Wireless networks generally contain a large number of sensors, which are arbitrarily and densely located. These networks find use in various applications such as process management, health care monitoring, traffic analysis, and industrial process monitoring. Scheduling is commonly a technique which is used for controlling the process order of a Computer CPU. In wireless sensor networks for reducing the sensor’s energy consumption and terminal delays, scheduling plays an important role for a choice of data packets like real-time data packets and non-real time data packets. Scheduling algorithms for instance First Come First Serve, preemptive and non-preemptive priority algorithms puts large processing overhead and long terminal delays in data transmission. The development of packet scheduling algorithms can efficiently improve the delivery of packets between various wireless links in wireless networks. With the use of algorithms like packet scheduling, quality of service can be assured and transmission rate can be improved for wireless sensor networks. This paper fundamentally focuses on the wireless sensor network nodes as for each node the process execution requires the minimum reach to target. In this work the First Come First Serve Algorithm and Priority Scheduling algorithm has been applied for calculating the end-to-end delay. It can further be used for combining the coverage area for next processes. Shortest Job First (SJF) scheduling algorithm is then applied for finding the execution time on the basis of priority time reduction. Finally, a contrast of end-to-end delay with process execution time is done.
Information and communication technologies (ICT), as a means of disseminating and transmitting information, have conquered the whole world through their role and function within society. The aim of this research is to describe the role of ICT in the modernization of the justice system. Achieving this objective by combining a mixed methodology, through a triangulation of methods and tools with 99 Internet users, has enabled us to show that ICT has had a positive effect on digitization, as these tools have been used to disseminate information and speed up case processing. From these results, we can see that ICTs have made advances in the functioning of the justice system, even if others perceive it as complicated because it’s not adapted to their reality. But we can say that innovation was a fundamental reality to save justice from its ills.
In maize-producing farms in the Sudanian and Sudano-Sahelian zones of Burkina Faso, the factors that guide the choice of peasant practices are linked to the type of maize field and the socio-economic conditions of farmers. The study conducted in 2020 aimed to identify the determinants and socio-economic logics of the choice of peasant practices in maize-producing farms. Data were collected from 100 farm heads in four (4) villages: Ouroubonon, Dio, Waly and Sangoulema. Stratified sampling made it possible to randomly select maize farms regardless of their number in the villages concerned. Variables of socio-economic characteristics and cropping systems were collected and then multiple correspondence and frequency analyses were carried out. The study showed that the socio-economic factors that best discriminate the choice of farming practices are age, level of education and/or literacy, household size and number of agricultural workers. The farmers of the three types of fields are divided into different age groups. However, those in the 30 to 40 and 40 to 56 age groups are the most numerous and represented in all fields. The 40 to 56 age group includes the largest proportion of farmers regardless of the type of field. The youngest and oldest farmers are found exclusively in village and bush fields. Farmers in these last two types of fields have larger households and agricultural assets. Investment costs per hectare for the purchase of NPK fertilizers and urea are higher in village fields than in hut and bush fields. The recommended doses of organic and mineral manure are applied only in village fields by some groups of farmers. However, the lowest doses are found in bush fields with non-recommended application methods.
The present study was initiated to contribute to the sustainable management of the Niégré classified forest. It analyzed the floristic diversity, vegetation structure and conservation value of this forest. The methodology used consisted in randomly installing 100 m x 20 m (2,000 m2) plots in each biotope (old-growth forest, 1-10 year-old fallow, 11-19 year-old fallow, 20-30 year-old fallow and 30+ year-old fallow). In each plot, chest height diameter (CHD) and height measurements were taken for all woody species 2.5 cm and over. A total of 419 species in 286 genera and 92 families were recorded. The most important families are Fabaceae, Rubiaceae and Euphorbiaceae. The flora of this forest is also characterized by the presence of special-status species (55), two of which are endemic to Côte d’Ivoire. This work also shows that stand composition and structure parameters increase with the age of the fallow. Efforts to conserve the endemic, rare and endangered species of the Niégré classified forest must be a top priority.
The LIMINGA substation in the municipality of LIMETE, one of the three nodes of the City of KINSHASA’s HV distribution network, is experiencing operating difficulties due in particular to the absence of an optimal planning sheet, capable of concretely defining the priority areas for intervention. This substation is a key facility in the city, supplying power to the communes of LIMETE, LEMBA, MASINA, MATETE, KINSESO MAKALA, NGABA, KIMBANSEKE, N’DJILI and NGALIEMA. It is therefore of paramount interest to analyze the operating parameters of its 30/6.6 kV and 30/20 kV distribution network in this entity, in order to avoid the alarming situation of load shedding, black pockets and lack of electricity that the population of these communes is often confronted with on a daily basis.
The article entitled: Women’s decision-making autonomy and free and informed consent for access to reproductive health care: contribution of socio-economic theory in the community of the N’djili Health Zone in Kinshasa / Democratic Republic of Congo aims to analyze the factors influencing women’s decision-making. Their autonomy and their capacity to give informed consent to access reproductive health care. The central question is rooted in the desire to understand how cultural norms and socio-economic conditions shape women’s choices regarding their reproductive health, integrating socio-economic theory to contextualize these experiences (Sen, 2022). Our research revealed that many women in the N’djili community experienced difficulties in exercising their decision-making autonomy in reproductive health, which compromised their capacity to give informed consent (Benson et al. 2020). Furthermore, the lack of information and awareness about reproductive health rights and options contributes to the maintenance of existing inequalities (WHO, 2018). By integrating socio-economic theory, this study demonstrates that education and economic resources are crucial determinants in promoting women’s autonomy (Fathallah et al. 2021). It is therefore imperative to develop educational and awareness programs that not only inform women of their rights, but also involve the community and health professionals to promote sustainable change.
The increase in agricultural production is accompanied by a growth in the use of plant protection products, with inappropriate use of doses and frequency of treatment, leading to negative effects on the environment and human health. The aim of this study is to identify the parameters that contribute to the deterioration of surface and groundwater quality in agricultural environments in the department of Agboville. The methodology involved studying the relationships between chemical elements indicative of agricultural contamination and pesticide residues measured in the water sampled. The results show that more than half (52%) of the water points sampled were surface water and 48% were groundwater. In the rainy season, 68% of water points have an NO3- concentration > 10 mg/L and in the dry season, 85% of water points have an NO3- concentration > 10 mg/L. Nitrates come mainly from leaching from agricultural land and the decomposition of organic matter. High concentrations of herbicides (glyphosate: 0,52 µg/L and glyphosate isopropylamine salt: 0,30 µg/L) were detected in water from rubber plantations and rice fields, while high levels of insecticides (deltamethrin: 0,3 µg/L and chlorpyrifos-ethyl: 0,4 µg/L) were observed in water from market gardens. Water points located inside and/or near old plantations (over 15 years old) are the most contaminated. Surface water is more contaminated than groundwater, and contamination is greater in the rainy season than in the dry season.
This research explores the role of the family as an ecosystem for youth entrepreneurship education in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), focusing on the entrepreneurial experience of an 11-year-old child. The central question is how the family, as an educational ecosystem, fosters the development of youth entrepreneurship in the DRC. The aim of this study is to analyze the role of the family as an ecosystem for youth entrepreneurship education in the DRC, using the example of an 11-year-old child. The results highlight children’s roles in entrepreneurial experiences, the nature of the entrepreneurship initiated, the entrepreneurial skills and values developed, the influence of the family environment on children’s entrepreneurial education, and the challenges of family entrepreneurial education. This study sheds valuable light on the central role of the family in the development of the entrepreneurial spirit in young people.
The present study aims to improve knowledge of the structure of the Bilma block based on the interpretation of gravity anomaly maps. Three filtering methods were applied: upward continuation, horizontal gradient and Euler deconvolution. The analysis of the residual anomaly map upwarded allowed us to understand the behavior of gravity anomalies at the different applied altitudes. The negative anomalies thus resist to the various continuations, unlike the positive ones anomalies. The horizontal gradient method also allowed us to identify and highlight gravity lineaments that may be associated with faults already recognized by geological and geophysical studies. Those faults are responsible for the structuration of the Bilma block and are organized into three families of directions: NW-SE, NNW-SSE and NE-SW, with a prevalence of the NW-SE direction. Finally, the estimated depths by using Euler deconvolution calculations exceed 3 km for the deepest density sources and they are less than 1 km for the shallower ones sources.
The general aim of this study, which focused on goat fattening, was to investigate, as an initial trial, the weight performance of goats, about which very little is known, with a view to developing sustainable technical and economic proposals for extensive Sahelian farming systems. The methodology was based on weekly measurements of the bucks’ weight performance in an experimental batch of 11 bucks fed a ration based on local feed resources and a control batch. The control lot was monitored in parallel under the normal conditions of the area’s usual extensive rearing practices. The results showed that the animals in the control batch did not regain weight, with a 3% loss in body weight. In the experimental batch, body weight varied progressively with an average increase of 7 kg per buck. The Consumption Index, which ranged from 6 to 18 kg of dry matter per kg of growth depending on the duration of fattening, shows the sharp efficiency of goats in converting local fodder resources into animal protein. The physical and ethnic characteristics of the animals had a significant influence on their increased economic value. Older, larger and medium-weight Sahelian bucks contributed more to maximising foreign exchange. The average daily gain and gross profit were higher when the duration of fattening was limited to six weeks. After this period, the profit (2047 F CFA on average per billy-goat) fell linearly, resulting only in economic losses from the 9th week onwards. Taking into account the optimum duration and the criteria for choosing the animal will lead to overall improvements in the profitability of fattening goats.
Sustainable development is a shared societal project that requires collective engagement and assuming responsibilities among all actors and stakeholders involved to be implemented effectively. In particular, civil society associations are considered pivotal actors in this implementation. Accordingly, this paper aims to highlight associations’ role and interventions in achieving sustainable development in Guelmim city. Data for this study were collected through a survey questionnaire directed to most of the associations in the city of Guelmim, with a response rate of 80 responses. The results revealed the limited interventions of civil society associations in achieving sustainable development goals, with a major focus on the social dimension.
Kobotoolbox is a free online application classically used for data collection. Our work has enabled us to design interactive guides aimed at informing and raising awareness of sickle cell disease (a genetic disorder). The four information and awareness guides are AD1 (Diagnose your child’s sickle cell status), AD2 (Diagnose your hemoglobin status), AD3 (Susceptibility for a couple to give birth to sickle cell children) and AD4 (Diagnose your child’s sickle cell status). Deployed on billions of computers, tablets, phones, including in our NGO, these guides can make a difference.
Salacia species are widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several pathologies such as diabetes, liver disorders and skin infections. In Africa, Salacia nitida is used for its beneficial effects against typhoid fever and malaria. However, despite the many traditional uses of this plant, few chemical studies have been carried out on this species. Our study aims to extract, isolate and identify phytocompounds from the leaves and root bark of S. nitida and evaluate their biological potential. Extraction by successive maceration followed by flash chromatography allowed the isolation of five compounds whose structures were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques (NMR and HRMS) and by comparison with literature data. These are two benzophenones, 4’-hydroxy-2,4,6-trimethoxybenzophenone (1) and 4’-hydroxy-2,4,6-trimethoxyphenone-β-D-glucopyranose (2), from leaves, and three xanthones, salacin A (3), salacin B (4) and mangiferin 5 from the root bark of Salacia nitida. Compounds 1 and 5 are already known in the literature. All crude extracts and compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for their antitrypanosomal activity. Some extracts showed a significant effect on Trypanosoma brucei gambiense.
The study examines the impact of glyphosate doses on the chemical characteristics of soils in four rural communes of the N’Zérékoré Prefecture in Guinea. The objective is to analyze the variations in pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and nutrient levels (K2O, P2O5, CaO, and Na2O) following the application of different glyphosate doses. A complete randomized block design was used, and soil samples were analyzed to determine the agronomic and environmental impacts of this herbicide. The results indicate that the application of high doses of glyphosate significantly affects the pH and CEC, leading to soil acidification and a reduction in its ability to retain nutrients. These observations highlight the importance of managing glyphosate doses to maintain soil health and the sustainability of agricultural practices.
The CEC (Cation Exchange Capacity) of a soil represents its capacity to retain and exchange nutrient cations with plant roots. In Sudanese modified natural forests, hydromorphic soils are characterised by a silty-clayey texture and a large specific surface area, which enables them to retain cations in a manner that is distinct from sandy soils. It was hypothesised that the CEC of the topsoil in modified natural forests in western Burkina Faso would demonstrate a significant increase as a consequence of the substantial environmental changes that occurred during the fallow period. To test this hypothesis, a comparison was made between the soil fertility of the forests and fallows and that of the cultivated plots, which were selected as witnesses to the increase. A total of 15 plots were selected, with five plots allocated to each situation. The vegetation and soil characteristics of each plot were documented. Soil samples were taken from the 0-20 cm horizon to create composite samples. The laboratory soil analyses included a number of parameters, including texture, pH in water and KCl solutions, carbon, nitrogen, CEC and exchangeable bases. The observations yielded a classification of the soils as tropical ferruginous hydromorphic soils with iron and manganese sexquioxide. The original materials indicate that the soil is predominantly silty-clayey in composition. The granulometric study demonstrated that the soils exhibited a predominantly silty-clayey texture in the surface horizon. This results in a high retention capacity for exchangeable bases. The woody vegetation of the forests is characterised by a greater diversity and richness of flora than that of fallow land. This has a significant impact on the enhancement of the CEC, due to the replenishment of the soil with plant debris of varying organic compositions. The overall pH is slightly acidic, with a value of 5.98 for pH in water (H2O) and 6.41 for pH in soil. Forest soils exhibit elevated concentrations of carbon (1.48% C) and nitrogen (0.1% N) in comparison to fallow soils (0.65% N, 0.05% N) and agricultural fields (0.34% C, 0.03% N). The observation of chemical balances has identified forests as suitable locations for optimal plant nutrition. In general, forests enhance the CEC and exchangeable bases, despite the values remaining below the recommended threshold for tropical ferruginous hydromorphic soils. It is thus imperative to implement strategies that will foster sustainable agricultural practices and enhance agricultural productivity in this region, where soil nutrients are naturally scarce.
Phaseolus lunatus is a legume rich in protein and essential amino acids, with a notable morphological diversity that influences its floral phenology. The aim of this study was to evaluate the flowering period of four morphotypes and to determine the duration of flower opening. The experiments were carried out at the Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé in Daloa, Côte d’Ivoire. The experimental set-up used was a complete block with 10 plants per morphotype. The results revealed significant variability between morphotypes. Morphotype 3 showed early flowering (79 days), while morphotype 2 was the latest (137 days). Analysis of floral morphology using an optical microscope revealed significant differences between morphotypes in terms of the number of flowers opened and aborted. This study underlines the importance of understanding floral phenology for optimizing P. lunatus production and guiding varietal selection. The variability observed highlights the potential for genetic improvement, in order to develop better-performing varieties that are better adapted to changing climatic conditions.
Cowpea, grown for its seeds and haulms in the savannahs of West Africa, is affected by drought. Drought is one of the most damaging constraints to its production with high yield losses. The study conducted at Saria Research Station, in a Fisher block design with two replicates, aimed to identify drought tolerant cowpea varieties. Forty cowpea varieties were screened for drought tolerance in February, under irrigated and non-irrigated regimes. The varieties were evaluated through various variables. Plants grown under non-stressed conditions were watered regularly from sowing to maturity while those under stressed conditions were watered from sowing to flower bud initiation. The varieties showed considerable variability in drought tolerance for the parameters 50% flowering, 95% maturity, 100-seed weight, seed weight, haulm weight and wilting percentage. Water stress had a reducing effect on chlorophyll content, 100-seed weight and seed weight. Stress tolerance index was the best criterion for evaluating genotypes for drought tolerance variability. KVx 402-5-2, 219E and Sarc-1-91-1 showed the best characteristics under both conditions and could be potential parents in the selection of drought tolerant genotypes.
To reduce malaria-related morbidity and mortality in Côte d’Ivoire, the National Malaria Control Program selected Indoor Residual Spraying as a complementary strategy to long-lasting insecticide-treated nets widely distributed in the country. As such, the current study was conducted to collect baseline information before IRS from May 2019 to August 2020 and to evaluate its effect on entomological parameters of malaria transmission from September 2020 to August 2021 after the intervention in Nassian, a high malaria endemic district of Côte d’Ivoire. Vectors were identified both morphologically and molecularly. the parity rate and the presence of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite was determined.
A total of 7,401 females of Anopheles were collected, of which 73.4 % before IRS and 26.6 % after IRS. Anopheles gambiae s.s. (85.2 %), An. funestus s.l. (14.2 %), An. nili (0.3%) and of An. pharoensis (0.3%) were collected. In baseline, the mean biting rate of Anopheles gambiae s.s was 17.5 bites/person/night. The mean parity rate was 81.5% with an average entomological inoculation rate of 1.2 infective bites/person/night. However, after IRS implementation, these parameters decreased respectivelly to 6.1 bites/person/night, the parity rate to 69.3 % and the EIR to 0.2 infective bites /person/night.
A significant decrease of all entomological parameters was observed after the implementation of the IRS showing the positive effect of IRS on the vectors. However, following monitoring should be required including an epidemiological assessment to support the impact that was observed. This will guide the National Malaria Control Programme for future decision making and advocacy.
Both recreational and competitive sports are experiencing growing developments. The traumas related to their practice remain unknown, thus causing a loss of abilities or a definitive stop. It is in this context that the objective of this work is to study the interest of a reathletization program following an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction of the knee in a young footballer from Dakar Sacré Cœur.
We first measured the footballer’s thigh circumference. Then we made him undergo Vameval, Crossover hop and Counter movement jump tests to determine respectively his aerobic endurance, the symmetry of the lower limb and his vertical relaxation. Finally, at the end of the seven (7) week reathletization program at the rate of five (5) sessions per week, we re-evaluated the same variables in the footballer.
Thus, the comparison of the values recorded before and after the reathletization program revealed an increase in the thigh perimeter of 3 centimeter, the Maximum Aerobic Speed of 1.18 kilometer per hour, oxygen consumption of 4.13 milliliter per kilogram per minute, the percentage of asymmetry of 3.3 percent in the crossover hop test and the vertical jump of 6.74 centimeter in the Counter movement jump test.
It emerges from our case study that an adequate reathletization program after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction of the knee allowed our young footballer to recover his thigh perimeter, to rebalance the strength of both limbs, to improve his vertical jump and his maximum aerobic speed.
At present, little work has been done on the Cyclostratigraphy of the Abidjan margin, so the base level, which is a dynamic surface controlled by factors such as (tectonics, eustatism and climate), represents a very complex environment, which makes it difficult to characterize its rise or fall. This study aims to determine the major lithological ensembles with the evolutionary trends of the logs. The studies carried out concern the analysis of two boreholes located on the Abidjan margin, In this paper, the INPEFA technology of Gamma-Ray logs was used to study the cycle of deposition systems. The negative trend in the INPEFA curve indicates the half-cycle of sea-level decline, the positive trend suggests the rise in sea level of another half-cycle. This allowed us to determine respectively a negative trend, dominated by a positive trend and symmetric cycles (negative trend-positive trend).
Smes are expected to significantly play a substantial role in stimulating economic development for both developed and developing nations. While their access to bank financing has been widely studied in the empirical literature, the relationship between the levels of bank borrowing and financial performance has received negligible empirical attention. To address this gap, this article examines the relationship between bank borrowing levels as a source of working capital finance needs and the financial performance of SMEs in Cameroon. Specifically, (1) the effect of levels of bank borrowing on the profitability (GPM & ROE) of SMEs, and (2) the effect of levels of bank borrowing on the financial efficiency (OER & ATR) of SMEs in Cameroon. The study made use of the Cameroon World Bank Enterprise survey of 2016. The study’s findings indicate that while increased bank borrowing positively impacts profitability, this effect intensifies from level 1 to level 2, then diminishes from level 3 to level 4. Regarding financial efficiency, SMEs bank borrowing exhibits both positive and negative effects. Specifically, borrowing at levels 1 and 2 enhances financial efficiency, whereas levels 3 and 4 diminish it. These results suggest that SMEs should restrict their bank borrowing to level 2 of their working capital finance needs for optimal financial performance.
In Niger, the cumulative effects of successive years of drought and anthropic pressures have resulted in significant declines in the quality and quantity of natural resources. The present study aims to characterize the woody vegetation of the 527261.75ha Dosso Partial Wildlife Reserve. To this end, the analysis highlighted a characterization along the rainfall gradient. Data were collected by radial transect sampling, using floristic surveys and diameter measurements at 1.30 m for trees in 200 plots measuring 50 x 50 m in agrosystems and 50 x 30 m in contracted formations. Diversity indice were calculated on the basis of specific frequencies. The results revealed a woody stand characterized by a floristic richness ranging from 42 to 73 species, with an index varying from 3.86 to 4.74bits. The most dominant families in the sectors are fabaceae (32.87±35.71%) and combretaceae (10.95±19.04%). Microphanerophytes are more abundant (50.7±52.4%), reflecting the shrubby character of this stand. Dendrometric parameters indicate a low stand density (135.8±25.3ft/ha), but with a mean diameter (36.7±9.4cm) and a dominant mean height (11.67m). In the Sudanian and Sahelian domain, the dominant species in terms of importance value index are established. The diametric structure of the individuals fits the Weibull distribution and shows a predominance of young individuals. However, the low proportion of mature individuals suggests, among other things, the existence of anthropic pressures and difficult soil and climatic conditions that prevent individuals from reaching large dimensions. These results provide additional information on the state of the population in the study area, and can be used as a basis for management.
Political-media discourse in favor of sustainable development reflects a widespread awareness of the detrimental effects of human activities on the environment. In capitalist economies, the imaginary of sustainable agriculture is embodied through indicators that measure progress towards sustainability goals. However, the systematic application of these indicators to family farming in Africa poses challenges. This study assesses the sustainability of family farms, using indicators that consider the specificities of family farming. The study adapts the ‘Indicateurs de Durabilité des Exploitations Agricoles’ method and the ‘Charte de l’Agriculture Paysanne’ to family farming in Côte d’Ivoire. It borrows from the first method its integrated structure, and from the latter its principles, close to those of family farming. The study uses Household Living Standards Survey data from 2015. Results show differentiated agricultural sustainability in the agro-ecological zones: in the Sudanian and Sudano-Guinean zones, it is determined by the agro-ecological pillar, with average scores of 23.07 out of 50 (46.14%) and 17.6 out of 50 (35.20%), respectively; in the Guinean zone, it is determined by the socio-territorial pillar, with an average score of 17.9 out of 50 (35.80%). The economic scores - 58%, 62.18% and 56.42% respectively - confirm the major role of family farming in wealth creation. The study recommends agricultural policies that favor the environment and the involvement of farmers in local community life. On theoretical side, it highlights the need for each society to build its own development trajectories.
Leaf wetness duration is a key parameter in agricultural meteorology as it is linked to the epidemiology of many important crops, and to the control of infection rates and pathogen development. This study analyzed the variations in meteorological conditions favoring the leaf wetness duration of cashew trees in two zones of Côte d’Ivoire: Lataha (north) and Vavoua (central-west). Climatic variables such as temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, wind speed, and precipitation were measured over a three-year period. The study reveals that in the northern zone, prolonged leaf wetness periods coincide with high relative humidity, low temperatures, and moderate solar radiation. In Vavoua, relative humidity remains high throughout the year, leading to a longer leaf wetness duration. An inverse correlation between relative humidity and variables such as temperature and solar radiation was observed in both zones, indicating that lower temperatures extend leaf wetness. The results highlight the importance of monitoring meteorological variables to anticipate the risks of foliar diseases and recommend an integrated crop management approach based on rigorous meteorological monitoring to mitigate the climatic impacts on leaf wetness duration.
The development of an oasis basin is an important component for its sustainable management. The aim of this study is to understand the contribution of oasis basin management to improving the resilience of farmers while guaranteeing sustainable exploitation of the managed basin. The methodology used consisted of comparing a developed site with an undeveloped site by means of an assessment of the herbaceous vegetation, an inventory of achievements and socio-economic surveys. The results show that the developed site has 2.5 times richer in flora than the undeveloped site. This flora is dominated by Poaceae with 58.33% of the 12 families and 42.86% of the 5 families encountered on the developed and undeveloped sites respectively. The herbaceous cover was 87.75% and 16.56%, on the developed site and the control site respectively. On average, a farmer cultivates 0.37 ha in the developed basin, where the agro-biodiversity is made up of 21 species, compared with 0.6 ha in the undeveloped basin with an agro-biodiversity of 9 species. This type of farming generates a positive profit margin of around €1,145.59 and €501.99, on average per farmer, in the developed and undeveloped basins respectively. 100% of the farmers thought that the main effect of the development outside the basin was to reduce erosion, while over 98% thought that it improved farm income inside the basin. The development of a basin is a guarantee of its sustainable exploitation.
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