we aim to explore how cultural imprints can enhance project conceptualization and management at the local level. The main question this research seeks to answer is that of measuring the effectiveness of applying local solutions to local problems. Using the non-probabilistic snowball method, we were able to draw up a sample of 180 Mandombists, enabling us to explore in the field the possibilities of designing models using Mandombe script symbols. The results show that the application of the M’BUTI model enhances the creativity of its users and stimulates innovation in various sectors. Its application has already enabled a dozen medical students at Kinshasa’s Simon Kimbangu University to design medical instruments such as vein locators, catheters and rib management software, not to mention a number of Mandombe people who have developed several theories, including a «4P agricultural method» adapted to the rural environment. In conclusion, the M’BUTI model is an essential alternative in project management, taking into account the particularities of Congolese culture.

The identification of parental genetic material that will provide crosses with high heterosis for grain yield and its stability is the most important factor in hybrid millet breeding in the arid zones of Asia and Africa. Self-pollination method along with directional selection was used to develop advanced lines from four improved varieties and landraces: Gamoji, HKB, HKP-GMS, and Moro-R. A total of 131 progenies of S5 to S11 generation were screened along four years under natural downy mildew infestation in Niger. The screening activities occurred in the course of rainy seasons 2021 at Bengou and Tara. In 2022, one treatments’ set (set-1) was evaluated at Bengou and Tara while the second set was tested at Bengou and Kalapaté. Field activities were carried out at Bengou and N’Dounga in 2023; and lastly in 2024 at the four mentioned experimental stations. Entries were laid in RCBD in three replicates regardless the year and the location. There was significant difference between tested treatments for the numbers of days to blooming in the face of their genetic level guarantying hence a selection of good nicking hybrid parents. Forty seven (47) lines including 13 with null disease incidence, 26 highly resistant, and eight resistant yielded as high as the average mean according the experiments. Although the Gam-B lines’ cluster revealed the earliest in general, issued individual plants could play the role of female parents in the development of the future hybrids. Indeed, the group was the shortest in matter of plant height while presenting the maximum grain yield and inherited best resistance to the most disastrous disease of pearl millet. Moro-R offspring would be source of male parents for its overall greatest plant height. Favorable HKP-GMS descendants will be taken as female parents to cross to Moro-R side whereas approving others will be crossed onto the female Gam-B. The variety HKB, a key component in our breeding program should be improved through reciprocal recurrent selection prior to its exploitation in hybrid development.

No sustainable development can be achieved or have any real meaning if it does not promote the use of local materials. In the northern regions of West Africa, one of the potentials to be developed for the benefit of construction is the use of Borassus aethiopum mart fibers (BAMF). The aim of this work is to estimate the elastic characteristics of mortars reinforced with Borassus aethiopum mart fibers to encourage the use of this material. To achieve this, we formulated a cement mortar, in accordance with the requirements of standard EN 196-1, reinforced with 10% Borassus aethiopum mart fibers, in volume fraction. The reference mortar is denoted M0, while the mortar reinforced with BAMF is denoted MB. The characteristics were estimated using the homogenization formula (HF) and the Hashin-Shtrikman upper and lower bounds. The characteristics of the mortar and the Borassus aethiopum mart fibers were determined before they were considered in the composite material characterization model. The results of the study show that the Hashin-Shtrikman bounds have acceptable values for limiting the range of validity of the elastic characteristics of the material. The homogenization formula proposes an increased value for the elastic characteristics of composite materials, although it still gives an idea. The Hashin-Shtrikman HS+ upper bound gives the most acceptable value for Young’s modulus of elasticity, which is 22.11GPa for a Poisson’s ratio of 0.15.

Smart and sustainable city must meet six criteria according to Giffinger. This paper analyzes the probability of the city of Bouake becoming a smart and sustainable city in a context of informal trade dominance. The conduct of this study is based on conducting a survey to collect qualitative and quantitative data. An interview guide is administered to the various actors involved in urban and digital development. As for the investigation, it is directed at traders. From this it follows that informal trade is the main source of urban employment. While the practice of this activity generates a frantic production of garbage and the presence of traders created a real urban entropy. In addition, green spaces are becoming public markets, sites of international institutions, housing, etc. Moreover, the digital divide is characterized by the persistence of gray areas. This situation does not facilitate the appropriation of digital by populations and administrations.

In Niger, moringa leaf production keeps market gardeners busy in most urban and peri-urban areas. The economic importance of moringa is well established, given the area planted, its virtues and its contribution to nutritional security and poverty reduction. However, in recent years, moringa productivity has fallen considerably due to the almost constant pressure of defoliating insects. Faced with this situation, growers are using unregistered chemicals of dubious origin, often hazardous to human health and the environment. This study aims to find alternative methods to chemical control, in particular by promoting agroecological management. The study was conducted in a Fisher block design with four (4) replications and four (4) treatments, where the potential of basil, sorghum and maize in the management of moringa defoliating insects was tested. Insect abundances and diversity indices were calculated and compared between treatments. Defoliation levels were determined by treatment. Analysis of the results showed that basil and sorghum reduced insect abundance by 7% and 5% respectively, and increased insect diversity by 8% and 13% respectively with the presence of natural enemies in the plots. Similarly, the results revealed the potential of basil and sorghum to very significantly (Pr = 0.0015) reduce defoliation by 36% and 34% respectively in moringa plots. Sorghum and basil may be better candidates for inclusion in the agroecological management of moringa defoliating insects.

The study revealed that sustainable forest management (SFM) is nothing new. It has always been a concern, both in Central Africa and worldwide. Several approaches have been put in place to make it a reality: certification, participation, the community approach, the integrated approach and the ecosystem approach. However, the implementation of these approaches, especially in the Central African sub-region, faces a number of challenges. Despite the efforts made, sustainable forest management is far from being a reality, and forest resources are deteriorating in many areas, or even disappearing altogether in others. This is why it is imperative that we continue to reflect on these issues and find solutions to ensure that these approaches are effectively applied, taking into account the reality of each environment, and that sustainable forest management becomes a reality.

This review, based on the impacts of marine pollution on groundwater quality in the islands, provides ample evidence of the complexity of the socio-economic and environmental management of the islands due to their geographical position and human pressure. The coastal ecosystem of the islands is complex, dynamic and, above all, vulnerable to human activity, marine intrusion and climate change. In addition, it can come from a variety of sources such as agriculture, industry, tourism, inadequate waste management and mining activities. It is essential for these island communities to implement effective measures to prevent groundwater pollution and protect their precious water resources. The aim of this study was to review the literature on the impact of marine pollution on groundwater quality in island regions. The aim was to identify all the parameters influencing groundwater pollution on islands.

Herbaceous plants are found everywhere. However, they are very little studied. The general objective of this study is to improve knowledge of the herbaceous flora introduced from Côte d’Ivoire. The methodology used to draw up the list of exotic woody plants of Côte d’Ivoire consisted of a bibliographic synthesis. Thus, published works and articles as well as national, regional and international online databases were consulted. In total, 550 introduced and naturalized herbaceous plants belonging to 345 genera and divided into 101 families were identified. The dominant genera are: Heliconia and Solanum, Crotalaria and Euphorbia. The most predominant families are: Fabaceae, Poaceae, Compositae, Solanaceae and Araceae. Introduced herbaceous plants are dominated by nanophanerophytes with 242 species (44%). These are most terrestrial dicotyledonous angiosperms. They are mainly (67%) perennial. Regarding morphological types, the introduced herbaceous plants are subdivided into 477 erect plants (87%) and 73 lianas (13%). 44 species with conservation value have been identified in their area of origin, i.e. 8% of all species. Forty-two (42) species are endemic to several countries including: Brazil, India, Mexico and Madagascar. Seven (07) species are present on the IUCN red list (2024). These are: 2 critically endangered species (CR), 03 endangered species (EN) and (02) vulnerable species (VU). The majority of introduced herbaceous plants come from the Americas (41%) and Asia (23%).

FDI in North America has been a driver of economic growth and development, but it has also raised significant challenges. To maximize the benefits of FDI and minimize its drawbacks, governments must implement appropriate policies, such as tax incentives to attract investments, strict environmental regulations, and measures to protect domestic businesses.

Studies at the macroscopic and microscopic scale of the rocks collected during the geological survey reveal that the Lombe valley is made up of green schists from which the following lithofacies have been deduced: Chloritoschist, biotitoschist, epidotite and sericitoschist. The geological and mineralogical characteristics reveal that the metamorphites of the said valley reached the biotite stage before being affected by an epizonal retromorphosis.

The objective of this research is to optimize the management of accident-causing data by taking into account the geographical coordinates of accident sites. To do this, Google Maps, Google Earth and satellite positioning system receivers were used. These geospatial tools made it possible to attribute post-disasters, geographical coordinates to road traffic accidents in the municipality of Yopougon recorded by the road safety office in a context of lack of formal street addressing between the years 2016 and 2018. Then, by concatenating the geographical coordinates, in particular the latitude and longitude, the accident sites with identical coordinates were grouped together. A total of 3165 accidents with 2707 nominal addresses were geocoded, including 1694 serious accidents with 1138 nominal addresses. Serious accidents are accidents with at least one serious injury or death. The concatenation of the coordinates made it possible to group the 2707 nominal addresses into 280 places and particularly the 1138 into 251. That is 90% and 80% respectively gains for better analyses later. It has also reorganised the classification of accident-prone places. In conclusion, the geocoding of accidents and the concatenation of geographical coordinates that it allows improves the quality of basic statistical data for classical and spatial downstream analyses.

In Côte d’Ivoire, plantain is a widely consumed food. It’s grown in all humid agroecological areas of the country. Despite its adaptation to these areas, plantain production remains insufficient on the coast of cultivation soils salinization. This study aimed to improve plantain production in coastal area of ​​Côte d’Ivoire by obtaining vivo-plants. It was conducted to evaluate agronomic performance of plantain vivo-plants from environments treated with increasing solutions of NaCl (0, 5, 10 and 15 g/l) and Sargassum natans (25, 50 and 100%). Two-month-old plants were transferred to plots developed in Azaguié locality and some production and yield parameters were evaluated. Results showed that time interval between planting and flowering and production cycle were short in plants from environments treated with S.natans (50 and 100%) and NaCl (5 and 10g/L) solutions. Average mass of bunches and middle finger varied according to plants from different treatments. However, the best yields were obtained with T 50% concentration of S. natans extract (18.33 t/ha) and 5g/L of NaCl solution (16.32 t/ha) compared to control (14.35 t/ha). In conclusion, concentrations of 5 g/L of NaCl solution and T 50% of S. natans extract can be used to evaluate tolerance of plantains to soil salinity to improve yield.

This paper investigates the relevance of using a large number of Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) as descriptors of acoustic signals, and the interaction between these and the nature of the frequency band in which the Mel filters are arranged. This study forms part of the wider field of automatic recognition of acoustic signals, with a particular focus on those that are not speech-related. We evaluated a series of MFCCs, spanning a range from 1 to 50, utilising the central octave band frequencies (31.5 Hz-16000 Hz) as the MFCC calculation frequencies. An application was made to the identification of chainsaw sounds among a plurality of signals from the forest environment. The results revealed a threshold value for the number of MFCCs (LVMFCC) above which classification rates remain constant. The LVMFCC=39 was common to all frequencies, although specifically the LVMFCC for each centre frequency was between 5 and 39 MFCCs. We observed that the notion of an optimal value for the number of MFCCs could appear subjective. The best classification rate of 98.41% obtained with the 16000 Hz centre frequency corresponds to a number of MFCCs between 5 and 50. These results also reveal the need to restructure the.

The study was conducted in the Yapo-Abbe Forest Massif, located in southeastern Cote d’Ivoire. it aims to analyze the population structure of timber species listed on the 2018 IUCN Red List. The surface survey method was used for the inventory and identification of these species across the three biotopes of the massif (secondary forest, reforested forest, and fallow land). The results show that the Yapo-Abbe Forest Massif harbors twenty-four (24) timber species listed on the 2018 IUCN Red List. These species are categorized into seventeen (17) vulnerable species, five (05) species of least concern, one (01) near-threatened species, and one (01) endangered species. The vegetation structure analysis indicates that in the secondary forest and fallow land biotopes, the population of the twenty-four (24) inventoried species is relatively balanced despite anthropogenic pressures. However, in the reforested forest biotope, the population of these species is disturbed and unbalanced. The assessment of regeneration potential reveals that the twenty-four (24) inventoried species struggle to regenerate in the secondary forest and reforested forest biotopes. In these vegetation formations, species regeneration is hindered by the denser canopy and intra- and/or interspecific competition. However, in the fallow land biotope, the twenty-four (24) inventoried species exhibit good regeneration potential.