The aim of this study was in one hand to characterize Mimosa pigra populations in three ponds in the Niokolo Koba National Park and in the other hand to determine an efficient controlling method of this invasive species. We characterized M. pigra populations by estimating at each pond total seed production per plant, number of infructescences per plant, number of pods per infructescence, number of seeds per pod, variability in seed weight, seed floating capacity, and germination rate. To achieve the second part of our goal, an experiment had been conducted during three years and consisted to compare three control methods such as

A rapid protocol of detection of the bacteria in water directly by PCR has been realized without having resort to the preparation of the total DNA. The results showed that (i) the direct detection of the bacteria by PCR is possible under the condition to concentrate the sample of water by filtration and centrifugation; (ii) the sensitivity of the protocol of detection established is function of the number of bacteria in the sample; (iii) and it increases with the volume filtered of the sample. This protocol of detection by PCR has been used for the study of three different natural waters (source water, well water, river water), for searching the presence of E. coli precisely, and the bacteria in general, using primers amplifying the uidA gene, and those amplifying the 16S rDNA, respectively. The PCR results showed the presence of bacteria in general and E. coli species in river water and well water, while in the source water, no PCR amplification was obtained indicating that this water is E. coli free, or contaminated with a lower concentration than the detection threshold. The three samples will allow characterizing further the degree of contamination of each water. According to this work we proved also that the PT-2/PT-3 primers amplifying a fragment of the uidA gene (?-D-glucuronidase) may be used to reveal the presence of E. coli in general and E. coli O157:H7, according to the annealing temperature of the PCR.

Most domestic wastewater in urban and rural centers is dismissed without prior treatment or in the sewage system or directly into the aquatic environment. This often causes an alteration and a biological imbalance. In this study we will work on the natural lagoon treatment plant wastewater city of Dar ElGueddari with a nominal capacity of 700 m3/ day. The present work aims to: Analyze the results of monitoring campaigns carried out at the entrance and exit of STEP in 2012-2013 for pollution parameters BOD5, COD and TSS. Analyze the purification performance of the station and offer recommendations to improve their treatment efficiency according to national standards or European. Furthermore, we will also perform a qualitative analysis through: The evaluation of the quality of the effluent based on domestic Moroccan discharge standards and compliance in terms of BOD5, COD and TSS. The confirmation of the characteristic of waste water by comparing the DCO reports/BOD5 and TSS/BOD5 with the usual ratios of urban wastewater. Comparison of the abatement of pollution parameters compared to those set by the European directive.

Aujourd

Why more crises in Africa? This is not only a simple question but a theme suggested in this paper. It is viewed for us a big concern as a typical African man. There is who wonders deeply about his deity situation, future, looking how his setting is destroyed by different unstable situations facing his continent since a certain time. In our thinking, we have initially depicted some crises which destroy our continent and the lives of African people. Secondly, we have shown the variables which caused the non

The aim of this paper, is to use a more realistic model which incorporates the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis for studying the effect of boundary conditions and some control parameters on the onset of convective instability in presence of a uniform heat source in a confined medium filled of a Newtonian nanofluid layer and heated from below, this layer is assumed to have a low concentration of nanoparticles. The linear study which was achieved in this investigation shows that the thermal stability of Newtonian nanofluids depends of the state of the horizontal boundaries (rigid or free), the heat source strength ,the buoyancy forces, the Brownian motion, the thermophoresis and other thermo-physical properties of nanoparticles. The governing differential equations are transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations by using similarity transformations, these equations will be solved analytically by converting our boundary value problem to an initial value problem, after this step we will approach the searched solutions numerically with polynomials of high degree to obtain a fifth-order-accurate solution.

Fish is by far a high source of proteins and fats, regarding the species. Therefore, the presented work tries to identify, through the processed mackerel, the fatty acids known to have a high nutritious value. Firstly, it has been studied by the literature, the influence of the technological treatment on the chemical composition of a fish. Particularly, the impact of the fermentation on the lipids of the fat fish. Fermented fish (lanhouin), has been produced using the improved technology of fermented fish process. The fermented fish (lanhouin) was obtained through the fermentation of marine fish such as mackerel, fished in the gulf of Benin. Several studies have dealt with fatty acids from marine species; but referring to bibliographical notes, there are less deep studies on the presence of fatty acids found in fermented fish. Secondly, the fat has been extracted using three different methods such as Touchstone

The research study of the implementation of the philosophy of the competency approach which was carried out in all school curricula; especially the curriculum related to life and earth science, at different levels in the public middle and high schools in Morocco. This has shown significant findings after studying and analyzing the data questionnaire that has been handed out to both public middle and high school teachers in the country. We came to the following findings: - Teachers' work revolves around the implementation of cultural and systematic and technological competency according to the specificity of the subject and the nature of various scientific approaches. - Due to the prevalence of passive classroom practices, teachers find it difficult to help improve the learner's communicative competencies. - It is hard to carry out strategic competency since the learning conditions and the teaching environment are not suitable neither for school planning, school excursions nor pedagogical projects. - The learner's acquisition of the five competencies has undergone some difficulties. First, the nature of the subject "Sciences of Life and Earth" which is taught at both middle and high school. Second, the class sizes which cannot accommodate a huge numbers of students and as a result, classes are bound to be canceled due to the cancellation of class grouping.

Each culture possesses its unique aspects that are mostly recognized and employed by the members of the same in-group. Most individual and collective cultures hold and share aspects that are agreed upon and accepted by the groups and individuals belonging to the same environment and culture. Jews resided in Morocco, hand in hand, with the Amazighe for centuries prior to the advent of Islam. They constituted their own social and religious in-groups that were far removed from any social group in Morocco. They co-existed in harmony with a number of Amazigh tribes in several mountainous areas. Islam also protects Judaism as Jews are considered as the People of the Book, but the Jews are discriminated against based on some religious fallacies held solely by extremists. This study begins with an account of Moroccan Jews so as to manifest the primary reason behind restricting themselves within their own minority and social in-groups. In addition, the study weathers Moroccan Awliya (saints) and their posterity focusing on how they have come to acquire their actual status. Investigating the impact of

In the context of innovation, research that has attempted to explore the synergy between quality management and marketing are few. The main objective of this paper is to theoretically contribute in the understanding of the synergistic exchange between the quality management (ISO 9001) and marketing capabilities to improve the performance of product innovation.

The present work contributes to the knowledge of the maternal factors of risk of the low birth weight in Bukavu-Sud/Kivu, RD Congo, serious problem. This retrospective survey was possible thanks to the register and to the cards of the patients of the service of neonatology of the hospital of reference of Mpazi-Bukavu, consulted with as criteria of inclusion, all children been born with a weight lower to 2500g, the one of exclusion includes the newborns descended of premature and dead childbirth born. The results discounted after the test of l'ANOVA and the Odds Ratio show that: Of the differences non meaningful stat between the different classes of age of parturient in survey, of or the fact of the luck. Of the differences non meaningful stat between the women having a parity lower to 4 and those having a parity superior and equal to 4, of or the fact of the luck. The prediction is 8% for the dead factor fetal uterine intra, 10% for the factor infection, 15% for Abortion, 19% for parity, factor Alcohol that has a prediction of 70%.

Effect of reflux ratio and number of stages on purity of ethylene in ethane-ethylene distillation using HYSYS process modeling software is presented in this paper. Results showed that purity of separation is directly proportional to reflux ratio as well as number of stages. A mixture of ethane and ethylene is pre flashed in a shortcut distillation column and parameters such as external reflux ratio, minimum reflux ratio, minimum number of stages, actual number of stages, optimal feed stage, condenser temperature, reboiler temperature and also condenser and reboiler duties are obtained. Then this feed is employed in a full scale distillation column to obtain the final results. Simulation shows that it is possible to achieve a purity as high as 99.2% using less than 100 plates, 84 plates to be precise. Optimum reflux ratio was also obtained. Results demonstrated that extra cost of using membrane systems to improve separation efficiencies can be avoided by using optimum reflux ratio in ordinary distillation.

In this paper the process for analyzing feelings described using applications such as: Hadoop in version 2.3.2, and the facilities provided by the API (Application Programming Interface, for its acronym in English) from Twitter for extraction and information processing (Tweets) of the University of Guayaquil - Ecuador. So you can evaluate the information obtained by running different scripts, containing algorithms required for the analysis of feelings and determine if it is a positive, negative or neutral comment. Thus obtain the final result information to help determine the feelings of users of the account of the University of Guayaquil. This information is very helpful to support the decision making process.

An ethnobotanical survey of Gavd

This paper analyses the urban metabolism of Kinshasa and forms on self- relience (resilience) socio-economic strategies as responses to socio-environmental vulnerability. Based on house hold survey, results revealed that with more than 80% of people are jobless, many families survival depends on resilience strategies in Kinshasa. This situation cannot boost the urban city sustainability. Some appropriated strategies should be promoted to ease the access to good education, health care facility, decent living, good transport, good nutrition and good public income, etc. Otherwise, the urban environment will be harmful, not sustainable, and the 21 st Century sustainable City will remains a dream.

In Burkina Faso, protected areas have lost several hectares of their scope mainly due to the effect of anthropogenic pressure and climate change. In order to well understand this extreme degradation of vegetation, this study was initiated in Deux Bal

There are many areas of research related to the empirical analysis of time series which support The Real Business Cycle Theory, but researchers have rarely explored the possibility that business cycle fluctuations have a nonlinear aspect and that is intrinsically a phenomenon without exogenous chocks. According to the theoretical exception of Keynesian endogenous cycle, cyclical movements are not due to the optimal adjustments of erratic displacements compared the equilibrium or deviations of working economy or of the impulses caused by external shocks or unpredictable events, but rather of vulnerable and fatal instability through which economy is oriented and of how endogenous fluctuations' evolution can affect nonlinear dynamics structures of time series. In this study, an econometric examination of the Tunisian industrial production cycle would prove the existence of endogenous fluctuations through a Hopf bifurcation if the control parameter transition undergoes a change. Also, clarify how bifurcation Theory and endogenous instability can explain how chaos is generated endogenously. The aim of our paper is to investigate the potential asymmetric effects of industrial dynamics. As a special case, we expand upon other works on this issue, by assessing the effect of structural changing processes in an asymmetric transition function on smooth transition autoregressive (STAR) specification that exhibits a limited cycle. But, in many given times, a deterministic dynamical system has a chaotic character that can affect predictability. While our study is based on recent fields of dynamical economy and econometrics' nonlinear processes, our results would concern of different empirical simulations about the endogenous business cycle. Specially, we analyze some aspects of nonlinear dynamics time series including chaos by controlling a parameter

The travel narratives feed the imaginary exotic, source of inspiration for the representations and factor of influence on the tourist practices. These representations of the tourist image on the countries marked by the otherness, which are a characteristic identity component of those who make these trips, guide the perception and the tourist modelling of these visited places. Otherwise, writings produced during these explorations, as they provide an important source of information on countries explored, remain influenced by a subjectivity stemming from the personality, the culture and the profile of the author. In this perspective, this study proposes to do a chronological reading of the main narratives and travel guides that have been published on Morocco between the 16th and the 19th century and to try to illustrate, for each author, the words which deal with the image of the country.

In this paper we decompose the realized volatility of the GARCH-RV model into continuous sample path variation and discontinuous jump variation to provide a practical and robust framework for non- parametrically measuring the jump component in asset return volatility. By using 5-minute high-frequency data of MASI Index in Morocco for the period (January 15, 2010 - January 29, 2016), we estimate parameters of the constructed GARCH and EGARCH-type models (namely, GARCH, GARCH-RV, GARCH-CJ, EGARCH, EGARCH-RV, and EGARCH-CJ) and evaluate their predictive power to forecast future volatility. The results show that the realized volatility and the continuous sample path variation have certain predictive power for future volatility while the discontinuous jump variation contains relatively less information for forecasting volatility. More interestingly, the findings show that the GARCH-CJ-type models have stronger predictive power for future volatility than the other two types of models. These results have a major contribution in financial practices such as financial derivatives pricing, capital asset pricing, and risk measures.

The Classic economy dominated by finance and the profitability faces from now on the emergence of the voluntary and innovative sector where Internet became a real tool for the collection of funds with diverse users who agree to support financially projects of start-ups. This study has for objective to describe the frame, the functioning of the crowdfunding and to present the opportunity wich it offers to finance projects through the information and technologies communications.

In this work, we tried to find the clinical and therapeutic features and diagnostic difficulties of amyloidosis in pulmonary tuberculosis. For early diagnosis and timely assessment. To evaluate, in a prospective study, adult patients of pulmonary tuberculosis attending our service with subsequent diagnosis of renal amyloidosis AA constituted study population. Clinical profile of biopsy proven amyloidosis cases was analyzed. There were 13 patients (10 males, 3 females, age range 21

In this paper, we study the application of a non-destructive technique to analyze the argan oil. This is to measure the velocity and attenuation of acoustic waves that propagate in the oil, depending on the temperature and the concentration of other mixtures oils. Information is derived from these measurements find a correlation between measurable parameters and other physical parameters that characterize the liquid. Analytical and empirical models are extracted and studied through these measures. Significant results are presented and discussed to show the interest of the application of this technique on the quality control of this specific oil.

Although the validity of Maslach burnout scale is established across different countries and cultures, there is a minimal research on burnout in Morocco especially among university teachers. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess burnout among university teachers in Morocco. Burnout was diagnosed by using the Maslach Burnout inventory (MBI), which examines symptoms of burnout (emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP) and the loss of personal accomplishment (PA)). MBI was administered to a simple sample of 121 full time university teachers using a questionnaire survey; the sample was selected randomly, and it vary by gender, age, marital status, rank, and seniority. The results showed that 64% of teachers suffer from burnout, 47% of them have an average burnout, and 17% have low exhaustion. The results also confirmed that 8% of emotional exhaustion was explained by the rank. 18% of depersonalization was affected by marital status, rank, and seniority. In addition, Married and highly ranked professors suffer less from depersonalization. Also, the results indicated that a personal accomplishment affected by, seniority, and age. In conclusion, burnout is not just generated by a stressful environment, but also by other by factors such as work and social environment a poor quality of life, and feelings that are associated with dissatisfaction at work.

Studies on the effects of armed conflict in the DRC are more focused on the looting of natural resources and the various human rights violations, with little attention to issues of recovery and socio-economic increase of small farmers. The interest of the actors were more focused on the technical aspects with little emphasis on the importance of community approach. In this paper, We examine the possibilities and means that small farmers effectively revitalize agricultural activities and access more benefits in the post-war context. To collect data, we carried out questionnaire surveys on 300 households, research meetings and interviews. Exploratory factor analysis in principal component has been mobilized to give meaning to quantitative data. The results of the study show that three mechanisms enable small farmers to revitalize their activities in post-conflict mountainous Kivu. These including (i) to have the organized small groups of farmers whose number is between 20 and 30 members; (ii) to promote the existence of an asymmetry between the interests and resources of the actors involved in the collective action, and (iii) create more roles of decision-makers at all levels of social components. Finally, it has been proved that successful collective action are (1) a key to growth agricultural production, (2) the widespread adoption of technologies, (3) easy market access and (4) minimizing conflicts related to natural resources, mainly land.

The intensity of the ecological problems the country faces, led Morocco, under the influence of international pressure to establish formal policies for environmental protection and resources in the context of a comprehensive environmental governance. Environmental governance is a new form of participatory democracy. It requires dialogue, cooperation and partnership among all actors of sustainable development. In this sense, the challenges of good regional governance militate in favor of a new regional configuration to cultivate managerial management practices and to involve recipients in the development of collective choices. As such, it is recommended to strengthen in the Doukkala region; second economic center and agricultural granary of the country; near the structures of information, debate, discussion and follow-up on environmental projects. To do this, the advanced regionalization would have real political impact, which should be his, that if people feel, within a reasonable time, a significant change in their living conditions. In this perspective, environmental protection must be strategic thinking in the region and must be part of the broader context of the issue of sustainable development.

This paper presents a design of compact triple-mode resonator with Defected Ground Structure. This resonator consists of a square open-loop half-wavelength resonators and a stepped impedance resonator structured in the middle which is connected to the mid