Rainfall variability in the Tillabéri region is the result of significant vulnerability, which has been observed for decades. The aim of this study is to highlight the adverse socioeconomic and environmental effects of these rainfall deficits. The methodological approach used in this study included assessing farmers’ perceptions of climate change indicators through field investigations, analysing variations in temperature, relative humidity and rainfall indices in the area to better characterise the climate. The results show a low level of education among the farmers surveyed and a good perception of the effects of climate change. Rainfed and irrigated agriculture are the main economic activities in the region (99.3%), with livestock rearing and market gardening as secondary activities for 31.3% and 18.7% of respondents respectively. Access to inputs (50.8%) and agricultural credit (10.3%) are major assets for producers in the area, in addition to their experience of new agricultural technologies (62%). The most significant inter-annual peaks in rainfall indices were observed on the following dates: 09/25/1988, 03/01/199, 05/18/2004, 08/05/2009 and 01/10/2020. However, inter-annual variations are also observed (09/25/1988 and 01/10/2020). The indicators of environmental change as perceived by farmers are bare soil (77.3%), gravelly soil (9.7%), erosion gullies (7%), silting up of fields (8.7%) and proliferation of Striga sp. (7%). The reduction in herbaceous plants (30.7%) and the drying out and mortality of woody plants (20.3%) are visible signs of land degradation on natural vegetation. The main causes of these changes are reduced rainfall (82%), the action of strong winds (37.3%), water erosion (34%) and intensive deforestation (24.3%). To these must be added harmful agricultural practices such as the absence or reduction of fallow periods, bush fires, low inputs of organic and mineral fertilisers, low use of CES/DRS techniques, etc. The natural vegetation cover (woody and herbaceous) that used to protect the soil has declined sharply, leaving it vulnerable to erosion.