The Covid-19 pandemic crisis and the various shocks that are shaking the global economy, increasing uncertainty and testing the resilience of the dominant economic model. The succession of crises imposes the imperative to rethink the economy and requires adapted practices likely to accelerate the emergence of a new and more resilient production structure. According to this perspective, this work aims first to explain how recent crises show the inability of the resilience of the dominant model, then it examines ways likely to catalyze a resilient economic model. It is a question of looking for the tools that can catalyze the transition of the economy towards a model that plays a key role in overcoming crises. This model represents for Morocco an opportunity for its economy to opt for a development path that aims for sustainability, resilience and wealth creation. In this context, the objective is to examine the different transitions likely to jointly promote sustainability and resilience in the Moroccan economic and social context.

In Niger in general and particularly in the department of Ouallam located in the Northern part of the area of Tillabéri, the natural resources undergo since decades a thinning down without precedent under the influence of several factors. The aim had by this work is to characterize the factors responsible for this environmental pollution on a local scale. To this end, an investigation of perception coupled to observations into the ground was carried out into the aspects relating to the causes of the degradation of the grounds. The analysis of the causes of landscape degradation was categorized in climatic, physical and anthropic factors. The results raise that with a standardized index of pluviometry (ISP) varying from -2,54 to 2,24, precipitations constitute the principal climatic factor influencing environmental dynamics. In the physical plan, the units of the relief evolve in basins slopes where the degradation of the plates is reflected on the other components. The factors anthropic causing the dynamics of the local ecosystems are: extension and the overexploitation of the grounds, cut of wood, the clearing, overgrazing, exploitation of the fodder and the residues of the cultures. The surveyed people affirmed the regression of the vegetation and the progression of the naked grounds, respectively to 94,91 % and 38,43 % of the guarantors. According to the population, the progressive degradation of the environment is caused mainly by the anthropic exploitation and bad pluviometry, respectively 93,38 % and 66,91 % of the appreciations made by the guarantors.

We started from visual observations in the field, while combining them with data from the cadastral service, which moreover were supplemented by satellite imagery approaches to produce a GIS relating to the management of land and cadastral data. In order to remain objective, we conducted these various studies in the land district of Gombe, more precisely in the Batetela district. Our scientific approach led us to set up a web application via the GeoServer cartographic server based on GIS data, characterized in the management of land and cadastral information. The idea around this scientific approach is to make available to everyone (the cadastre, researchers, investors, etc.), reliable information concerning the different land properties of the geographical entity represented here by the Batetela district.

Honey is a very complex biological compound of great diversity, giving it a multitude of properties, both nutritionally and therapeutically. The objective of this study was to determine the phytochemical composition and the biochemicals properties of some honeys produced in Bukavu and its surroundings. To do this,12 different honey samples have been collected from a few territories of the province of South Kivu. The quantitative determination of polyphenols by Folin Ciocalteu method revealed concentrations that ranged from 43.62 ± 0.47 to 123.59 ± 1.16 mg EAG / 100g and that of flavonoids by the aluminum trichloride method revealed concentrations ranging from 2.38 ± 0.27 to 24.52 ± 0.60 mg EQ / 100g. The values, of the antioxidant activity by the ferric ion reducing power method varied between 20.89 ± 0.88 and 61.38 ± 2.91 mg EAG / 100g, evidence of an interesting antioxidant activity. The color of the samples was ranged from Transparent White to Amber.

Aim: This study aims to determine the floral origin of four samples of honey from Bukavu and its surroundings and to identify the different forms of pollen apertures. Materials and methods: Four honey samples were collected from four production sites in Bukavu and the surrounding rural areas and were kept in the fridge at 4 ° C. The reference pollens were prepared from the anthers of plants surrounding the hive sites. The pollens from the anthers were degreased in ether and stored on slides with Kaizer gelatin-glycerin. The acetolysis method has been applied to the four samples and the identification of pollens has been done on the microscope to the 40 objective. Results: The four honey samples are all of multi-floral origin. The Tithonia diversifolia species of the Asteraceae family is most prominent in the four honey samples with accompanying pollen. The pollens with tricolpate and tricolporate aperture are predominant. Conclusion: The four samples of honey from Bukavu and its surroundings are all of multi-floral botanical origin, the tricolpate and tricolporate apertures are the most represented.

This morphological and hydrosedimentological study was carried out with the aim of understanding the evolution of the bottom and the sedimentary dynamics of the Potou lagoon in Côte d'Ivoire from the superposition of two bathymetric maps spaced ten years apart. With an average depth of 2.11 m, the Potou lagoon has undergone morphological changes from 2008 to 2018. This is marked by a reworking of the sediments on the entire lagoon bottom. There is a fattening phenomenon whose volume is estimated at + 66.8 hm³ of sediment deposited in the lagoon. The estimated sedimentation rate is estimated at around 2.65 cm/year. These deposits are marked by a preponderance of shoals over the entire lagoon. As for erosion, it is estimated at a volume of - 8.5 hm³ of sediment. This results in a sedimentary budget of + 58.3 hm³ corresponding to a surface of 12.45 km2 or 54.6% of the total surface of the lagoon during these ten years. The bathymetric map and the sedimentary budget of the Potou lagoon are necessary tools for the use of the body of water by users. Thus, the risk areas determined on the bathymetric map, such as shoals and whirlpool points generated by depressions, will be easily avoided.

Among the problems that affect families in several developing countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) there is poverty due to the drop in income and the difficult general economic situation hampered by the Corona virus pandemic which constrains the inhabitants of this country, especially the city dwellers, to resort to multiple survival strategies. This situation weakens most families to exercise their functions, in particular that of a body for the socialization and protection of its members. According to the Ministry of Health, among adolescent girls aged 16 to 21, who represent 41% of the female population of the survey. Getting pregnant comes from the fact that adolescent girls are not informed about how their bodies work, they often do not know the fertile periods, they also ignore the use of condoms as a contraceptive method, as well as the false information that adolescents exchange about sexuality to convince their female partners. (DHS 2014). Indeed, in the city of Gbadolite and, most families with single mothers are prey to conflicts often find their outcome in violence, hatred, defamation or even divorce of the parents, the extent of which cannot be allow different social analysis that is the demographer hence the interest in circumscribing the motivations that contribute to their occurrence and in suggesting possible solutions so that works of youth prepared for their family responsibilities and social.

The present research, entitled « Nutritional and dietetic potentiality of ants and winged ants on sale at the market of Lubumbashi/DRC »; aims at making available scientific information related to insects sold in the city of Lubumbashi: Case of ants and winged ants (Makalo and Inswa respectively in a local language). The analysis of these sample reveals: - 4,95 % fats (Ants) and 39,8 % (winged-ants); - 40,2 % and 35,6 % proteins respectively for ants and winged-ants. Winged ants are richer in mineral elements than ants in decreasing order Mn, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe. Edible insects thus show some potentialities: - They contain highly digestible proteins; - They are tender and without collagens; - Toxicity risks and fermentation could be discarded. - They may contain a good proportion of polysaturated fat acids. From what precedes, edible insects are particularly useful in dietetic therapy for food dietary of pathologies which need elimination or reduction of the consumption of meat, proteins and/or that of saturated fat.

The geological formations of P425 consist largely of sedimentary rocks represented by carbonate and sandstone formations as well as metamorphic ones by shales as well as magmatic intrusions represented by dolerites and covered by some recent alluvium. The regional tectonics that have affected this sector to promote the deformations of these rocks by giving brittle, linear and planar microstructures that attest to the compressive phases that this terrain has experienced, confirmed even in the study of the stresses by WIN TENSOR. The preferred orientation of the stratification planes is NW-ESE (N100°-110°E) and those of the planar elements NW-SE (N120°-140°E) and NW-SSE (N140°-160°E) would justify the existence of a vast contemporary regional folding due to the intrusion of magmatic formations in the region. For linear elements; the statistical study made from the measurements taken showed a single preferential direction NW-ESE (N100°-110°E). The structural analysis of the conjugated fractures encountered in our field of study shows that these joints are largely the result of a compression resulting from the stresses σ2 whose value of the direction is N29 ° E / 8 ° SE.

This article is a contribution to the geochemical characterization of carbonate rocks of the bushimay supergroup in the Lukelenge area. The samples were analyzed by the atomic absorption spectroscopy method and the results are presented in the form of curves and tables. The interpretation makes it possible to specify the usefulness of these rocks in civil engineering works. We present the results of a study that first addresses the cartographic aspect of the geological formations in this sector as well as new geochemical analysis data concerning the major elements. The geological map of the study area will also be presented. The cartographic study of the Lukelenge sector has made it possible to identify three lithological facies which are limestone, dolomitic limestones, dolerite and arkosic sandstones. The geochemical study based on major elements revealed the following average contents: CaO: 46.42%, MgO: 2.51%; Al2O3: 2.20%; SiO2: 8.85% and Fe2O3: 1.05%. This shows qualitatively the importance of the use of these rocks in cement but also in civil engineering works.

This work consists of a sedimentological and paleoenvironment study of the carbonate rocks of the Mbuji-Mayi Supergroup dated to the Neoproterozoic of the Bena Kabongo quarries. Macroscopically, two lithofacies have been determined, namely: limestone and dolomite. Field observations show us that the base of the sequence is dominated by dark fine-grained limestones. The summit part is represented by fine-grained gray limestones that alternate with brownish dolomite. Based on seven thin sections, a microscopic observation was carried out and allowed us to detect three microfacies, namely: intrasparites, intramicrites and intraclastics, all representing a standard sequence of the sedimentary series. This sequence shows the evolution of the deposit going from a subtidal zone to an intertidal zone. Analysis of the microfacies of the sequence shows that the strata were accumulated on an internal ramp in the shallower and more oxidizing conditions with stromatolitic flora.

The quality of obstetrical care in maternity hospitals in most developing countries is a problem in improving the health of mothers and newborns. The maternity hospital at the Kokolo central military hospital in Kinshasa is no exception to this reality. A prospective survey on participatory observation among the midwives of the said maternity during the follow-up of labor of delivery of 50 parturients. The results of this study underwent statistical analysis with the 5% F-Snédecor test. Our results show that no midwifery intervention won 100% in its execution (physical preparation, physical examination, follow-up of labor and immediate postpartum). Statistically the difference is significant from the point of view of physical examination, and not significant from the point of view of physical preparation and obstetrical parameters (dilation, uterine revision obliteration and others).

The application in the Démocratic Republic of Congo (DRC) of to approaches (competency-based approach: ABA and objective-based approach OBA in the teaching of health sciences requires stadardization for the effectiveness of professional practice. The purpose of this study is to compare professional practice during hospital wound care. The medical technical institue of Kisantu and that of Kintandu in central Kongo served as a framework for this study. Thirty fourth-year learners respectively fifteenper school were followed during the internship. The parametric analysis based on the calculation of the mean reveals numerically superior results among learners in ABA compared to those in OBA. The difference in the highest averages among learners from two schools on different stages of the technique is 14.3 percent (ABA) against 13.6 percent (OBA). In view of this result, there is a need to generalize the competency-based approach in all nursing schools of the effectiveness of professional practice.

It is important for us to present a Abstract of this research. We started from an observation of the decline in productivity in the supervision of students; insufficient training of course teachers in terms of planning - monitoring - supervision - supervision and evaluation of courses; insufficient supervision both by field supervisors and by teachers of theoretical courses; the low level of involvement of the Sections in the process of planning and carrying out the courses; the plethoric number of students in institutions which makes supervision difficult. This study aimed to evaluate the practical teaching of students on the quality of internship supervision at ISTM-Gemena. We used the survey method, supported by the technique of self-administered questionnaire for the socio-professional characteristics of the respondents, based on the supervision of the students during the practical lessons, to collect data on the variables of the study, namely: pedagogical training, supervision methodology, tools or modules, teaching materials, preparation, supervision, monitoring and evaluation and supervision. Through this study, it turned out that the degree of application of teachers during supervision and practical lessons would be low firstly because of the level of pedagogical training, the preparation of the subjects to be taught which are improvised, poor supervision methodology, no follow-up and supervision of students in the field by ISTM-Gemena supervisors, absence of some didactic supervision materials, demotivation of teachers. Indeed, the results of the present study do not reveal any statistically significant difference between the different distributions according to the socio-professional characteristics observed and the supervision of the students during the practical lessons shown by the survey subjects during the practical lessons. Of all the above, we say that all hypotheses are confirmed.

This article analyzes the contribution of market gardening to household income in the N'djili valley in Kinshasa. The Probit and Tobit models were estimated to take into account respectively: (1) the decision to participate in market gardening activities, (2) and the decision to depend on these activities. The results of the estimates showed that the decision to participate in market gardening activities is significantly affected by the variable age, level of study and the place of sale of market gardening products. Household dependence on market gardening is positively affected by gender, age and level of education and simultaneously negatively influenced by household size, experience in market gardening and sales locations. In addition, statistical analyzes indicated that a typical household earns on average an income of 222,000 Congolese francs for a combined crop cycle of at least two crops.

Coronavirus 2019 is considered the disease of the century. It has caused worldwide panic. The practices of health professionals have been a challenge to cope with this disease and stop the spread of the pandemic. Objectives: The present study aims to describe the preventive measures applied by health professionals and their experience in dealing with COVID-19. Methods: This study was conducted in April and May 2020 in central Morocco, at the «Sidi Said» hospital in Meknes, which is reserved for the care of people affected by COVID-19. An exploratory survey was conducted among all the caregivers working in this hospital. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect the data, which were processed and statically analysed by Epi-info. Results: A total of 104 (73.5%) participants took part in the study. Most of them (70%) were women. More than half were nurses (59%). The majority (84%) received the COVID-19 vaccine. We found that the majority of caregivers had good knowledge about COVID-19 and about 43% of them received clinical simulation coaching. The most commonly used preventive measures to combat the pandemic were wearing masks (100%), hand washing and disinfection (96%), wearing gloves (81%) and face shields (64%). Conclusions: Health professionals have a good knowledge of Covid19, the correct use of protective equipment, hand hygiene and maintenance of the premises where the approach adopted by health care workers to control Covid19. However, raising awareness among citizens remains a key strategy for eliminating this pandemic.

The rapid development of digital in Africa is at the heart of a plural issue: economic, human and cultural. Having become a reality for the agrarian sectors (agriculture, livestock) until then spared by the digital wave, mobile telephony is anchored in the daily life of the African rural world. It offers peasants and farmers enormous possibilities beyond cultural borders and geographical distances. Thanks to such a territorial anchoring of the digital economy, the farmer can, from his mobile phone, receive information on microfinance or marketing consultancy offers (Drumnet / Kenya), the weather and market needs (price, quantity) in order to better produce and better sell its productions (Esoko / Ivory Coast). For example, Kilimo Salama (Kenya) offers farmers an innovative dematerialized insurance service. During the season, if the drought or the rains exceed a level pre-defined by weather radars, the farmer receives financial compensation via « M-Pesa ». Even if digital offers the rural world unimaginable opportunities, its integration into the organization or business cannot be improvised. The challenges of digital transformation are certainly technical, but also human and cultural. In rural societies with a strong oral tradition, where face to face was the dominant mode of interaction, digitalized and anonymous interpersonal communication transforms social bonds. Therefore, any digital irrigation of the African rural environment requires anthropological support in terms of socio-educational strategies of cultural appropriation without which the expected digital anchoring would lack sociological foundation. How the social sciences can accompany the development of in the rural agricultural sector, in terms of support, prevention of risks or human costs. This anticipatory reading of the strengths and limitations of agricultural startups will be based on the Esoko platform experience developed in Kenya, then in Côte d'Ivoire.

The development of decentralized local authorities in Togo passes through the contribution of citizens to the tax base through the payment of taxes and levies. However, the municipalities, like the whole country, are confronted with fiscal incivility. Thus, this research wanted to understand the explanatory factors of taxpayers' resistance to paying taxes. To do this, she combined the method of documentary analysis and the realization of 34 in-depth individual interviews with resource persons in three communes of Togo, namely, the commune Tchaoudjo 1, the commune of Assoli 1 and the commune of Kozah1. The research highlights the socio-historical, political, social and communication factors, which explain the tax incivility of Togolese taxpayers. In addition, citizens' crisis of confidence in tax collection and management services is another major obstacle to tax compliance. These challenges need to be taken up through sustained education in social accountability for better appropriation from below of democratic values that should make it possible to initiate sustainable local development.

The adoption of innovations to improve yields and reduce poverty has become an important issue for the agricultural sector. However, in spite of all efforts implemented, the adoption of these technologies remains below the expected levels. This article aims to analyze the effects of communication networks on the adoption and diffusion of improved maize varieties promoted in the North of Benin in order to increase its productivity. Data were collected among maize producers identified with the snowball method in Nikki town. Logistic regression was carried out to analyze the influence of socio-relational, socio-economic and demographic factors on the adoption and diffusion of improved maize varieties. Software R version 3.4 was used for statistical data analysis. The Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used to choose the best model for predicting adoption and diffusion. Results show that rich men with a high degree of authority and power tend to have a high eigenvector centrality while men with a high degree of centrality and betweenness centrality tend to have a high level of education, a high area and a high degree of authority and power. In addition, a combination of socio-relational socio-economic and demographic variables predict better the probability of adoption (AIC=52.929) while socio-relational variables predict better the probability of diffusion (AIC=15.819). The study suggests that the diffusion of improved maize varieties at a large scale must involve persons who are rich, with a large agricultural land a good education level, and powers in their locality.

Most of Niger's oil exploration and production activities take place in the Termit Basin. The Paleogene Sokor1 Formation, an important exploration target in the Termit Basin, is a typical sandstone hydrocarbon reservoir. The research presented in this paper used core, water samples and wireline logs, collected in the Dibeilla prospect to determine factors impacting the occurrence of low resistivity oil/gas reservoirs during their diagenetic processes to avoid exploration extra-cost and to recover the total reserves. Cores were analyzed based on thin sections, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and capillary pressure test. Wireline logs were analyzed using the Combined Log Pattern technique. The distributions of all potential influencing factors on porosity and permeability were quantified, making it possible to assess the influence of all potential controls on resistivity logs reading regarding to the fluid type. Diagenetic processes in the Sokor1 oil/gas reservoirs with low resistivity include cementation and dissolution, apart from mechanical compaction. Authigenic clay minerals, pyrite and siderite that account for resistivity controlling factors, occur as pore-filling and pore-lining cements, increase the reservoir conductivity. Sedimentary facies with fine lithological features resulted from relatively weak hydrodynamic deposition conditions induced by irreducible water and dual pore-structure system are the primary causes related to resistivity reduction in oil/gas saturated reservoirs. The low resistivity oil/gas reservoirs identified are the result of mix factors. Results demonstrate the robust application of combining diagenesis and Combined Log Pattern in predicting favorable reservoirs, useful in reducing exploration risk in undrilled areas and oilfields with similar geologic settings.

We do not claim to have exhausted everything in this area. We could write everything but we have limited ourselves to what you have in your hands so that you too can continue with research in this matter. Our ambition was to unseal the main motivating factors of the academic and scientific staff of ISTM-Gemena. To carry out this study, we used quantitative descriptive methods and documentary and interview techniques which led us to this result. The reality of the Democratic Republic of Congo has always shown that the staff is not well paid and motivated, hence the teachers of higher institutes and universities always seek to accumulate in order to live well. To the men of science, after reading this work, you would be able to carry out investigations in this field to bring to light all that is hidden in State Societies, your systematic search also proves to be essential for the future of our scientific environment. Thus, the result of our research confirmed the initial hypothesis that academic and scientific staff are motivated. The motivating factors of the Staff are more of social orders whereas the motivation of economic orders does not turn out to be necessary for an academic and scientific staff. This is why all the academic and scientific staff are cumulative. We encourage what ISTM-Gemena is doing but we ask them to improve and add other ingredients and condiments to make the sauce even better, because the man is an eternal dissatisfied. On the whole, all the factors analyzed in the results interpretation table are not all motivational like economic factors. However, it should be noted that those that are more motivational are the work of the teachers themselves, advancement in grade, performance bonuses, responsibility and freedom granted to work, interpersonal relations, communication with colleagues, management. participant, the assignments of the courses, the recognition of the efforts made and of the merit insofar as these factors are global and not specific.

Linear canker is one of the diseases that attack cinchona plants a lot in the Territory of Lubero / North Kivu / DR Congo. It significantly reduces the productivity of its bark. In the fight against this attack, some farmers sterilize the soil with hot water, others warm it in a barrel. There are some who use Ridomil to treat the soil (earth). The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of these three techniques in the fight against Phytophthora cinnamoni in the Kagheri region, and to deduce the procedure that responds best in the fight against this attack. A treatment device for four repetitions was adopted. 16 plots arranged over 40.96m2 were set up. Data analyzes show that the attack rate at disease onset was 45% for T0, 17.5% for T2, and 6% and 1.2% for T1 and T3, respectively. The linear chancre rapidly progressed to T0 the first month of attack, then to 85% the third month, finally to 100% in the fourth; all the plants were attacked following climatic conditions characterized by heavy rains (humidity). While sterilization with ridomil was disappointing with a result of 17.5% the first month and 41% the last month. However, T1 and T3 were effective, with successively 6% and 1.2% of the onset of the disease at the beginning as well as at the end of the observations. The analysis of variance demonstrates that there is a significant difference between the blocks either Fcal a > Ftab with 4.61 > 3.86 at the 5% threshold, but without significant difference between the treatments at the same threshold either Fcal (b) < Ftab; 1.97 < 3.86 and between the other parameters with H0 accepted. It is appropriate to use the techniques of sterilization of the soil in the barrel and by hot water in order to increase the bark yield of cinchona.

Butembo veterinary schools produce many veterinary technicians every year. Some of them create veterinary clinics so that they relieve and save the life of animals in order of having their own jobs. After that, they expect a profit, after returning this work to the breeders. This is how we looked at how much money a clinician earns after treating a goat. We conducted a survey of 400 goats treated in 20 veterinary clinics in Butembo City. Our results revealed that for these 400 goats, these clinics invested an amount of 231956 FC for the purchase of veterinary products; in turn they issued an invoice of 950000 FC. As a result, there is a gay 718044FC. At the end, it is true that care given to goats is profitable for clinicians in BUTEMBO City. On average, a veterinary clinic invests 11597.8 FC to treat 20 goats to issue an invoice of 47500 FC. It shows an average gain of 35902.2 FC.

The study of the garlic consumption in Mususa commune of Butembo from March to October 2021, is the issue of this work, to ensure the rate and frequency of this crop consumption. The inquiries in different households show that the garlic is consumed by so many persons in Mususa Commune. Thus, 83% of persons consume it in fresh state, 9% in powder form and 8% in oil form. About the frequency, 39% of inquired persons consume the garlic six times per week, 26% seven times per week, 17% four times per week; those who consume it once and five times per week are represented in value which is inferior to 10%. In terms of consumption, 61% of inquired persons speak of medical aspects and 39% consume it as condiment. According to the garlic supply chain, the great number of consumers get it from: market, store, garden, and other receive it as a present from their friends or relatives. In details, a piece of garlic is bought at 100 Fc and 200 Fc (two hundred Congoles francs). One kilogramme costs 5000 Fc and 6000 Fc, about the price of a garlic heap, it varies from 500 Fc to 1200 Fc. The great part of our inquired persons have declared that they consume a quantity which varies between OO,5 and 2 Kg a month. However, the fluctuations are noticed in a year. A part from the garlic, a great deal of Mususa commune inhabitants consume the leeks and the onions. For the consumption frequency of other condiments, the inquired persons eat them four times and seven times a week a week. About the supply chain: Masereka, Kipese, Magheria, Luotu and some markets of Butembo city are cited. However, the consumers complain about the garlic scarcity and ignorance of people towards its virtues.

The objective of this research was to contribute to identification of forage trees and shrubs available in Butembo city. The inventory has revealed 30 forage lignous species usefull for local livestock, distributed between 19 botanical families, whose 18 shrubs (60%) and 12 trees (40%). The more identified family is Fabaceae represented by 8 species or 26,6% of samples (Acacia mollisima, Caesalpinia sp, Cajanus cajan, Calliandra calothyrsus, Erythrina abyssinica, Indigofera sp, Jacaranda mimosaefolia and Sesbania sesban), followed by Rosaceae with 3 species or 10% (Mespilus germanica, Rosa hybrida and Rubus idocus), then Myrtaceae with 2 species or 6,6% (Eucalyptus sp and Psidium guayava) and Solanaceae with 2 species or 6,6% (Datura deltel et Datura stramonium), finally 15 other families each one represented by 1 species or 3,3%: Agavaceae (Dracaena arborea), Anacardiaceae (Mangifera indica), Bignoniaceae (Markhamia lutea), Caprifoliaceae (Sambucus nigra), Combretaceae (Terminalia manthaly), Cupressaceae (Cupressus lusitanica), Euphorbiaceae (Manihot esculenta), Lauraceae (Persea americana), Malvaceae (Hibiscus sabdarifa), Meliaceae (Azadirichta indica), Moraceae (Morus nigra), Poaceae (Arundinaria alpina), Proteaceae (Grevillea robusta), Tiliaceae (Triumfeta cordifolia) and Verbenaceae (Lantana camara). The leaf is, among these shrubby specices edible organs, the more ingested organ by livestock (62% of species).