This research in this aspect is necessary, because of PFASs are one kind of hydrophobic and hydrophilic chemicals, and the study of PFASs with protein used as a dissolved organic matter in this study is valuable to evaluate the ecological risk of this kind of chemicals. Fluorescence has been proven as a sensible method to provide qualitative and quantitative information on the PFAS-serum albumin interactions. This work will provide some information for appropriately understanding the interaction between PFASs and protein and illustrate its binding mechanisms at different concentration of protein, cations and pH. The results obtained from fluorescence spectra indicated that PFASs could quench the intrinsic fluorescence of protein through a static quenching procedure, with the effective quenching constants (K’sv) varying from 0.44 105 L mol-1 to 5.73 105 L mol-1. It infers that the complex of PFAS-protein was formed. In addition, the ionic strength and pH affected the effective quenching constant of PFASs bound to bovine albumin. Furthermore, with increase of pH from 6.5 to 8.5, reduction in the binding affinity of PFAS to bovine albumin and soy peptone were also observed. The interaction between perfluoroalkyl substances and protein using fluorescence spectroscopy, and the occurrence of electrostatic interactions with hydrophobic force in the binding also studied.

Bilharzia or schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease present in the Marahoué region and constitutes a major public health problem. The spread of this disease is closely linked to the ecology of intermediate hosts, conditioned by environmental, climatic, socio-demographic and health factors. If morbidity is to be reduced, we need to have a better understanding of the spatial distribution of distribution factors, and to identify and locate outbreaks as well as areas at risk of contamination. The aim of this study is to map, using remote sensing and GIS, the areas at risk of bilharzian contamination in the Marahoué region. By classifying the parameters according to factors of risk and vulnerability to infection using Saaty’s multi-criteria analytical hierarchical process of complete aggregation by weighting, we were able to assign weights to each parameter. This methodology was used not only to draw up sensitivity and vulnerability maps for 2003 and 2013, but also to assess the risk of bilharzia infection. We noted four potential areas of risk of bilharzia contamination located around the region’s major towns. Of the 32 localities surveyed, 13 (40.62%) were located in high or medium risk areas. The year 2003 was marked by a predominance of présuméd intestinal bilharziasis, estimated at 62.50%. However, in 2013 we observed an acute presence of urinary bilharziasis estimated at 81.25%, compared with 18.75% for intestinal bilharziasis.

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp), a legume with high nutritional value, is widely consumed by West African populations. In Burkina Faso, its yields in rural areas are relatively low due in particular to the perpetuation of old farming methods and especially the low level of soil fertility. The study aims to evaluate the effect of three types of organic manure on the agro-morphological parameters of cowpea. An experimental design in completely randomized blocks with four treatments (T0 = control without organic manure; T1 = cattle dung; T2 = poultry droppings; T3 = sheep dung) and four repetitions was used. The results showed that the weight of 100 seeds did not vary under the influence of the types of fertilizers compared to the control treatment. However, the total number of seeds produced per plant was significantly higher (p˂0.001) under the T2 treatment (102±3 seeds). As for the T1 and T3 treatments, they led to the lowest values ​​of this parameter (respectively 69±4 and 65±4 seeds).

The management of pastoral resources is today a real challenge for the West African sub-region, particularly in the north of Côte d’Ivoire. To help improve their exploitation, this study was carried out in the Department of Ouangolodougou. The objective of this is to carry out an analysis of cross-border transhumance in the said locality. To achieve this, a survey was conducted among the various stakeholders involved in the beef industry in this locality. The results showed that transhumant herders are mainly men of Peulh origin whose age range varies between 18 and 40 years (68%). They are mostly illiterate (97.33%) and experienced (6 to 15 years of experience). Zebus are the highest breed (37.33%). Heifers and bull calves make up the majority of the herd with 25.33% respectively. The small transhumance leaves from June to November and the large one takes place between November and May. The reasons for livestock mobility remain the lack of water (48.67%) and pasture (51.33%). The consequences of cross-border transhumance are crop damage and farmer-herder conflicts. Added to this is soil fertilization. The constraints of cross-border transhumance are the absence of passage corridors and rest areas. However, several measures have been taken by the State of Côte d’Ivoire to support cross-border transhumance.

This article aims to examine classroom features in English as a Foreign Language Teaching in Bunia primary schools in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It determines the way in which English is taught, the manner in which children learn the teachers’ attitudes towards their pupils’ errors. The research has been conducted using descriptive and exploratory designs. For data collection, survey method has been used whereby observation has served as instrument. Data have been coded and analyzed using the Descriptive Statistics such as frequencies and percentages with the help of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Then, they have been presented using either bar graphs or pie charts. The results shows that English is taught without any appropriate methodology. Each teacher creates his/her own way of teaching, which is unfortunately, a major obstacle for the best learning. Then, children fail to develop linguistic skills. Results finally rates teachers’ attitudes towards their learners’ errors unsatisfactory. Therefore, teachers must improve their ways.

Judgments made on a subject by certain people can take various forms. In the case of the covid-19 crisis, certain opinions on the vaccine for this pandemic have generated a lot of comments of various kinds. Unfortunately, some of them have some side effects that vary from person to person. This phenomen on creates then feelings of caution in the population not yet vaccinated. The objective of this article is to propose a model allowing us to analyze and understand the characteristics of the categories of people who made these comments. This model identifies individuals based on the classes of comments issued. It is based on a hybrid approach combining the multinomial logistic model and a genetic model. An application is made on the data of the comments of the Covid-19 in Côte d’Ivoire.

Business incubators are an important part of the entrepreneurial innovation ecosystem. Although, research on this topic remains limited. This article explores the contribution of digital transformation in facilitating the financial support process, as well as internal and external interactions with the various players in the entrepreneurial ecosystem. In addition, we have opted for an exploratory qualitative approach using semi-structured interview guides. We interviewed (10) ten business incubators based mainly in the cities of Casablanca, Rabat, Marrakesh and Agadir. The aim of our article is to explore the contribution of digital transformation to the main activities carried out by business incubators, especially the selection of incubatees, the assistance and also the networking. The results show that digital transformation, through platforms, videoconferencing applications and data management software, is essential to facilitate the financial support process. In fact, the obtained results had revealed a major impact on internal and external communication, speed and efficiency. The digital transformation has also saved business incubators an enormous amount of time, and ensured traceability of process bottlenecks and delays. However, the outcome of our study shows that specific issues, such as the cost of integrating new technologies and the reluctance of incubatees, can hamper significantly the successful implementation of this digital transformation within incubators.

Petrosolinum crispum (Apiaceae) is a plant commonly used in traditional African medicine for improving the health of populations including wound care; the aim of this study was to evaluate the healing properties of Petrosolinum crispum (Apiaceae) leaves on second degree incision wounds in Wistar rats. This study was carried out on 28 rats divided into 7 batches of 4 rats, one of which was an untreated control and the other 6 received daily applications of test substances. The results showed that the wounds treated with 500 mg/ml of the aqueous extract of leaves of Petrosolinum crispum (EAPc) healed first. At this concentration, the healing time is the same as that of rats treated with Flammazine, 16 days against. For the batches treated with Betadine and EAPc at 1000 mg/ml, the wounds had completely healed in 26 days. However, those of the untreated rats had healed 95% by the 28th day. This effect of the extract is due to the bioactive substances present within the plant. These results therefore suggest that this extract has healing activity.

The variations in rainfall patterns observed in recent years in the north-western part of Guinea are well prefecture of Siguiri in Upper Guinea. In order to understand the trends in rainfall and hydrometric variations, we used the Standardized Precipitation Indices (SPI) method. The remote sensing method applied reflects human causes in the transformation of environmental environments (water, forests, soils, habitats, crops). The results obtained show that rainfall over the period 1981-2020 is marked by periods of deficit (drought) between 1981-1993; 1998-2002 and 2013-2020, while wet periods (surplus) occur between 1994-1997 and 2003-2012. Fluctuations in annual flow modules can be explained by a surplus period from 1980 to 2000 and a deficit period from 2001 to 2019. The statistics drawn from the land-use maps for 2000, 2010 and 2021 highlight the spatial and temporal dynamics of each thematic class. From 2000 to 2021, the Water/Wetlands (+22.55%) and gallery forests (+23.92%) classes show increases, while the Bare Soil/Cultivated Land (-20.08%), Wooded Savannah (-4.55%) and Savannah-Crop Mosaic (-21.85%) classes show decreases. Temperatures between 1981 and 2022 in the Siguiri area varied between 25.995°C and 27.72°C, with the highest values recorded in 2010.

This study is concerned with the 2D modelling of the mineralised units of the uranium deposit at the Nord-Taza Satellite prospect (Arlit, Northern Niger). The Nord-Taza Satellite prospect, operated by Aïr Mines Company (SOMAÏR), is an integral part of the uranium deposits in the Arlit sector, which are hosted by sandstones of Carboniferous age and deposited in a fluvio-deltaic environment. The methodological approach adopted consists of correlating the data obtained from development drilling and facing surveys using modelling software such as Surpac and Sermine. The minerals present include orthoclase, quartz, biotite, zircon, monazite and apatite. The lithological analysis showed that the study area is characterised by coarse sandstones with microconglomeratic tendencies, argillites and finely consolidated sandstones. These facies, referred to respectively as Unit 1 (U1), Unit 2 (U2) and Unit 3 (U3) of the Tarât, are the host formations for the uranium mineralisation in the study area. Correlation of data from boreholes and face surveys has shown that high uranium grades are found in the reduced sandstones of units U1 and U3, while low grades are found in the mudstones of unit U2. Information obtained from the Surpac software showed that uranium mineralisation is oriented in a north-south direction and is more concentrated on the western flank of the study area near the Arlit normal fault-flexure. The 2D model produced using the Sermine software showed that U1 has stratiform mineralisation, U2 has discontinuous or isolated lens mineralisation and U3 has chenalising lens mineralisation. The U4 or Madaouéla unit is not mineralised in the Nord-Taza Satellite prospect.

The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and satisfaction of the population on the National Program of Sanitized Schools and Villages (NPSSV) as well as their practice in post-certification. An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out in 3 intervention Health Zones during the period from November 15 to 27, 2022. The statistics were carried out with Pearson’s chi2, Fisher’s Exact Test, ANOVA Test and Kruskal Wallis Test, according to the conditions of their applications. The knowledge most represented on the NPSSV, regardless of site, was «the drinking water coverage improvement program» (99%), the other components of the program were poorly known (p≤0.05). The village certification criteria and the tasks of the village committee members were poorly known (p≤0.05). Almost all of the population currently uses unimproved water sources (92%), indistinctly of Health Zone. Surface water and traditional wells are significantly more used (p≤0.05). Poor construction, lack of maintenance and sabotage of structures were the most cited causes of the deterioration of water structures (p≤0.05). Satisfaction with the program and the quality of the works is very good, differently between the Health Zones (p>0.05). Diarrheal episodes were observed in 33% of households, the median number of people with diarrhea and the median number of children under 5 years of age did not differ between Health Zones (p>0.05). The knowledge of the mothers on the key aspects of the NPSSV is limited, their appreciation of the implementation of the activities is satisfactory and the households no longer use the improved water points. This maintains a high incidence of diarrhea at the household level. Other measures are essential to deal with it.

The majority of the livestock sector remains dominated by practices despite the state’s desire to increase animal production. This study aims to analyze the enabling environment for the development of livestock farming in the Boundiali Sub-Prefecture. The results of this study are based on the use of data from surveys of 210 breeders made up of Fulani breeders, agro-breeders and cattle herders. It emerges from this study that the physical environment offers natural conditions favorable to the expansion of livestock farming. The dispersion of fields and the occupation of water points hinder the development of pastoral activity. The mobility of animals in search of pasture and water points leads to the destruction of crops and the accentuation of conflicts between farmers and breeders. Around 81% of cases of conflicts due to field damage are resolved at the village authority level. On the other hand, 19% of conflict cases were resolved by the administrative authority. The mobility of animals in search of resources is the main cause of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP). To deal with the health risk in a context of a shortage of veterinary care, breeders resort to self-medication. The study led to the conclusion that the Boundiali Sub-Prefecture offers a relatively favorable environment for the development of livestock farming.

Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy is a rare neurodegenerative disorder, with onset in the first or second year of life, after an interval of normal psychomotor development. It is characterized by rapid motor and cognitive regression and hypotonia evolving into spasticity. This is a retrospective and descriptive study realized over a period of 10 years [January 20-October 2023], including all patients diagnosed with Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy in the neurology unit of the Paediatric Department of the Hassan II University Hospital of Fez. We report 7 patients with Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, three girls and four boys. Earliest symptoms presented between 10 and 18 months of age. The first manifestations were a psychomotor regression in all cases and pshymotor developmental delay in 5 cases. Fast rhythms on electroencephalogram (EEG) were observed in all patients. Brain imaging studies showed cerebellar atrophy, with signal hyper- intensity in the cerebellar cortex on T2-weighted images in six patients. Mutations in the PLA2G6 gene were identified in the four patients studied. Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy is a rare and serious disease in children with a risk of generally fatal complications, but it remains a preventable disease thanks to genetic counselling.

The present study which focuses on the use of Information and Communication Technology for Teaching (ICT) by trainee teachers of Biology and Life and earth sciences in secondary schools in the city of Bunia (DR Congo), is a study relating to biology teaching and Life and earth sciences. The latter aims to examine the use of ICT by trainee teachers of Biology and Life and earth sciences during the final cycle of study. The result obtained shows that trainee teachers (51%) do not know the ICT adapted to the teaching of Biology and Life and earth sciences, they do not use certain websites which can help students with self-learning, and the most Some of the tools relating to ICT, notably digital manuals, tutorials, online learning platforms, digital spaces, interactive or touchscreen tablets and IWBs are not used by trainee teachers of Biology and Life and earth sciences. The major constraints in the use of TICE are educational and material. Trainee teachers are not sufficiently trained in the use of ICT but also trainee schools are under-equipped and lack the necessary tools. We recommend that teachers of biology teaching and Life and earth sciences restructure the content of their teaching units and provide modules related to the use of ICT.

In Niger, onion production has grown but the unsuitability of fertilization techniques and application of fertilizer doses are challenges to be met in order to improve onion yield. This study aims to assess the effects of mineral (NPK) and organic (compost) fertilizers on the productivity of «violet de Galmi» onion (Allium cepa L.). The study is carried out at the Saga experimental site (Niger). The experimental design used is a completely randomized block consisting of three repetitions and six treatments including a control treatment (T0). The treatments are: T0 (300kg/ha of NPK + 20t/ha of compost); T1 (200kg/ha of NPK); T2 (100kg/kg of NPK + 20t/ha of compost); T3 (300kg/ha of NPK + 10t/ha of compounds); T4 (300kg/ha of NPK + 5t/ha of compost); T5 (300kg/ha of NPK + 15t/ha of compost). The results of the study showed that the plots having received the treatments T5, T4, T3 and T0 recorded numbers of superior bulbs respectively of 29,333 bulbs, 33.67 bulbs, 34 bulbs and 35.67 bulbs. And that the yields of biomass (5.57±1.84t/ha) and bulbs (30.00±5.00) recorded for the T0 treatments are part of the low yields recorded in the study. The dose of fertilizers in treatment T2 provided a significantly high yield (31.67±3.63). The results obtained at the end of this study show the interest in using organic matter as fertilizer in onion growing systems, in order to increase soil productivity and ensure their sustainable exploitation.

Through its involvement in a quality approach, the medical biology laboratory (MBL) seeks above all to satisfy the needs of its customers. The question is whether the production processes and improvements undertaken by the biologist are converging towards optimum performance. In order to do this, an effective evaluation process must be set up to assess the extent to which the MBL is meeting the requirements and objectives it has set itself. The aim of this paper is to identify the performance indicators of an MBL’S operational process and to develop a dashboard for evaluating its performance. For this study, we surveyed the literature to identify the various indicators used to measure business process performance. Once the indicators had been selected, we proceeded to contextualize and validate them by organizing a focus group. This focus group enabled us to add certain indicators and eliminate others, and to design a dashboard that offers a global and synthetic vision, and represents a turnkey solution for biologists to monitor laboratory activity in a quest for effectiveness and efficiency.

This article deals with the control of land resources through ownership, access and acquisition of agricultural land in the Tahoua region of Niger. It explains how male and female heads of household access and acquire agricultural land. It also looks at the availability of cropland and the size of farmland in rural areas. An analysis of 84 sample heads of household, 42 of them male and 42 female, showed that inheritance remains the dominant mode of acquisition, with 52% of households acquiring land. This is followed by purchase coupled with inheritance (19%) and rental (7%). Female heads of household rent (12% renters vs. 2.40% renters of agricultural land) and lend (4.80% vs. 2.40% of men). The analysis shows that the farmland available to households consists of fields and gardens. Male and female households have plots of varying sizes, up to 15 hectares for fields and 3 hectares for gardens. On average, female households have only 2 hectares of land, compared with around 6 hectares for male households. A comparison of average field sizes, using ANOVA analysis with Tukey’s test, shows that the average areas owned by heads of households in different zones are not significantly different. The average is 4.39 ha in agricultural zones versus 3.07 ha in agro-pastoral zones.

Some house building material med to be considered in order maintain the house climate and atmosphere.Sand beeng the most essential building material for brick laying columns, beams, plastering and paving, this material reats to temperature variation this causing some temperature. The specific heat being a characteristic propriety, it varies with a given sample of substance. The choice of one or other type of sand for house building contributis to home climate quality of factors.

Heat always spread from the hottest part of a solid (high temperature) to the cold part (low temperature). However, the increase heat in this propagation decreases according to the influence of temperature variation along the surface and not according to the variation between the two points.

In the growing context of online exam surveillance to ensure academic integrity, biometric authentication through facial recognition has become a common practice. However, the efficacy of this method is being questioned due to the potential vulnerability associated with the use of printed images to bypass the monitoring system. This vulnerability raises significant concerns regarding the security and authenticity of online assessments, thereby necessitating a deeper exploration of more reliable and secure facial liveness detection methods. In this study, we proposed a real-time approach for detecting facial liveliness within an anti-fraud device during online exams, leveraging facial recognition technology. Our focus was on employing a convolutional neural network algorithm to extract distinctive facial features. Convolutional neural networks, known for their adeptness in pattern detection and recognition, were at the core of our investigation. We delved into analyzing facial liveliness through two distinct approaches. Firstly, we meticulously examined facial texture, studying a dataset comprising both genuine faces and reproductions on various media such as fabric or masks. Concurrently, we implemented a method centered on detecting eye blinking. Regarding the implementation with the neural network algorithm, the results unveiled a precision rate of 57% for skin texture analysis, highlighting the inherent challenges of this method. Conversely, the eye blinking approach exhibited significantly better performance, with a precision of 96%, emphasizing its strong potential in detecting facial liveliness.

This paper presents a novel approach to improving urban road traffic control using artificial intelligence (AI) for dynamic traffic light management. We begin by describing the current context of urban traffic management and the challenges facing traffic light infrastructures. We then explain how AI can be integrated into this context for more effective regulation. We have chosen to use a basic model based on convolutional neural networks (CNN) to model road traffic in real time. This model collects real-time data from traffic cameras and other sensors, pre-processes it and then analyses it to make intelligent decisions about traffic light control. By using historical data and adapting to changing conditions, our model has been able to reduce waiting times at intersections, minimise congestion and improve traffic flow. This research paves the way for more intelligent and adaptive traffic management in urban environments. The practical implications of our approach include more efficient urban mobility, reduced greenhouse gas emissions and improved road safety. Future prospects lie in the continued optimisation of the AI model and its integration with other intelligent transport systems, contributing to more sustainable and liveable cities.

In the education and training sector, management concerns several areas. These are the educational aspect, the financial aspect, the temporal aspect... All these aspects contribute to the achievement of the schools’ objectives. A large part of school activity is carried out at the administrative level and without effective administrative management, all work at the educational and financial level in schools will be doomed to failure if there is no concept of time. Likewise, if the educational role of the head of the establishment is essential, his administrative and temporal role as manager is taking on more and more importance today given the broadening of the mission of the school and the current developments in human resources management methods.

Through the writings of certain psychologist authors, the author of this article realized that psychologies do not interest the public. He conducted a survey among students of teaching schools, students of higher educational institutes and psychology professors, to research the factors that disadvantage the learning and teaching of psychology. This study made it possible to conclude that at the basis of all these factors lies the lack of an organization capable of giving students and teachers the moral and scientific material support necessary for the learning and teaching of psychologies.

We started from a constant according to which the attitudes of female students towards teachers within educational establishments remain a problem no less negligible for this, our research interests several categories of people among which we can cite: Female students, teachers and researchers will both find in this document the elements that can help everyone, as far as they are concerned, to adopt good attitudes towards their teachers; moreover, researchers will find teachers who can enable them to approach certain aspects that we have not addressed in this research.

The actors and fishing gears on the Fresco lagoon (Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa) were studied from August 2018 to July 2019 by administering questionnaires to fishermen, interviewing them and observing them during their various activities. The fishing practiced on this lagoon is of the artisanal type. A total of 59 fishermen were surveyed, including 49 Ivorians (83.05% of all fishermen), with a predominance of Godiés (62.71%) and 10 Malians (16.95%), with a majority of Bozos (10.17%). All are male. Most of them are professionals (55.93%), adults (59.32%), have primary school education (49.15%), are married with family responsibilities (74.58%), have personally financed their activities (82%) and are Christians (71.19%). They are not united into cooperatives. Materials used include longlines, hawks, gillnets, wire traps and barrage nets. The density of fishermen is relatively low (2 to 4 fishermen/km2). Motorized pirogues, bamboo traps and ichthyotoxins are prohibited. Unfortunately, materials with mesh sizes below regulatory standards are used. These results constitute a database for an efficient management of the fisheries resources of the Fresco Lagoon.

The creation of a «Serious Game» can take several approaches, ranging from total creativity to the adaptation of an existing game. A game engine calls on a set of software components as diverse as scripting, the graphics engine, artificial intelligence, the physical effects engine, the audio engine and networking, all of which come into play in the design of a Serious Game. The aim of this research is to find out how game components, otherwise known as game assets, interact with each other in the design of a Serious Game to contribute to learner motivation The research aims to understand how the components or assets of a «Serious Game» interact to motivate the learner. A study was carried out with 50 3rd grade students, aged between 14 and 16, who were experiencing difficulties in mathematics. These students, familiar with digital technology, were immersed in a game designed to reinforce their mathematical skills. The aim was to demonstrate the effectiveness of the «serious game» as a pedagogical tool, and to underline the importance of adapted game assets for maximum immersion and interactivity. Following a questionnaire, the analysis showed a moderate correlation between the various game assets, confirming that graphics, sound, mechanics, narrative, interactivity and accessibility are crucial in the design of an educational game.

In Burkina Faso, farmers have adopted the practice of manual zaï and mechanized zaï for the rehabilitation of the productivity of degraded lands to meet the water needs of rainfed crops through the making of pockets. The arduousness of the work for making the pockets remains the major constraint to the adoption of the zaï practice. The objective of this study is to analyze the technical and economic performance of zaï. Using a block device, the practice of making pockets with the Zaïner is compared to those made manually with the daba and mechanized using animal traction. The technical and economic performance of the practice of motorized zaï is evaluated based on yield, investment, working time and net margin. The results show that sorghum yields from motorized zaï (1844 kg/ha) are higher than those from manual (1413 kg/ha) and mechanized (625 kg/ha) zaï. The practice of mechanized zaï requires less work time than motorized and manual zaï. The net margin is estimated at 176,871 FCFA/ha, 263,548 FCFA/ha and 56,025 FCFA/ha respectively for manual, motorized and mechanized zaï. The implementation of motorized zaï makes it possible to generate a higher net margin than other practices. However, it is necessary to continue testing the motorized zaï in a peasant environment depending on the agro-climatic zones to guide decision-making on its scale-up.

The objective of this article is to analyze the effects of financial inclusion on bank profitability in the CEMAC zone over the period 2000-2020. Specifically, it consists of firstly analyzing the implications of financial inclusion, profitability of assets and capital of banks in the CEMAC zone. Secondly, it is a question of highlighting the interactions between financial inclusion Net banking product in the CEMAC zone. In order to achieve these subsequent objectives, triple least squares (3SLS) estimators were used. The results obtained globally show that financial inclusion does not guarantee the profitability of CEMAC banks. The results obtained make it possible to recommend the promotion of education of populations in the development of financial culture and then to strengthen the regulatory framework through the formulation and implementation of policies which make it possible to promote the private sector, this can contribute to strengthen the supply and demand of financial services.

The province of Fahs-Anjra is a province characterized by a very significant forest area, a very rich and diversified biodiversity. The environmental problems in the province are multifaceted and continue to take on an uneven scale and manifest themselves on various scales: entire forests are destroyed and species disappear, ecological disasters multiply, water becomes a rare resource whose uses require more and more arbitration, etc. Faced with the urgency of the ecological crisis, perceived through climate change, natural disasters and the scarcity of natural resources, the concern to control environmental problems through sustainable development has become a global concern, which is growing. over the years. In fact, the degradation of forest space, caused by human activities and climate change, poses major challenges to sustainable development. Forest fires are the main cause of degradation of these forests; almost a minimum of 200 serious forest fire incidents were recorded between 2008 and 2020, that is to say, an average of 16 fires each year. To deal with forest degradation and monitor their condition, different techniques and methods have been developed for a long time: Geographic Information Systems (GIS) make it possible to georeference observed degradation, and remote sensing, which thanks to satellite images, makes it possible to map plant cover at very varied time and space scales.

Energy is the essential and fundamental input for the development of all productive activities and for satisfying the basic needs of the population. The aim of this article is to develop an appropriate electrical energy planning system to promote what is profoundly transforming the sector: the rational exploitation of energy resources and the efficient use of energy in all links of the energy chain, by making the investments that will enable Maniema province and precisely the city of Kindu to be assured of a reliable, inexpensive and ecologically sustainable supply. This study is an important step in the implementation of a comprehensive energy planning system in the city of Kindu. It represents a useful tool for all players in the energy sector and in other areas of society and the economy. However, there is no doubt that the process of transforming the sector will only succeed with the active participation of producers, consumers and the state in the analysis and study.