Due to the fact that the ionosphere can affect the passage of radio waves, it plays a very important role as a part of the atmosphere. The ionosphere contains different ionized regions (D region, E region, F1 and F2 region). Each region has its own properties and shows distinct influence on the entering radio signals. The importance of the ionosphere is represented by its utilization for communication systems and its effect on satellite communications and navigation systems. There are different kinds of techniques for studying the ionosphere (Ionosonde, incoherent scatter radar, beacons, in situ measurements, etc.) that provide valuable information about the ionosphere. Because the ionosphere has a dynamic and direct response to solar activities, the patches of ionization in the ionosphere are irregular. As a consequence, ionosphere is greatly variable and quite random in its effects. With the help of a new laboratory ionospheric simulator (a so called Ionospektroskop) close studying and investigation of the characteristics of the ionosphere become possible. Ionosphere-like plasma created by the Ionospektroskop has a similar characteristic (no earth connection and no reference point) as the ionosphere holds. In order to investigate this kind of free-floating plasma, a measuring technique called floating measurement is required. With the help of the configuration of the Ionospektroskop and based on this kind of measuring technique, measuring the electrical properties (such as voltage) of the free-floating plasma gets easier. In this paper, an example of a floating measurement related to the Ionospektroskop is given.

This study explores the rural livelihoods in Zimbabwe. Taking Moyo Musande as a case study, the study identifies and explores the livelihood strategies of households in the context of contemporary economic and political conditions. The empirical findings unpacked diverse livelihood activities and resources that villagers deploy to construct livelihoods. Contemporary livelihoods are not only located within natural resources and agrarian activities but also constitutes informality, civil society donations, social reciprocity, pensions and remittances. Livelihoods are often jeopardized by numerous challenges namely lack of credit, theft, unemployment and politics. Despite the challenges rural people negotiate and maneuver to secure household economic well being. The study demonstrated that given sound rural development policies, households are very much proficient of constructing their own fruitful sustainable livelihoods. These findings were projected through in-depth interviews which are a genre of qualitative methodology. Theoretically, the paper is underpinned by the Sustainable Livelihood Framework to examine the livelihoods strategies and the vulnerability context that complicates lives and livelihoods of rural people in Moyo Musande.

This paper considers capabilities of vacuum modification optical materials with application rare-earth elements and manufacturing procedures of optical materials with high concentration erbium active ions. Recently, the problem of increasing concentrations erbium active ions in rare-earth elements doped optical amplifiers without decreasing of their quantum efficiency, gets a major actually. Achievement in the field of ionic-plasma vacuum processing techniques allows practical possibility to establish new generation effective optical amplifiers with extremely high (> 10²⁰ sm^-3) concentration of rare-earth elements. On basis the technology of vacuum thermal deposition and vacuum synthesis, Er₂O₃ - SiOx - Al₂O₃ multicomponent planar light guide has been manufactured. The multicomponent planar light guide is created on local segment of an optical fiber core. The erbium ion concentration spans from 10¹⁹ to 8

Micromagnetic simulation study has been conducted on the perpendicular material ferromagnetic Pt_xMn_ySb_z by completing Landau-Lifshift Gilbert equation. Choosen ferromagnetic material has some parameters such as anisotropy constant as large as 4.5

This paper presents the results of a field experiment, whose aim was to investigate the potential of dissolved cow dung to cause anopheles larval population reduction in Yala swamp, western Kenya. Field experiments were conducted in two fish ponds located within the drained part of a wetland, and two swamp pools in undisturbed parts of the wetland. The experimental pond was treated with decomposed cow dung, while control pond and swamp pools were not treated. Data collection involved regular larvae sampling and water quality measurements in order to compare mosquito larval densities among the habitats based on variations in physic-chemical parameters. The species of anopheles mosquitoes identified were Anopheles gambiae complex and Anopheles funestus. The distribution and abundance of mosquito larvae was significantly associated with water quality parameters such as pH (r = -0. 48; P < 0.01), DO (P < 0.01), Conductivity (r = -0.11; P < 0.01) and Turbidity (r = -0.57; P < 0.01). The results show that cow-dung treatment significantly reduced Anopheles species population in the experimental pond without diminishing the dissolve oxygen concentration levels required for diverse biota. Thus, cow-dung has potential to control aquatic stage of malaria vectors, and further experiments could help to refine its use as a tool for larval source reduction in rural settings. This can facilitate community-based vectors control in rural areas where numerous transient mosquito breeding habitats occur.

The study was carried out in three communities namely, Pekyi, Kokpong and Cheyohi in the Tolon Kumbungu District (TKD) to assess the growth performance of lambs kept under the traditional system of production. The parameters studied were birth weight, pre-weaning weight gain, ewe weight at birth, and pre-weaning ewe weight. Data was collected from 26 animals (14 lambs and 12 ewes) and analysed using anova, regression and graphs. The study lasted 12 weeks. Lambs had a mean birth weight of 1.6 kg, pre-weaning average weekly gain was 742 g and pre-weaning mean weight at 12 weeks was 10.7 kg. Mean birth weight (1.5 kg), mean pre-weaning weekly gain (730 g) and mean pre-weaning weight at 12 weeks (10.2 kg) of male lambs were lower than those of females which were 1.9 kg, 770 g and 11.2 kg respectively. Also single born male lambs had significantly higher birth weight (1.7 kg), pre-weaning average weekly gain (773 g) and pre-weaning weight at 12 weeks (11.1 kg) than female lambs which were 1.4 kg, 620 g and 9.3 kg respectively. With better management practices by the farmer, lambs under the traditional system could be improved greatly.

This research is a Practice led research. It is made of two parts. First some experimental art paintings were made by the artist, based on abstract style, and using colors expressing various emotional feelings. These art paintings are made with power of human feelings and with the spiritual concentration to express these feelings especially into colors. These art paintings are made with the intention to express and also to transfer the spiritual mood of the concept in each case, to the viewers of art and the users of the final product. Next, these art paintings are being used to design textile prints that will keep, and even exaggerate these human emotional factors, that would provide emotional semantics to the users of the product. The designer of the textile prints will consider the slight differences between the colors on the canvas of the paintings, and the colors on the computer screens, and also the final colors on the output fabric material.
The designer and the artist will also consider in the computer stage of design the differences of perception of colors between humans in order to avoid any wrong interpret of color that might lead to expressing a different mood, semantic massage, to the user. This experiment will include a final comparison between the colors in the art paintings and the colors on the final textile print products to measure how accurate the stages of production.

The study was conducted to evaluate homogenous platelets rich plasma (PRP) gel in the bone healing process. There are limited researches on the use of biomaterials to assist healing process in Bangladesh done earier. Therefore, this experiment was carried out to exploit the therapeutic effects of PRP gel on healing process. For bone healing study, total 6 oblique tibial fracture cases in goats were created. Goats were divided into three groups with two animals in each group bearing weight 15-20 kg and age 1-3 years. Among these two groups were treated with homogenous PRP gel and one group was untreated served as control and fracture cases were corrected with open reduction and internal fixation using bone plate with screw and surgical stainless steel wire (18 Gauze) suture. Goats showed a satisfactory result on bone healing after using PRP gel. Post operative radiography confirmed that bone fragments were well maintained until healing occurred and radiograph showed negligible callus at 30 days, complete healing occur. On the other hands, it takes 60 days for immobilization in untreated group. In treatment groups there was no periosteal reaction at the fracture site. No postoperative complication was observed at surgical site. This study could help veterinarians to consider natural biomaterial product specially homogenous PRP gel for a good healing of bone with minimum complications. Further studies are necessary for the molecular investigation of healing process and proper establishment of commercially available of PRP gel in our country and easyiest way of application.

In this paper, two robust optimal control strategies: Discrete Model Predictive Control (DMPC) and Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) are proposed to solve the problem of backlash nonlinearity present in two mass system and also reducing the sensor noise present at the output of the system. In past, number of attempts has been made to develop the optimum controls for backlash nonlinear system to compress the oscillations in load speed. The (DMPC) and (LQR) are now one of the most successful robust optimal control strategies for highly uncertain nonlinear systems like specially the one we have in industries. The (DMPC) and (LQR) require online information of all the states of the nonlinear system, so role of estimators becomes very prominent in (DMPC) and (LQR). In this paper, Kalman Filter (KF) has been used for the state estimation assuming that sensor noise is also present at the output of the system, so in that case load speed, which is also output of the nonlinear system contains backlash nonlinearity and random sensor noise, so now both (DMPC) and (LQR) have to deal with two problems simultaneously. In simulations, a comparison has been presented between the two control schemes. From simulations, it is quite clear that (DMPC) performance is much better than (LQR), while suppressing oscillations due to presence of backlash and sensor noise at the output of the system. Comparison between two controllers also reveals that (DMPC) is much faster than (LQR), while achieving tracking.

One of the most important effective factors the software companies face is the Software Cost Estimation (SCE) in software development process time. SCE is one of the subjects which have been considered in late decades in many researches. The real estimation in software development needs effort and cost factors which are done by use of the algorithmic and Artificial Intelligence (AI) models. Boehm used the COCOMO model which is an algorithmic model in 1981 for SCE. The low accuracy and non-reliable structures of the algorithmic models led to high risks of software projects. So, it is needed to estimate the cost of the project annually and compare it to the other techniques. The Meta-Heuristic algorithms have been developed well lately in software fields and SCE. Meta-heuristic and Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) solve the problems according to the optimization of the problems and are very efficient in optimizing the algorithmic models and the effective factors in cost estimation. In this paper we have proposed a hybrid model based on GA and ACO for optimization of the effective factors' weight in NASA dataset software projects. The results of the experiments show that the proposed model is more efficient than COCOMO model in software projects cost estimation and holds less Magnitude of Relative Error (MRE) in comparison to COCOMO model.