This paper discusses the contextual factors related to the NGDO working environment that limit the performance of poverty reduction strategies. The research used empirical method and literature review with the help of direct, routine and participant observation. A questionnaire survey was based on individual interviews and qualified informants. The sample included two targets: those in charge of development structures (384) and heads of beneficiary households (at least 633), i.e. a total of 1020 subjects at most. This sample was stratified in a simple but proportional and representative manner. According to their statistical significance and Cramer's V value, factors related to gender integration, the age of clients and their level of education were the most determining factors in this performance, followed by those related to site safety versus shelf accessibility. Factors related to accountability; the quality of public governance at the site, the regularity and quality of checks on the results produced came next. The quality of resource management by NGDOs and the quality of interactions between parties came next, followed by factors related to distance and the growing poverty of clients. A vision oriented towards advocacy/lobbying and a very strong «Public-NGO-poor client partnership» but decentralizing the work, developing the capacity for socio-economic self-sufficiency and democratizing public debate on the issue, is necessary to improve this performance.

In response to many anthropogenic pressures on Aby lagoon, the aim of this study is to determine, according to seasons, physicochemical characteristics and nutrients content of lagoon waters. To do this, from September 2007 to July 2009, during monthly sampling campaigns, physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, salinity, conductivity, pH and transparency of waters of lagoon were measured, in situ, at twenty (20) stations distributed along lagoon. Water samples were collected at these stations, at the depth of 0.2 m below the surface, to determine in laboratory levels of dissolved oxygen and nutrients such as orthophosphate, nitrite, nitrate and ammonium, using standard methods. Statistical treatments were performed using XLSTAT 7.5 software. Data processed, using Friedman test, show significant seasonal differences between physico-chemical parameters and nutrients of lagoon waters.

The states story’s is stained of every sort of challenges, at the first hand, some assess that, and it’s strangle these great powers are built. At the other hand, others viewed themselves being qualified “conflicting states or roughly” in vulgar word. Africa has been always shown as a point of argument dissenting China to Occident among others. Taiwan has been past to question, the fact that, the mark of shame has been mingled inflicted to China by Occident during the opium wars, additionally the intricacy of economic leadership of Chinese who encounter western in Africa space; aim of this study.In this visual of dual indebtedness, what needed to be known: Between western mechanisms of help to the development settle by and trouble the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, passing by Chinese as came of different of African-china summits, what’s Africa promoting? What are choosing of Africa? These questions will be basically treated. The study realized between 2019 and 2020, gave this abstract.

In Niger, considerable damage is recorded on seed legumes during their storage. For this, chemicals are used for the preservation of these foodstuffs. The objective of this study is to understand the use of storage insecticides against pests in Cowpea. A survey was carried out using structured sowing questionnaires with 404 producer heads of households in 16 target villages.The study shows that 91.8% of operators use insecticides for the conservation of cowpeas, mainly approved products (76%), namely Phostoxin (55.94%), Justoxin (16.58%), Rambo (0, 50%), Lamda super 2.5 EC (1.73%), Calthio (0.99%) and non-approved products (16%), namely Executor (5.20%) and Superdelvap (10.89%). This use of chemicals varies depending on the Regions (Dosso, Tillaberi, Maradi).Thus, the study also showed that 65.1% of households use phostoxin in the Dosso region compared to 29.5% and 63% respectively in the Maradi and Tillabéri regions. Up to 40% of producer households use super delvap, which is an unauthorized product to prevent damage of [Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.)] From Cowpea at Maradi.

The present investigation is focused in the evaluation of social and environmental impact of well water consumed in Mama Balako Area of Mbandaka City in the Democratic Republic of Congo.It was observed that the construction of these well water does not respect the standard fixed by the World Health organization (Who) in this matter.This biological analysis of these drinking waters was made both in dry and rainy seasons and the experimental resultants revealed the presence of total and fuel coli forms. The physical and chemical parameters selected pure Who’s on order to evaluate the portability of drinking Water showed acceptable values closed to the Who’s ones, except for PNA3, PNA4, and PNA5. Where the pH values observed were standard, less than the Who’s Standards, testifying that the waters are acid.The authors seek the Congolese government to take care of these well waters management instead of the concerned population.Some Sustainable possible strategies are proposed by the authons of present investigation for these water management in order to reduce the pollution and increase the health’s population.

Retrograde endoscopic cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) retains a prominent place in the therapeutic management of bilio-pancreatic pathologies, in particular lithiasis disease. Its complications are now well known and are dominated by acute pancreatitis. The aim of our work is to assess the frequency and predictors of complications of ERCP.We retrospectively included all consecutive patients who received an ERCP, between January 2018 and April 2019 in the gastroenterology I Department of the Military Instruction Hospital Mohamed V in Rabat, for a lithiasis pathology. Clinical, biological and endoscopic data were collected from patient records.Statistical analysis was performed by Spss20 software using the binary logistic regression model in univariate and multivariate analyzes. The associated factors studied are: age, sex, history of ERCP, taking NSAIDs before the gesture, catheterization of the pancreatic duct and the number of passages in the Wirsung, the achievement of a pre-cut and the total duration of the procedure.

This work was initiated in order to assess the content of trace metals (TM) from traffic and road infrastructure on a section of national No.1, one linking the cities of Lubumbashi and Likasi in Republic Democratic of Congo. To achieve this, samples of dust on the floor and soil near the road were taken at different depths at the site between the bifurcations of the airport road and Kasenga. Analyses focused on total levels of lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn). The dosage of TM was performed using an atomic absorption spectrometer and measurement pH of soil performed using a pH meter. The results obtained showed that the pH values ​​found (between 5.82 to 7.68) allowed good adsorption and the Zn concentrations were higher than those of the Netherlands standard. However, these levels decreased away from the roadway. Similarly, depending on the depth, the Zn contents were 38.46% (5/13 results) higher than the value of the same standard. However, 38.46% of the values ​​of Pb and 53.85 % Zn (7/13 results) values ​​were higher than those of the standard agricultural soil set by France. These results support the hypothesis that the dust on the floor and close to soils are rich in TM because of contributions due to road traffic.

This present study was conducted during the period 2010-2012. The scope of this study was the characterization of the biological of surface quality in the Inaouen catchment. Also, we focused on the identification of any existing pollutants into its waters and their origins. For this, we have, on the one hand, the study area bounded to 26 stations for surface water and directed the spatio-temporal monitoring of bacteriological for two years (November 2010 - October 2012). The analysis results revealed a spatio-temporal difference between the two sides of Inaouen watershed, following the intervention of natural and anthropogenic factors. Over time, the waters of the Oued Inaouen enrich gradually with fecal contamination tests germs. This state of pollution is greater downstream in the stations that receive more releases. This is most often related to untreated domestic and industrial waters (especially liquid olive mill wastes OMW) discharged into rivers, and agricultural runoff which is a result of fertilizer use especially in summer and autumn. Besides the germs tests of faecal contamination. This pollution effect is greater in downstream stations that receive more releases. In addition to this fact, the climatic conditions of the region are characterized by very low flows wadis in upstream during the summer season.