India’s paper industry operates under a persistent structural constraint: demand for pulpable wood is approximately 11 million tonnes per annum, while domestic availability is about 9 million tonnes, resulting in a sustained fiber deficit. In this context, non-wood agricultural residues including bagasse, wheat straw, rice straw, and bamboo represent strategically important alternative fiber sources. India generates nearly 500 million tonnes of crop residues annually, of which an estimated 234 million tonnes constitute surplus biomass potentially available for industrial use. Sugarcane processing produces roughly 100 million tonnes of wet bagasse each year, while surplus wheat and rice straw contribute approximately 25 million and 44 million tonnes, respectively. Despite this substantial resource base, agro-residues account for only 6 to 9 percent of total fiber input in Indian papermaking, compared to 73 to 76 percent from recovered fiber and 18 to 21 percent from wood and bamboo. This limited adoption reflects structural constraints including seasonal availability, storage challenges, high silica content in cereal straws, feedstock variability, and competition from energy and fodder applications. Technically, non-wood fibers exhibit shorter fiber length and distinct chemical composition relative to wood, requiring adapted pulping chemistry and recovery systems. However, commercial operations demonstrate that acceptable quality writing, printing, and selected packaging grades can be produced when processing parameters are optimized. This review evaluates agro-residue availability, current utilization patterns, technical characteristics, economic trade-offs, environmental considerations, and policy frameworks influencing non-wood fiber integration. It argues that while non-wood fibers cannot replace recovered paper or wood entirely, they represent a viable and underutilized component of India’s long-term fiber security strategy, provided that logistical, technological, and economic barriers are systematically addressed.