A mathematical modeling of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) dynamics has been presented in this paper. The proposed model, which involves four coupled ordinary differential equations, describes the interaction of target cells (hepatocytes), infected cells, infectious virions and non-infectious virions. The model takes into consideration the addition of ribavirin to interferon therapy and explains the dynamics regarding biphasic and triphasic decline of viral load in the model. A critical drug efficiency parameter has been defined and it is shown that for efficiencies above this critical value, HCV is eradicated whereas for efficiencies lower this critical value, a new steady state for infectious virions is reached, which is lower than the previous steady state.
We show in this study, an economist and a manager must be able to explain and predict economic trends and also understand the relationships that influence (production, consumption and distribution) that the business may suffer and could revive in the future. Linear regression was for us, a way that could give us a simple model to measure the impact of characteristics of a dependent variable on one or more well-defined variables; So an economic variable that explains the behavior of observed economic variables that influence the observed economic situation. If the economic situation does not allow admitting a linear regression model, we can transform the whole time in a linear model by appropriate methods and techniques. Hence it is easy to study the model as if it were a linear model in order to estimate the parameters to explain, understand and predict the future of the measured economic phenomenon. In this study, we use the experimental method which we analyze in four steps:
- Definition of econometrics and some general notions of econometrics.
- Definition of the model and to estimate the parameters.
- Statement of assumptions and properties of the method used to estimate the parameters.
- Make the judgment tests on the quality of the regression.
And the technique is the method of ordinary least square to estimate model parameters.
We investigated histochemically the expression of glycans in the mouse ventral prostate of the normal, castrated, castrated mice injected with testosterone (T) and castrated mice injected with dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex technique was used with eight biotinylated lectins, on paraffin sections. Remarkably, contrarily to T, the DHT found to restore all the glycans in epithelial cells of ventral prostate. The histophysiological significance of the activation synthesis of glycoconjugates in mouse ventral prostate by DHT is discussed in the light of the other studies obtained mainly in humans.
This paper, on the border of the public management and marketing, discusses the customer relationship in a particular field which is the industrial and commercial utilities. It is the subject of theoretical and empirical research on the utilities management, centered on the consideration of users/customer expectations and its consequences on the feeling of satisfaction / dissatisfaction. Based on the methodological paradigm of Churchill and the Larcker and Fornell procedure, our goal through this work, is to understand the factors that explain this feeling and build a model of the perceived quality in context of utilities. Those factors may help utilities managers, operators or organizers, to define the appropriate quality approaches.
There is growing concern about self-medication during pregnancy in many low resource countries. Despite its adverse impact on pregnancy, at the eastern of DR Congo, no study was conducted on this question until now. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and factors associated with self-medication among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Bukavu town. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in 14 health centers of Bukavu from March to April 2015. Multi stage sampling method was used to select 920 pregnant mothers. We chose fourteen health centers from all health centers in Bukavu by a simple random method. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to reveal association with self-medication practice. Results revealed a prevalence of self-medication (61.3%) among pregnant women interviewed. Reasons for practicing self-medication were disease not serious, prior experience about the drug, economical cost and easy access to the drug without prescription. The main drugs used were paracetamol (40.8%), amoxicillin (17.1%), and papaverin (13.4%). The factors associated with the self-medication in Bukavu town were previous self-medication practice, drugs advised by pharmacist/druggist, lack of sensibilisation on the drug
Objective: To identify the factors associated with resurgence of cholera in the Western coast of the lake Eduard.
Methods: We led a cross-sectional study to analytical aiming relating to the factors associated with resurgence of cholera in the Western coast of the lake Eduard. The data were collected near 770 heads of households of eight villages which form the side Western of the lake Edouard. A logistic regression enabled us to identify the factors associated with resurgence of cholera in the Western coast of the lake Edouard.
Results: The main factors associated with resurgence of cholera were the educational level, the size of the household, the nature of the ground, the environmental characteristics of the medium and the presence in the medium of moved the interns (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: The factors associated with resurgence of cholera in the Western coast of the lake Edouard are related to economic, geographical, ecological factors and policies of this zone. A strategy taking account of these factors is essential for an effective prevention of the cholera.
Objective: The objective of this study was to determine factors associated with early sexual initiation for young girls between 15 and 25 years in Bukavu town.
Methods: A cross-sectional study with analytical aiming near 385 young girls from 15 to 25 years inhabitants three communes of Bukavu town using survey questionnaire. A logistic regression enabled us to identify the factors associated with early sexual Initiation among young girls in Bukavu town.
Results: 70.5% of the respondents met had known the early sexual initiation whose average age was of 15.35
Objective: The objective of this study was to identify the determinants of contraceptive use among women met to the service of Gyneaco-obstetrics of the General Hospital of Referral Bagira.
Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in general hospital of referral Bagira from March to April 2013. A total of 162 women aged between 20-45 years participated in this study. Occasional sampling was used. The tool of data compilation was a questionnaire of investigation.
Results: Among these women, 60.5% used a contraceptive method during the period of study. Among users, pills and condoms were the most methods used. The religious beliefs and the side-effect fear constituted major barriers to the contraceptive practice. Determinants of the contraceptive practice were the woman's favorable attitude facing the contraception, the husband's implication in the contraceptive use, the conjugal dialogue on family planning and the desire besides to have child (p <0,05).
Conclusion: This study recommends the intensification of sittings of sensitization of the population and the better advice offer that would bring to better contraceptive method acceptability in that hospital.
Fuzzy cognitive maps have received increasing attention for the representation of the causal knowledge especially useful in knowledge management. This paper proposes a model CRM critical success factor modelling and analysis based on fuzzy cognitive maps and using the paradigm of Computing with Words, in order to provide causal models easy to understand. To this end, the use of linguistic representation model based on linguistic 2-tuple in the competitive fuzzy cognitive maps is proposed, which allowing to perform the Computing with Words Processes without losing information. The main advantage of the model proposed for is that it allows increasing the interpretability of the causal models, being this fact knowledge management. Last, the paper presents a case study of the model proposed, as well as recommendations for future works.
Despite its usefulness and high impact there is shortcomings in knowledge based recommendation models. Among its limitations are lack of flexible models, the inclusion of linguistic information and the correct weighting of the factors involved for computing a global similarity. In this paper a new knowledge based recommendation models based on the 2-tuple linguistic representation model and OWA operators is presented. It includes data base construction, vector weights determination, client profiling, products filtering and recommendation generation. Its implementation make possible to improve reliability and interpretability in recommendations. And illustrative example is shown to demonstrate the model applicability.
A DEM is a numerical and mathematical sketch of an area in terms of elevation (Charleux , 2001). Thus this source of information is used in many areas of daily life (mapping, defense, development and urban planning, civil engineering, telecommunications, geomorphology, hydrology, etc.).The results of its use often contain errors that are not generally perceived by the user. In this study, contours of topographic map were used to create two test digital elevation models (DEM) by using two interpolation methods the TIN (Triangulated Irregular Networks) method and the IDW (Inverse Distance Weight) method. These two models were then compared to a reference DEM, product of interferometry radar technology (SRTM images) to detect major errors on our test DEMs. It is clear from this analysis that: On the interpolated DEMs, summit areas are affected by underestimation of altitude and thalweg areas are affected by overestimation of altitude. However, these errors are not impacted on the overall quality of the DEM.
In this paper we provided modeling for the food gap in Yemen. We have studied this model by descriptive and analytical studies and formulated a model for the food gap, we estimated its parameters and predicted for the coming ten years using the Box and Jenkins methodology of time series analysis. Then, we compared this methodology to the exponential smoothing and simple regression methods.
We found the following main results for the three time series regarding the food gap:
1. ARIMA (1, 1, 1) model to predict the price of food importation series.
2. Brown exponential smoothing model to predict the price of food exportation series.
3. ARIMA (1, 1, 1) model to predict the price of food production series.
Through the results, we concluded that food production will not meet the local demand for food, where of the equation: local demand consumption of food = food importation + food production - food exportation. The ratio of production to consumption is expected to reach 29.3 % in 2015 and to continue to decline to reach 28.8 % in 2020.
This paper aims to develop a theoretical model to explain the logistics information systems process that contributes to the performance and the logistics processes maturity, taking into account the logistics providers
A study of the responsibility of individuals in environmental matters: If the company BRALIMA Bukavu, allowed us to discover the context in which its liability may be incurred on environmentally in terms of its activities (brewery).
The responsibility on private persons (legal) is very important. Prevent the involvement of this responsibility is essential: anticipate, inform and train staff can neutralize the risk at source, and if it occurs nonetheless, evidence of efforts upstream will be useful for defense eventually then a trial for damages.
However, it is clear that the BRALIMA Company is not cleared of some environmental responsibilities origin in the sense that the operation of this facility is inconsistent with environmental standards at national and international level (Art.53 and according to the Constitution of DR. Congo of 18 February 2006) and certain international conventions ratified (United Nations Conference on environment and development, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-4 Juin1992, STOCKHOLM conference in 1972 ) and law No. 11/009 09 July 2011 basic principles on environmental protection in DR Congo (s.68, 69, 70, 75,76, 77,78 and 79) and art. 258 and following of the Civil Code Book III Congolese and show how this company would be guilty.
This total disregard of environmental standards entails an accountability mechanism for ecological damage covering all the effects of pollution, that is to say, covering not only the effects on property and people but also their impact on nature.
A study on violence against women, a reality facing the Bashi traditions in the cluster of Bugorhe, allowed us to discover the value and the place of women in traditional society Bashi. However, force is to note that women's rights are violated or trampled in the Bashi traditions in the group Bugorhe. Most of the violence whose victims are women in the group Bugorhe are rooted in traditional practices (habits and customs), harmful and infringing certain rights for women like those in the legal instruments Bugorhe both national and international (Art.1er, 2 (1), 7; 10 UDHR, art .2 (1); 3PIDCP; art.2 (2) ICESCR .2,3 art of the African Charter of human rights Human and Peoples art.1er, 14 of the Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women and art.11,12,13 and 14 of the Constitution of 18 February 2006 and article 8 career status of the civil service in DR Congo). In addition, other violence come from use with impunity of violence or coercion, abuse in the family, forced marriages, the wife of adultery murders....
The aim of this research was to examine the design considerations needed to control the access of sunlight in exterior and interior architecture that ensure healthy buildings to avoid deficiency of Vitamin D. The study was conducted in the city of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia through field visits to one hundred and fifty residential buildings for the purpose of measuring the extent of their application considerations in external and internal design. The external considerations usually were imposed on the users and this made them difficult to modify, whilst interior design was shared between the thoughts and experience of designer and the needs and desires of the users.
The research question was: What is the extent of design considerations in residential buildings to ensure sufficient sunlight access inside the house? It was found from the results that there are shortcomings in the application of considerations concerning external design, which is the architect and designer's responsibility, such as the direction of the building, setback, landscaping, window size, direction and height of the building. In terms of internal design, considerations included distribution of spatial activities, functional methods and design of systems and technology. A lot of users failed to utilize this design to their advantage to ensure deficiency of Vitamin D inside the house in order to maintain their health as well as to maintain their culture and privacy.
It is fundamental that hospitals provide appropriate food and nutritional care to manage any nutritional risk, to improve nutritional health and well-being and optimise the wider clinical management of all patients. This study was done in a mental governmental hospital located in Amman, Jordan. In this hospital, two types of diets were offered to patients: Regular diet and therapeutic diet (menu1 and menu 2, respectively). In this work, these diets were evaluated by calculating their mean content of energy, carbohydrates, protein, fat, calcium, sodium and iron, then compared with standards. The estimated content of these nutrients were analyzed using a nutrition analysis software program (ESHA) and other food composition tables in the region. Our results revealed that the mean energy content was less than 2000 Kcal in both diets. In menu 1, the mean content of energy, CHO, protein, fat, calcium, sodium and iron were 1346.4 kcal, 198.7 g, 59.5 g, 45.9 g, 349.1 mg, 890.1 mg and 8.9 mg, respectively. In menu 2 the mean content were 1641.2 kcal, 235.4 g, 69.9 g, 57.6 g, 491.9 mg, 1204.8 mg and 13.6 mg, respectively. On average, both menus provided a diet low in all studied nutrients and did not meet the nutritional standards, except iron which contain 123.6% of the standard in menu 2. The percentage of energy and macronutrients contribution in breakfast, lunch and dinner meals served in regular diet were 29%, 39% and 32% for energy, 25%, 45% and 30% for CHO, 18.1%, 53.1% and 28.8% for protein and 52.6%, 20.2 % and 27.2 % for fat, respectively. In therapeutic diet, the percentage were 26.7%, 29.9 and 29.1% for energy, 25.8%, 37.1 % and 26% for CHO, 18.1%, 48.4% and 27.4% for protein and 42.1%, 24.2 % and 23.8 % for fat , respectively. The snack served in this diet, contribute 14.3% of the total energy, 11.1% of CHO, 6.1 % of protein and 9.9% of the total fat. On the basis of this study, we conclude that the hospital do not design suitable diets to meet dietary recommendations. Careful menu planning should be emphasized and followed. Menus should be evaluated and updated continuously to reflect the changes of the patients
Jatropha curcas L. is a perennial oleaginous plant which is known for its multiple uses. The oil extracted from its seeds is used in the manufacture of biodiesel and soap. The plant also has therapeutic virtues and insecticidal properties. In Burkina Faso, the species remains under exploited. Despite its potentialities, the genetic diversity of this phytogenetic resource is badly known. This study was conducted to determine the level and the structuring of the genetic variability of a collection of 70 accessions coming from the various phytogeographical sectors of the country and to estimate the genetic parameters of the various characters. Thus, an agro-morphological evaluation of the collection was carried out during the rainy season 2014. Eleven (11) quantitative characters relating to the vegetative development and the potential of production of the plant were used. This study revealed the existence of variability within accessions. The characters related to the yield showed greater variability than those related of the vegetative development. The analysis of the structuring of variability showed that plants which have an important vegetative development are more productive than those of little size.The estimate of the genetic parameters revealed a weak difference between the phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation and high broad sense heritability for all the characters. The characters related to the yield expressed the highest expected genetic advance, phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variation. The results of the study can be exploited in Jatropha curcas' improvement program.
Estimation of gas-initially-in-place GIIP (2P) and remaining gas reserves are a matter of re-examination and very crucial for the oil/gas industry and for the national policy related to energy regulation. There are wide range of reserve estimation method in different sources over time, which has a different range of uncertainty. Reserve means the quantity of gas/oil that is commercially recoverable from known underground hydrocarbon deposit. An existing oil/gas industry needs to know the present reserve of the existing reservoir to take endeavor for further augmentation of field to increase oil/gas productivity. Among several types of reserve estimation method volumetric estimation is easier and done at the early stage of development based on formation factor, well log, fluid saturation and reservoir extent data. Accuracy of this method increases with production data. This project highlights the reserve estimation and remaining reserve calculation of Saldanadi Gas Field one of the prominent and vital gas field for geological situation as the underground reservoir rock is shared by both Bangladesh and India. To calculate reservoir volume using trapezoidal rule and area using planimeter, isopach maps have been created from contour map of both upper and lower gas sand. For greater accuracy production data from the well #1 and well #2 of the field has been used. It is found that total GIIP (2P) from both upper and lower gas sand is 501.186 Bcf among which 350.83 Bcf is recoverable with 70% recovery rate. In addition total remaining reserve is 282.95 Bcf.
This paper aims at enriching theoretical and practical basis of territorial marketing in Morocco. Indeed, in an international globalized and digitalized context, regions are called upon to stand out by resorting to communication and promotion tools, and in a larger scale to territorial marketing tools. Therefore, any debate on territories-applied marketing is virtually habitual among politicians and economic and territorial developers. Morocco has gone through an important phase in the process of territorialisation through the establishment of genuine economic regions equipped with authority and decision-making autonomy. In this framework, the adoption of territorial marketing has become a must to accompany Morocco
The study of the multi dates shoreline evolution in the area of Ksar Esghir, located in the northwest of Morocco on Strait of Gibraltar between Tangiers and Ceuta, allowed the appreciation of the following progressive characters:
- Ksar Esghir watershed geomorphologic, which provides a mountainous character, allowing the distinction of the three main units: Highest areas, plain areas and coastal areas.
- Typically Mediterranean climate, characterized simultaneously by a cold damp winter and hot dry summer, where the weather and marine conditions are dominated by: Dominant West- North west swells which may exhibit Atlantic Ocean origin and East- North east swells may due to local wind seas.
- Evolutionary trend of the Ksar Esghir beaches shorelines, between the years 1966 and 2005 (40 years), marked by: an erosion of approximately 65%, an accretion of 25% and coastal stability of around 10% being considered with an almost total absence of stable areas.
- Areas occupancy evolution characterized by: an increase in developed areas with an average annual rate which may reach up + 0.28 km
Cassava is, economically, one of the most important root and tuber crops in Africa. However, its production is compromised by a large number of diseases and pests among which the african root and tuber scale (Stictococcus vayssierei Richard). This insect causes damage that can result in a low yield and non tuber formation of cassava in case of serious infestation. It is in this context that a study on screening cassava (Manihot esculenta CRANTZ) genotypes was carried out for resistance to African root and tuber scale in different agro ecological areas of Beni (North Kivu province, in East of the Democratic Republic of Congo). The objective of the study is to assess resistance to African root and tuber scale of 40 varieties of cassava supplied by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture and the National Institut of Research Agriculture whose five local are found on the spot after survey. To reach this goal, we verified the hypothesis that stipulates that the introduction of new varieties of cassava in the country is a strategy to fight African root and tuber scale. All varieties were placed in four sites under mild altitudes (1000-1200 m) and high altitudes (1200-1400 m). The populations of African root and tuber scale in various stages of life and the tuberous root production of each variety were assessed every three months for two years in a randomized block experimental with four repetitions. The screening ANOVA findings showed significant effects, S. vayssierei infested the majority of tested varieties. Nevertheless, principal components analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis identified a reconciliation of tolerance vis-
Aim: To determine the epidemiological profile of bone and joint infections among children above 3 years old that were admitted in the surgical pediatric emergencies department, in the Children
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