Printing is a popular method for all fabrics and garments. It is referred to as localized dyeing, in which dyes or pigments are applied using different techniques that can provide a particular color effect on the fabric surface according to the design. High-density printing is one of the most essential fabric and garment printing processes which results in a raised or textured surface on the fabric. In this study, we examined the performance of turpentine oil instead of silicon oil in high-density rubber printing on cotton cloth. Based on colorfastness to washing, colorfastness to rubbing, colorfastness to perspiration, colorfastness to saliva, and colorfastness to light, the performance of the printed fabric was assessed. We also evaluated the expense of the printing chemicals and the smell of the printed fabric. Turpentine oil saves around 10% on chemical costs, brings satisfactory results, and smells like kerosene. By curing the printed cloth or exposing it to sunlight for 4-5 days, this odor can be eliminated.

Tinea capitis is a very common fungal infection in children. It is characterized by the appearance of white circular spots on the patient’s head. Piliostigma reticulatum (D.C.) Hochst, Terminalia avicennioids (Guill and Perr), Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst and Securidaca longipedunculata Fres are plants used therapeutically in the treatment of this disease in external application, in the form of a poultice. Chemical screening of aqueous and methanolic extracts of these plants reveals the presence of phenolic and terpenoid compounds but not alkaloids. The antifungal activity of the extracts of these plants, evaluated by the agar medium diffusion method using the fungal strain Candida albicans, showed that the crude extracts of S. longepedunculata and D. mespiliform have low antifungal activity compared to Nystatin. P reticulatum and T avicennioides extracts have average antibiotic activity. The evaluation of the antifungal activity of the fractions of the methanolic extract, obtained by treatment with different solvents including hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate, shows that the acetate fraction is more active than that obtained with the dichloromethane. The fractions obtained with hexane are inactive.

Onion (Allium cepa L.) purple blotch caused by Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif. is a disease of world-wide importance. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment combinations with fungicides and plant-based pesticides in the control of A. porri, onion growth and bulb production. To do so, the effect of aqueous extracts (5%, 10%, 15%) of Lippia multiflora, Azadirachta indica and the fungicides Mancozeb 80 WP (1g/L) and Azoxystrobin 250 SC (0.2%) on the radial growth of A. porri on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium was assessed. Furthermore, the onion variety «Prema» was used in field in a Fisher block design with four replicates. The treatments included the following: (i) the application of foliar sprays with distilled water (control), Mancozeb at 2 kg/ha and Azoxystrobin (1L/ha); (ii) the ground application of plant leaf powder (400 g/m2) at seven days before transplanting, which was then followed by the application of aqueous plant extracts and fungicides as foliar sprays. Sprays were carried out at 60, 80 and 100 days after transplanting. The results show that treatments inhibited the growth of A. porri from 25.35 to 100%. Furthermore, bulb yields in the plots treated with plant powders, ranging from 35 to 43.25 t/ha, exceeded that of the fungicide Mancozeb, which was 28.75 t/ha. From these findings, soil and leaf treatments with plant extracts may be used in the control of onion purple blotch disease. Nevertheless, it is essential to study the effects of plant extracts on soil fauna and microorganisms.

Mineralization at the Torkera gold deposit is located at the contact between volcanic rocks (basalt-andesite) and volcanosedimentary rocks (pyroclastite, blackshale) in the relay zone within the large West Batié Shear Zone (WBZ). Along strike, these formations are not only strongly sheared, but are also affected by intense hydrothermal fluid circulation. The deposit has not yet been characterized in terms of deformation and hydrothermal alteration. The present study aims to constrain the factors controlling the variation in gold content. Direct field measurements show that the mineralized body contained within the shear zone is affected by two phases of deformation. The first is a shear-type deformation known as D1T, marked by S1T schistosities. This first phase of deformation is taken up by a second phase of deformation called D2T. This second phase is marked by S2T fracture or crenulation schistosity. Two hydrothermal alteration phases affect these formations. The first phase of hydrothermal alteration is a carbonate-chlorite-quartz ± pyrite ± iron oxide paragenesis, while the paragenesis of the second phase of alteration is quartz-pyrite-white mica ± carbonate. Gold mineralization is associated with pyrite crystals from the second phase of hydrothermal alteration, whatever the nature of the host rock. The variation in gold content along the ore body is controlled by the intensity of fluid circulation in relation to deformation. The more space freed up by deformation, the more the hydrothermal fluid interacts with the host rock, resulting in a strong silicification and pyritization phase capable of trapping gold.

This study concerns the south-central part of the Iullemmeden intracratonic basin. The main objectives of the study were sedimentological analysis of the various facies and preliminary description of the nodules bearing phosphate mineralization in the Agougaran sector (Kao area, northern Ader Doutchi). The phosphate-bearing rocks are phospharudites. These occur as nodules of variable size and morphology. The phosphate nodules are hidden in the marl limestones or in attapulgite schists of the Barmou Member. Attapulgite schists contain the highest concentrations of nodules bearing phosphate mineralization. In the mineralized levels, nodules are either scattered or organized in layers or beds. The faunal association of the Barmou Member, which encases in the mineralized nodules, is made up of nautiluses, bivalves, sea urchins, gastropods, foraminifera and ostracods. This faunal association testifies to the emplacement of phosphate mineralization-bearing deposits in a confined marine environment.

Informed by the paucity of literature regarding ear and hearing care technology in Cameroon and the growing prevalence of ear and hearing pathologies justified by an increase in the number of clients that show up for ear and hearing care at facility level, the Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services (CBCHS) in partnership with Sound World Solutions (SWS) and Christophel Blind Mission (CBM) commissioned this study to conduct a field testing of SWS Hearing Aids with the aim of investigating user satisfaction vis a vis the quality and model of delivery of SWS Hearing Aids (HD75 and HD100) and to measure improvements in the quality of life of persons with hearing impairment using SWS hearing aids. Within 6months, 30 participants selected through a combination of self-reported inquiry and a Pure Tone Audiometry Test (PTA) took part in the study that was nested in the Ear Nose and Throat (ENT) departments of the Mbingo Baptist Hospital (MBH). Three tools including the Hearing Aid Satisfaction Survey (HASS), Hearing Handicap Inventory for Adults (HHIA) and the Washington Group set of Questions (WGQ) were used for Data collection at facility level at onset (upon consultation) and three to six months after using the Hearing Aids. The data collected was analyzed using a mixed method design. The findings show reported improvements in quality of life that were drastically adverse at onset of hearing impairment. There was an overall 80% satisfaction with the technical quality of the hearing aids, the accompanying services provided, affordability and ease of use. The Study recommends a review of current protocols related to hearing aid dispensation in the region.

An open fireside is estimated to produce smoke equivalent to that of burning 400 cigarettes per hour. To reduce indoor air pollution from improved cookstoves, manufacturers should demonstrate the reliability of various aspects of their product, including thermal efficiency, cooking power, emissions, safety, and durability. This study investigated the optimal design of a reliability demonstration test (RDT) plan for accepting or rejecting a batch of cookstoves based on a target of no more than 5% failures at the end of the warranty period. The planning parameters for the RDT plan included the number of units to be tested (3, 5, 7), the reliability target of 95%, the confidence level of 95%, the maximum number of allowed failures (0, 1, 2, 3), the statistical power of the reliability test, and the values of the Weibull shape parameter (β_1=2.5; β_2=3.0; and β_3=3.5). The required number of samples and testing time for a successful reliability demonstration were determined using Minitab statistical software. The study results show that larger sample sizes or Weibull shape parameters lead to shorter required test times. The statistical power results for eleven scenarios demonstrate that the probability of passing the demonstration test increases as the improvement ratio or shape parameter increases. When the improvement ratio was 1.5 and the shape parameter was 2.5, the probability of passing the test increased from 34% to 54% for a fixed number of maximum allowable failures. Moreover, if the stove’s actual performance exceeds the standard that the test was designed to measure, the demonstration test’s power for one maximum allowable failure would be equivalent to that for three maximum allowable failures.

Teaching as well as learning English as foreign language has become problematic in Bunia town, which makes it a neglected and less appreciated lesson by pupils in third and fourth forms throughout their course in building section. Therefore, a survey was carried out among these pupils as well as their respective teachers in order to be able to per point the difficulties they face but also the factors leading them there. During this research, it turned out to be some difficulties which hinder the teaching and learning of English; five of which relate to teaching and five others to learning. We then allowed ourselves to come to the conclusion according to which all the difficulties are mainly due to the luck of a professional education relating to the section and qualified personal having followed the course of technical English teaching in building section.

The purpose of this study is to identify and characterize different systems of guinea-pig breeding on farms in the town of Butembo. To achieve this objective, a survey was carried out among 60 breeders throughout the city. Results show that guinea pigs are raised on the floor in the kitchen, on the floor in a specific room and in cages. In many cases, guinea pig rearing is family-based. Carried out in the traditional way, family breeding is characterized by low animal numbers. Feeding is based almost exclusively on herbs and kitchen waste. With no management by the farmer and no external support in terms of training in modern breeding techniques, productivity is low. Factors leading to low productivity include mortality, overcrowding, lack of concentrated feed, disease, predators, and lack of organization. To improve the productivity of guinea pig breeding, it is important to increase knowledge of breeding systems and popularize improved breeding techniques. In addition, guinea-pig breeders should be supported and coached to encourage them to adopt commercial breeding.

With the aim of contributing to the protection of corn against the larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda JE Smith in Burkina Faso, we evaluated the effectiveness of four phytosanitary treatments based on chemical insecticides for the protection of corn plants. The experimental setup is a Fisher block comprising 04 repetitions and 7 treatments. Our study showed a significant effect of the number of insecticide treatments on the infestation rate, larval density but also the severity of damage caused to plants. However, the number of insecticide treatments evaluated in this study did not have a significant effect on yield (Pr( F = 0.531). The average yield of the plants was statistically identical when the plants were protected seven, three and two times with synthetic insecticides based on Emamectin benzoate and Flubendiamide + Thiacloprid. Furthermore, the yield analysis also does not show any difference between untreated plots and plots having received synthetic insecticide applications. It appears from this study that high numbers of insecticide treatments do not necessarily lead to an increase in yield. In areas heavily affected by the pest, three insecticide applications based on approved synthetic insecticides can be used against S. frugiperda damage.

Plantain suffers post-harvest losses of 40 %, due to a lack of adequate means of preservation and processing. The aim of this study is to contribute to the valorization of plantain and the reduction of post-harvest losses through its transformation into instant infant flour. Material balance and overall material balance equations enabled us to formulate two feeds. Flour (F1) consisted of plantain, peanut and germinated maize; flour (F2) of plantain, peanut and ungerminated maize. Physico-chemical and organoleptic characteristics were determined using standard methods. The results show that flour (F1) incorporated with germinated maize flour recorded values in line with WHO-recommended standards. Protein contents ranged from 13.49 ± 0.03 g / 100 g MS (F2) to 14.54 ± 0.08 g / 100 g MS (F1). Iron levels range from 18.95 ± 0.64 mg / 100 g MS (F2) to 21.80 ± 0.64 mg / 100 g MS (F1). Leucine levels ranged from 792.49 ± 1.56 mg / 100 g MS (F2) to 799.56 ± 3.12 mg / 100 g MS (F1). The results obtained show that the slurry in the absence of germinated cereal is viscous. Viscosities ranged from 1.34 ± 0.06 Pa s (F1) and 4.42 ± 0.07 Pa s (F2). In overall, the panelists liked the sprouted corn slurry more than the panelists. The panelists' acceptance of F1 porridge over F2 porridge for their children is justified by its fluidity. Composite flour incorporating germinated maize could be recommended for children, helping to combat infant malnutrition.

In West Africa, fodder trees and shrubs play an important role in the socio-economic life of populations. The aim of this study is to summarize the literature on the use of these species worldwide, in Africa and in Niger. The methodological approach used in this study is documentary research via the Internet. The results show that articles (67%) are the most frequently consulted documents. Of this wealth of documentation, the subjects most dealt with were the inventory and distribution of fodder trees and shrubs (13%), followed by studies on animal husbandry systems (10.2%), the feed value of woody fodder (10.2%) and agrostological studies (9.90%). It has been shown that trees and shrubs play a major role in feeding, especially in the Sahel, where they help to alleviate the fodder deficit during long dry seasons and periods of drought. The 100 species concerned are mainly Fabaceae, Capparidaceae, Combretaceae, Malvaceae, Rubiaceae and Rhamnaceae.

Low crop yields are often explained by unfavourable rainfall conditions, the natural poverty of the soil in terms of nutrients and the low use of fertilisers. In order to find appropriate solutions for the sustainable management of soil fertility, a study was carried out on the Fertility Maintenance Trial (FTM), an experimental system established in 1960 in central western Burkina Faso, where organic and/or mineral fertilisation regimes combined with crop rotations have been tested. The approach of this study consisted of a synthesis of existing agronomic data from 2011-2019 on the three (03) crop rotations. Soil samples were taken from a depth of 0-20 cm for physico-chemical analysis. We also measured yields on the cotton and sorghum plots during the 2018 and 2019 seasons. The results show that yield variability can be attributed not only to fertilisation, but also to crop rotations and the annual rainfall recorded over the period. The sorghum-cotton and sorghum-cowpea rotations produced the highest average sorghum yields, at 547 kg.ha-1 and 642 kg.ha-1 respectively. Sorghum monoculture recorded the lowest sorghum production. Chemical analyses revealed higher phosphorus use in the sorghum-cowpea rotation compared with the other rotations. The study of cropping system efficiency also revealed the role of legumes in crop rotations in maintaining and preserving soil fertility. In addition, we recommend integrated soil fertility management (organic and mineral fertilisation, crop rotations, etc.) for sustainable management of productive capital on cotton farms in Burkina Faso.

The lack of Respectful Maternity Care (SMR) is a significant failure in birth facilities in many low-income countries. Mvuzi maternity ward at the hospital of the same name in Matadi Kongo Central, DR. Congo is not to be outdone. The specific objectives of this study were to assess the knowledge of birth attendants and midwives on respectful maternity care; determine the time at which practitioners integrate this care, and describe the main reasons for the low integration of SMR. Twenty (20) health professionals assigned to the maternity unit made up the sample size. The observation technique complemented by the face-to-face interview were used as data collection tools. The present study found that the mean age was 39.5 (range 23–56 years); 50% of them had a low level of education (graduates and nurses from basic school); 65% had less than five years of professional experience. SMR are integrated with a long delay (75% at delivery, 20% at reception and 5% at consultation). Among these types of care, those relating to women’s rights are almost unknown (5%); Physical care is also less and less applied (20%) and safe care (75%). Lack of motivation (60%) is the main reason for not integrating SMR into this health facility. We conclude that the integration of SMR through staff training and the establishment of a monitoring and enforcement unit is a necessity to enhance women’s rights to motherhood.

Gestational diabetes is a public health problem that requires special monitoring given the divertit of factors involved. The specific objectives of this study are: to describe the epidemiological profile of pregnant women in order to identify the particularities of those who develop gestational diabetes; and then calculate the relative risk of gestational diabetes in pregnant women. Nine Teen (19) pregnant women were being investigated at the Kimbanseke maternity hospital in the eastern part of the city of Kinshasa. Data are collected through interviews and observations. These data concerned socio-demographic characteristics, paraclinical examinations (blood glucose), family, medical, gynaecological and obstetric history as well as dietary habits. Seven (7) pregnant women had developed gestational diabetes, an incidence rate of 36.84%. Regarding history: the risk of gestational diabetes increases with lack of occupation (1.61 times); in the first and second trimester of pregnancy (1.60 times) and with large mass (1.15 times). This risk is higher if the pregnant person has a history of diabetes (2.76 times); hyperglycemia (2.28 times); if the pregnant woman has had surgery for ovarian cyst (2.13 times) and if she had given birth with malformation with malformation in the past (1.50 times). For pregnant women with glycosuria (5.40 times); angina infection (3.73 times); if high blood pressure (2.76 times); in case of genital infection (1.81 times); obesity (1.62 times); if fasting blood glucose is high (1,15 times). As for treatment habits: the risk is 8.25 times higher for pregnant women taking insulin; and 5.41 times more for pregnant women on diet. We conclude that the risk of gestational diabetes increases with sociodemographic profile, medical, surgical, obstetric history, and treatment habits.

Rape of minors is a recurring social phenomenon, a worrying situation and a permanent danger for Congolese society. The effective repression of this offense remains the only remedy allowing the harmonious protection of Congolese children in general and those of the province of Equateur in particular. The Congolese legislator, in order to protect the child against all forms of sexual violence, has developed laws that can constitute the guardian of the life of the Congolese child in the image of the shield and the sword. Very unfortunately the judicial actors (OPJ and magistrates) supposed to repress do not properly repressing and condemning the offender to 20 years of penal servitude. In the judicial practice of the Mbandaka high court and its attached prosecutor’s office, the repression of the said offense is not appropriate due to the fact that on the one hand there are always amicable negotiation between the two families before the judicial body and on the other hand the fanciful sentence of 6 months, 2 or 3 years of SPP, yet Congolese legislation provides for a sentence of up to 20 years of SPP. Faced with this worrying situation Congolese children, the repression of rape of minors often proves to be contrary to the best interests of the child. Not only do minors have difficulty accessing justice, but also the fear of reprisals and the impunity of perpetrators of rape of minors is a recurring phenomenon. Alongside the laws and mechanisms which are failing, one of major gaps in the DRC is the cost of a criminal trial. Indeed, without the intervention and assistance of the state, the minor or his parents are incapable of meeting the costs of the procedures. Either the parents prefer to compromise to the detriment of best interests of the child, or they file a complaint but abandon the proceedings, no longer able to pay for the services of a lawyer. This study therefore confirms the need to strengthen the protection of minors through effective repression of rape of minors. This requires the improvement of standards and mechanisms, as well as the development of alternatives such as legal aid. Significant efforts have been made to protect minors through the establishment of more or less effective laws and more or less effective mechanisms for repressing rape in the best interests of the Child.

Cette étude vise à explorer l’intégration de ChatGPT dans l’enseignement des sciences de la Vie et de la Terre. Elle a révélé que la moitié des enseignants n’a jamais utilisé la technologie de ChatGPT et seulement 7,7% l’adoptent de façon régulière. Dans la planification des cours, le tiers des enseignants utilisent ChatGPT essentiellement pour créer des supports de cours. En outre, en matière d’évaluation, la majorité des enseignants n’exploite pas ChatGPT pour créer des questions d’évaluation. Concernant l’impact de l’usage de ChatGPT sur la motivation des élèves, seule une minorité d’enseignants a signalé un changement positif, alors que la plupart d’entre eux n’ont observé aucun changement. Par ailleurs, seuls 6% des enseignants ont suivi une formation sur ChatGPT, soulignant le besoin de programmes de développement professionnel en intelligence artificielle. En conclusion, l’étude insiste sur la nécessité d’une formation continue et souligne l’importance de maximiser les avantages de ChatGPT tout en minimisant les risques pour l’intégrité académique.

The media fulfill a vital function in the various aspects of human life, which is to inform populations in all areas of life. Regarding this article we raised a question which concerns the relationship between the media and terrorism. It is then a question of the dialectical relationship between terrorism and the media in various aspects, including the functions of the media and their negative effects on the impact of the phenomenon of terrorism. To also demonstrate in this article how the media in their way of functioning manage to give impact to terrorist action. The media play the role of mediator in the interaction between populations and the fomenters of terrorism. The impact of the media on public perception is very important. We demonstrate that media coverage of terrorism has much more impact than the terrorist actions themselves. This impact consists of creating a climate of anxiety and terror within populations. However, in this article we have defined what media are in general, starting from media described as traditional (Radio, television, newspapers, etc.) to those described as modern (internet, social networks, etc.). As for terrorism, despite the global interest in the phenomenon of terrorism, no specific, clear and precise definition of terrorism has yet been agreed upon! Definitions multiply and contradict each other, because of the variety of forms and manifestations of terrorism, the diversity of its methods and patterns, and the profusion of international opinions, political tendencies and beliefs regarding it.

Introduction. High-risk pregnancies require quality obstetric care to reduce maternal, perinatal and neonatal morbidity and mortality rates. Evaluating their prevalence is necessary to strengthen treatment strategies. Material and method. Out of a total of 2371 pregnant women, 115 had a high-risk pregnancy at the Kintambo maternity ward in Kinshasa. The data collected in their files covers a period of six years. Their analyzes focus on sociodemographic characteristics, obstetric, medical and surgical histories as well as the outcomes of their pregnancies. Results. The prevalence of high-risk pregnancies is 4.85%. Several high-risk pregnancies resulted in cesarean deliveries 48.7%; abortions 47.0%; premature births 30.4%; stillbirths 15.7% and early neonatal deaths 6.1%. History such as late and multiple gestation, high multiparity (> 6), high blood pressure, third trimester hemorrhages, deliveries of low weight children and macrosomia are among other factors exacerbating the risk of pregnancy in these women giving birth. Conclusion. High-risk pregnancies represent significant prevalence in maternity wards in low-income countries, associated with various factors. Their outcomes are unfavorable and diverse.

This paper studies the influence of incorporating Juncus fibers into compressed earth blocks (CEBs). CEB composites were manufactured with earth filled by Juncus fibers reinforcement (0 to 0.8% by weight), and compressed at 10 MPa with a compaction loading press. After 28 days of drying, the CEBs underwent diverse experimental tests to evaluate their physical, mechanical, and durability properties. The findings indicated that incorporating fibers led to a diminution in unit weight, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and dry compressive strength. Despite the drop in mechanical strength, CEBs with higher fiber content (0.4%) demonstrated satisfactory abrasion resistance, which could play a crucial role in areas prone to extreme weather events. According to this experimental investigation, this material has the potential as a promising composite for building materials and reduces the need for chemical stabilizers, which is considered a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions in the construction industry. The results have implications for affordable housing solutions and offer insightful information about sustainable building materials.