If nowadays there is a clear tendency to consider the errors made by learners in their process of language learning not as a negative aspect but as a natural step in the development of their language skills, in the past teachers pondered the errors committed by students as something unfavourable, something to prevent from occurring. However, in recent decades, researchers have come to consider errors as the evidence for a creative process in language learning. Therefore, the main objective of this paper will be to characterise and classify the errors made by undergraduate engineering students in a public Spanish Polytechnic University over the last two academic courses. We will try to categorise those errors taking into account their source but following one of the distinctive taxonomies proposed by Dulay, Burt, and Krashen in “Language Two” (1982): the comparative taxonomy. The comparative taxonomy of errors, upon which we will be basing ourselves on the present research, arranges errors into the following four categories: interlingual errors, developmental errors, ambiguous errors, and other errors. Consequently, what we shall be demonstrating along this article is that, contrary to the opinion of previous studies and researchers, the most frequent category of errors, at least for these technical students, is the interlingual category of errors. And in order to be able to lead this research, a corpus of a total of 72 essays was examined, comprising their written productions in the task assigned throughout these last two years that these students had to take on.

The objective of this work is to analyze the influence of the financial products offered by the Ecuadorian financial institutions that help the economic development of the enterprises in the province of Guayas during the year 2022, due to the fact that there is a high degree of ignorance about the products and services offered by the Ecuadorian bank for the economic development of legally constituted businesses. With these precedents, a quantitative approach methodology is developed under a non-experimental design with a descriptive and documentary character; The literary resources offered by various authors are examined, which allows an approach to the object of study. Additionally, the unit of analysis in which the scientific article is oriented focuses on formal enterprises and businesses in the province of Guayas. Finally, the results obtained revealed that the incidence of financial services offered by the Ecuadorian bank in the economic development of enterprises in the province is significantly high; therefore, businesses can enhance their economic activities in order to obtain better results over time.

Objectives: To identify occupational risks factors in the artisanal dyeing factories of Bamako and to propose appropriate preventive measures. Equipment and methods: This is a prospective and descriptive study conducted over a period of 6 months, from April to September 2014, among dyers in Bamako. The study instrument was a 24-item questionnaire on socio-professional characteristics and data analysis was performed by the Epi Info software, version 6.4. Results: Our study population was 100 dyers with a sex ratio of 5.67 in favour of women (17 women for 3 men). The average age was 31.9 years with extremes of 15 and 70 years. Married people were in the majority with 70% and 38% of the dyers had between 1 and 3 children. The dyers were enrolled in school in 44% of cases, 30% of which were in Arabic. Soakers were more numerous with 43%, followed by rinsers 28% and blenders 15%. The majority had no professional qualification, i.e. 94%, and 48% had more than 5 years of experience in the profession. The main risks were repetitive movements and manual handling 100%, noise 98%, lack of lighting 96%, chemical risks 94%, dermatological risks 93%, falls on the same level 74%, puncture wounds 66%, lack of PPE 38% and musculoskeletal disorders 76%. Conclusion: Our study shows the diversity of occupational risks present in the craft sector, hence the urgent need to regulate this sector and implement an effective prevention policy.

The upstream side of the large watersheds of Benin is undergoing accelerated degradation phenomena, due to human pressure. The objective of this study is to quantify the loss of cultivable soil in the Affon-Donga watershed. The methodological approach adopted was to use the RUSLE model to quantify soil loss. Raster data such as SoilGrids images from ISRIC, elevation images from ASTER GDEM, Landsat OLI images, WoldClim data as well as terrain data were used to prepare the five factors of the model. The results obtained show that the soil loss varies between 0 and 21,598.63 t / ha / year in the Affon-Donga watershed. The loss values ​​of between 10 and 500 t / ha / year occupy 40.54% of the basin. The colossal losses which exceed 500 t / ha / year and go up to 21,598.62 t / ha / year are dispersed over 3.95% of the basin. The average soil loss is 1443.81 t / ha / year and the rate of erosion or the amount of soil moved generally from upstream to downstream is 633,562,753.72 t / year. As the long-term result of such an ecosystem dynamic, cultivable spaces will become scarce while the processes of filling and meandering of downstream rivers will be amplified.

Promotion represents an important factor for the employee regardless of his/her position, especially the academic. It is noticeable in our daily life that there are obstacles that limit promotion, and these obstacles are established and organized for in at least some cases by those who are related and have something to do with it. These obstacles are placed in order to avoid the financial burdens or social positions that the person in question may obtain. In some cases, the reason may be personal, caused by competition, gender, status, etc. Indeed, the procedure of promotion happens according to protocol frameworks that make the helpless employee accept the fait accompli. When an employee signs and agrees to work, s/he should accept and consent to all frameworks and regulations enacted by employers, whether they are individuals or institutions. There could be unfairness in those regulations that the employee must accept for the sake of having a job. During my search for articles discussing the subject of promotion, especially academics, I found very few, and all of them are about promotion in North America, and they depend on information and statistics that I have nothing alike. Due to the lack of references and statistics, I will rely on my experience in most of the presentation of this topic. This paper addresses the need for explicit expectations and transparent requirements within the academy.

Digital is more than a breath of fresh air, it's a new wind blowing through our economy and our society. In DTT, a Multiplex designates a group of several channels broadcast on the same hertzian frequency by digital television transmitters (TNT) requiring less bandwidth with several television channels transmitted either in SD (Standard definition) or in HD (high definition). This article focuses on the deployment of the R1 TNT multiplex in high definition HD mode on the Kinshasa and Matadi axis which must be installed according to the DVB-T2/S2 (TNT-HD) standards instead of the DVB-T standard (experimental) adopted by the DRC, following its robustness in its modulation, its compression compared to other standards. R1 will consist of 12 TV channels, namely RTNC1, France 24, and Bosolo TV, RTG@, Antenne A, RTCE, Mercure TV, RTNC3, TOP Congo, RFI, BBC and GPB to offer viewers of these entities digital programs of good quality with the integration of other services in particular: the Internet, telephony, teleshopping, etc. The final result of the measurement of the bit error rate in relative value obtained after the implementation of the R1 DTT multiplex (DVB- T2/HD) is the improvement of the quality of images and sound. This value is between 10-5 and 10-8 for the 55 dBuV level for CBER and VBER.

The electrical energy supplied to industrial consists of an active (userful) part used to transform electrical energy into another form of energy (mechanical, thermal, …) and a reactive part necessary for magnetic and capacitve uses. The main concern here is to produce reactive energy in the industrial plant of Congo-Oil company in order to minimize the power passed through the pipes and the load rate of the electrical power supply (transformer). This article proposes a reliable mathematical method to be used to compensate reactive electrical energy in an industrial enterprise with bad power factor. We find that the demand power (S) and the load ratio (Tx) àf the transformer are inversely proportional to the power factor. Also, the reactive energy (Qc) to be produced tends towards zero when the power factor progressively tens towards the unit. This method compensation allowed us to reduce the apparent power and the transformer load rate by approximately thirteen percent. (≈13%).

The bay of M’Badon is the receptacle of wastewater of various origins, leaching water from plantations and leachate from the Akouédo landfill. All these inputs are likely to pollute this aquatic environment, which is used by the population for fishing and market gardening. The objective of this study is to determine the quality of the water and surface sediments in the bay. To achieve this, a sampling campaign allowed the collection of a total of sixty-six samples, twelve of leachate, twenty-seven of bay water and twenty-seven of surface sediments. Parameters such as COD, BOD5, NO3-, NO2-, NH4+, SO4-, PO43-, Na+, K+ and Ca2+ were measured by the methods of the French Agency of Standardization and trace metal elements (Zn, Cu, Ni, Cr) were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. The average values of COD (1306.25 mg O2L-1), BOD5 (575.85 mgO2L-1), NO3- (92.92 mgL-1) and PO43- (128.74 mgL-1) of the Akouédo landfill leachates are well above Ivorian standards. The waters of the bay are turbid, with an average TSS concentration of 65.13 mgL-1. They have a high load of organic and mineral oxidizable matter, with average COD and BOD5 values of 160.70 mgO2L-1 and 64.04 mgO2L-1 respectively. Their mineralization is due to the combination of two processes, one natural and the other anthropogenic. The average NH4+ concentration (0.22 mgL-1) is higher than the French guide value. The sediments of stations B1, B4 and B5 are polluted by Zn and Cu, and the sediments of all stations are polluted by Mo. M'Badon Bay is polluted by anthropogenic activities.

Today, home care is an essential response in the city, where the biomedical offer is strongnand in the countyside. In order to contribute to the improvement of survival of children aged 0-59 mois in the Lwiro region, we conducted a desciptive cross-sectorial stady from January 1 to December 32, 2020, on 198 cases of children aged 0-59 months with a diagnosis of maleria at admission.The explanatory variables were sex, age, reasons for consultation, nature and characteristics of the treatment at home, general condition of the patient, decision of the management. We used Epi Info software version 7.2.0.1.for data processing and analysis. The chi-square test with a significance level of 5% was performed to study the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. The age group of 12 to 23 months (32,3%) of cases was the most affected by malaria. The sex ratio was 1. The majority of cases were treated at home (91%). The first recourse of parents before the consultation was the of herbs, paracetamol, throat scraping and the section of the eyeglass. Home treatment remains an underlying cause of all cases of complicaions attributed to ma malaria in our surveys. It constitutes a real obstacle for the early management of malaria and its complications.

This study aims to analyze the impact of climate change (CC) on food availability among the Adjoukrou people of Dabou department, through agricultural production and related activities. It is based on a mixed-method approach combining quantitative and qualitative methods, combining direct observations in the field, a questionnaire survey and individual semi-directive interviews. Among the Adjoukrou, speaking of CC means referring to rain, temperature and wind. The CC in Dabou is manifested by an increase in temperature, an increase in heat, a decrease in rainfall, a lengthening of the dry season, and violent winds that destroy crops. This impacts the agricultural calendar (shift), biodiversity (decrease in reproduction and disappearance of animal species), agricultural and related activities. In terms of agriculture, CC has led to a considerable decrease in food crop yields (cassava, plantain, yams, vegetables, etc.). In related agricultural activities, CC has led to a decline in yields of attiéké, palm oil, fishing (fish) and hunting (game), resulting in higher food prices. Most foodstuffs are imported (plantain, yams, vegetables, etc.), making them more expensive. In sum, the CC has reduced food availability and made food expensive in Dabou, forcing the Adjoukrou people to seek supplies in other regions of the country.

Education being the key to the development of a region, we were interested in the result of the state examination in the chiefdom of Watalinga to see the evolution of this one in this field. We have undertaken a study entitled: «Outline of the causes of massive failures in the state exams in the pedagogical section in the chiefdom of Watalinga». This study focused on several points including the number of qualified and under-qualified teachers, the graduates produced since 2016 until 2021, the causes of massive failures and the related consequences. In relation to the under-qualified teachers and the results of the state examinations (2016-2021) in the chiefdom of Watalinga, we have listed 198 teachers with state diplomas, 7 graduates, and 1 bachelor in applied pedagogy. Out of 448 finalist students, only 122 or 27.2% obtained their state diplomas and 324 or 72.8% had failed. We found that these results are due to the under-qualification of teachers, the lack of control of teaching by inspectors and the absence of an institution of higher pedagogical education to raise the level of education in this region.

The management of household waste in Grand-Bassam (Côte d'Ivoire) is one of the concerns of the municipal authorities. Thus, the objective of this study is to quantify this waste according to the seasons in the city. To this end, eight campaigns of quantification are conducted in 2021, two of which are per climatic season. The results show that an inhabitant produces on average 0.80 +/- 0.03 kg/day during the long dry season and 0.85 +/- 0.02 kg/day during the long rainy season. In the short dry season, an average person produces 0.821+/- 0.04 kg/day, compared to 0.8 +/- 0.02 kg/day in the short rainy season. Households living in residential settlements, which include the majority of tourists, produce more waste with an average annual production of 1.3 +/- 0.06 kg/day/capita. The average annual composition of solid waste is dominated by organic matter with a total production of 155.13 kg/year/capita. The population of Bassam produces on average 26172 t/year of solid waste, that is to say an average production of 71704 kg/day. Waste production in households in Grand-Bassam varies significantly (ANOVA, p < 0.05), from one habitat to another but not from one season to another (p ˃ 0.05). Within all habitats (residential, evolving, and precarious), household waste generation did not vary significantly (p ˃ 0.05) across seasons. An efficient management of this waste must combine « prevention », « recovery » and « storage » actions with a maximum of pre-collection.

This study is conducted in the health zone of BUDJALA in the health area of ​​BALAW on the explanatory factors of early marriages of adolescent girls. To achieve the objective we have set, we asked the following research questions: what are the explanatory factors of early marriage among adolescents in the Budjala health zone, specifically those in the BALAW health area? Our study is of the transversal descriptive type, we used the method of investigation supported by the technique of interior on the basis of a pre-established questionnaire as an instrument of data collection, the size of our sample is 320 adolescent girls living in the aforementioned health area. In view of all the above we say that, Health interventions adapted to adolescents and young people are not taken into account, the particularities of physiological and emotional mutations of adolescents and young people, the prejudices that surround this age group, as well as that the need for their involvement in solving their problems remains a problem in the ZS of BUDJALA in particular and the DRC in general. The promotion of behaviors favorable to the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents and young people in order to contribute to the reduction of morbidity and mortality in this age group remains a battle horse for achieving the Millenium Objectives for development.

This our research carried out in the health zone of Gemena precisely in AS SALONGO1, the aim of which was to assess the quality of prenatal consultation, check the practice of prenatal consultation by providers, survey the opinion of pregnant women on the quality of the CPN and in order to detect the deficits and propose possible solutions, The survey method supported by the interview technique on the basis of pre-established questionnaires as an instrument for collecting data and observation has enabled us to judged the actions taken by the service providers, the documentary review allowed us to verify the data of some prenatal consultation sheets that were within our reach. We opted for exhaustive non-probability sampling. The size of our sample is 55 pregnant women from AS SALONGO1 and all CS SALONGO1 providers. During the study, we were able to analyze the quality of the health structure, the quality of the services of the Prenatal Consultation offered and we observed the services of the staff and finally the opinion of the pregnant women on the quality of the care received.

In order to contribute to the knowledge of the culicidofauna of Loango national park, Gabon, an exploratory entomological survey was conducted in this area. Adult mosquitoes were captured in the vicinity of the Yatouga camp using CDC-light traps. These captures took place from February 20 to 27, 2020, from 5: 00 p.m. to 7: 00 a.m. and the captured mosquitoes were identified under binocular magnifying glass using morphological criteria. A total of 380 mosquitoes were collected. Morphological identifications of the captured specimens underlined the presence of 16 mosquito species especially Aedes circumluteolus (0.5%), Anopheles marshallii (15.5%), Anopheles obscurus (0.5%), Anopheles paludis (3.4%), Anopheles tenebrosus (0.5%), Coquilletidia aurites (0. 3%), Culex cinereus (1. 6%), Culex rubinotus (0. 5%), Culex decens (0. 5%), Ficalbia malfeyti (0. 5%), Mansonia africana (50. 5%), Uranotenia bilineata (1. 1%), Uranotenia cavernicola (13. 2%), Uranotenia caliginosa (0. 5%), Uranotenia mashonaensis (2. 1%), and Uranotenia nigromaculata (8. 7%). The genera Mansonia (50.5%), Uranotenia (25.6%) and Anopheles (20%) were the most abundant, while the genera Aedes, Coquilletidia, Ficalbia and Culex were very poorly represented with less than 3.9%. Most of the mosquitoes collected are known in other parts of Gabon and Africa for their vector role in the transmission of pathogens to humans and wildlife. There is an urgent need for a longitudinal study of the culicidofauna of this protected area, an habituation zone of ecotourism and great ape.

The purpose of this study was to study and determine the stress factors among nurses at the HGR Mbaya and the choice of this subject has the advantage of allowing the managers of this institution to manage stress well and this for the proper functioning of this public institution. To conduct this study, we used the statistical method and the survey technique by presenting the results on tables with interpretations and discussion of the results. In our various analyzes and interpretations of the results of this study showed that the main factors of stress among nurses as presented at the point of our discussion of the results because out of five groups of factors, four determine stress in a negative way, namely the group factors related to the task or to the context of the same work with pressures in the execution of daily tasks. The group of factors related to the organization of work with the promotion that is slow to come, the group of factors related to the physical and technical environment not favoring a workflow and in order the group of factors related to the socio -economic with bonuses and salaries that do not allow personal and family needs to be met.

A real outdoor museum, the Imghranes Massif (Drâa-Tafilalet Region, Morocco) has a rich geological, archaeological and cultural heritage, diversified and deeply rooted in the past, as evidenced by the density and originality of its material and immaterial aspects. In an underdeveloped region with strong cultural and natural potential such as Drâa-Tafilalet Region, the Imghranes Massif should represent an opportunity to develop its regional significance and an alternative for regional development. The rise of geotourism, geoeducation, and cultural tourism may be a major asset to this region. Institutions of these disciplines may enhance the local economy and be a good moderator of social behavior, in addition to being beneficial to cultural systems. This research may constitute a base that focuses on the methods of valorization and protection of the cultural heritage in Imghranes Massif to be put in place, in particular geotourism and geoeducation. Indeed, these activities can be a promising means of cumulative scientific popularization and economic profitability, the aim being sustainable development respectful of the local identity and the regional context.

The present research work is situated within the framework of the valorization of the plantain through the development of an effective process of extraction, prevention of browning, microbial stabilization, characterization of the pulp juice of ripe plantain at stage 8 and the valorization of the residues resulting from the extraction. Three juice extraction processes were evaluated. The first two processes are based on the use of hot and cold water; the third was carried out with pectinase. The latter process improves the yield (65.4%) while the other hot and cold water extraction processes give respective yields of 60.55 and 61.06%. The reducing sugar contents were 8.65 ± 0.03 mg/100ml for the juice extracted with pectinase, 3.00 ± 0.06 mg/100ml for the juice extracted with hot and cold water. The total sugar contents correspond to the following values: 51.33 ± 0.19 mg/ml for the juice extracted with hot water 54.20 ± 0.08 mg/100ml for the juice extracted with cold water and 55.57 ± 0.92 mg/100ml for that extracted with pectinase. The juice extracted with pectinase is the most energetic with 227.27 Kcal/100mL, followed by the juice extracted by maceration and that extracted by infusion, with 226.47 and 208.48 Kcal/100mL respectively. With an antioxidant activity of 5.89±0.00 (µmol eq. Trolox), the ripe plantain pulp juice has a total polyphenol content of 6.57±0.00 g/L eq. Acid. Gallic acid and total flavonoids of 0.227±0.00 g/L eq. Querc. For the overall assessment of the juices by the panel, the juice extracted with pectinase is preferred to the others.

Cassava is considered the most important crop in the tropics in terms of its high yield, its potential to produce large amounts of calories in food and income to producers. In Central and East Africa, from 2000 to 2010, the African mosaic no longer constituted a major constraint to culture for research because researchers from national and international institutions mobilized to fight the pandemic by developing no varieties resistant to this cassava virus. Unfortunately, the period following the year 2010, the culture experienced a qualitative and quantitative depreciation of the tuberous roots in most producing regions. All the varieties selected for mosaic resistance are ravaged by the brown streak disease which extends from East to Central Africa without sparing the East of the Democratic Republic of Congo with its varieties selected and distributed by the Centers INERA research centers such as Liyayi (MM 96/0287), Mayombe (MM 96/7752), Sawasawa (MM 96/3920), Obama 1 (TME 419). As part of the fight against the disease, the presence of which has been confirmed in the East since 2012, we have set up a participatory variety selection trial in two sites, in particular in the Mulungu Research Station and in the Ruzizi plain, where disease pressure is greatest. The objective of the trial was to identify at least one material tolerant or resistant to brown streak after evaluation of a few clones having passed the stage of the uniform yield trial. Three repetitions are installed in the two sites with 5 materials and 2 improved controls, one of which is tolerant and the other sensitive to the disease. Cuttings taken from apparently healthy plants are planted at 1mx1m spacing. After 12 months of vegetation, the trial is harvested and several materials have proven to be efficient to different degrees. Only clone MLG 2011/092 showed no brown streak symptoms on leaves and roots. Its average yield of 36.661 t/ha is far above the average yield of the trial (34.830 t/ha) on the one hand; and that of the improved control Nabana (32.708 t/ha) which is currently the most cultivated variety for its tolerance to the disease in the most affected area. The MLG 2010/180 clone also seems interesting because of its highest yield of all the others (52.598 t/ha), the low average severity of attack on the leaves (2.8) and in the roots (2.55); the average incidence of the disease in the roots is also less than 25%.

This study focuses on four yam cultivars belonging to the Folou or Flado farmer’s group in the Gourounsi and Lobiri national languages grown in Burkina Faso. Its objective is to describe the different yam cultivars belonging to this group. To this end, 27 qualitative variables, including ten (10) for the stems, nine (9) for the leaves, five (5) for the tubers and three (3) for the flowers, were selected to characterize the varietal group. The trial was conducted in a Fisher block design with three replications. The work was conducted during the 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 rainy seasons in the village of Onliassan, Sissili province. The study revealed that the Folou or Flado varietal group can be attached to the D. alata species and would consist of five (05) cultivars instead of three (03) previously described by farmers.