For nearly a decade and a half, some foundries that recycle scrap metal have been established in Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo. These foundries produce annually, as do other foundries, thousands of tons of solid waste, the mismanagement of which was demonstrated in our previous article in the same press. The waste from the foundries being counted among the dangerous waste, it immediately seemed useful to us to determine their chemical composition.After chemical analyses by X-ray fluorescence spectrophotometry (XRF) on 15 samples of slag and 15 samples of sludge from three of the said foundries, the following results were obtained (i) qualitatively, the sludge of the foundries is composed of Na2O, CaO, Cr2O3, MnO, Fe2O3, NiO, CuO, La2O3, Eu2O3, Yb2O3, OsO4, Br, SiO2, K2O, TiO2, V2O5 and ZnO while the slag contains in addition to these last components Ti2O3, Sc2O3, SrO, ZrO2, Nb2O5, RuO2, BaO, Re2O7, Al2O3, Au, MgO, Rb2O and HgO, (ii) On the semi-quantitative level, the chemical analyses indicate that Fe2O3 is the most preponderant component in the sludge with an average mass concentration evaluated at more than 85%, followed by Na2O [6.33%], SiO2 [5.3%], MnO [1.5%]. Eu2O3, Cr2O3 and CuO have concentrations in the order of the tenth (10-1), while the majority of the remaining components have concentrations in the order of the hundredth (10-2), except Re2O7, ZrO2, SrO and V2O5 whose concentrations are small in the order of the thousandth (10-3). On the other hand, the main component of the slag is SiO2 concentrated at 36% of the average total weight, followed by Fe2O3 [23%], MnO [15.5%], Al2O3 [10%], Cr2O3 [1.5%], Na2O [1.1%] which are the major components. TiO2, BaO, ZnO, MgO, SrO, K2O, V2O5, RuO2 have concentrations on the order of tenths ranging from 0.8 ≥ x ≥ 0.112, ZrO2, Eu2O3, Nb2O5, Re2O7 have concentrations on the order of hundredths ranging from 0, 047 ≥ x ≥ 0.02 and NiO, Au, Sc2O3, Ti2O3 and Br have relative concentrations on the order of thousandths ranging from 0.00333% ≥ x ≥ 0.001%.The comparison of the different compositions of the sludge and slag indicates that the slag from the FAMECO smelter, not only has several components related to the other two smelters, but also has higher or lower relative concentrations than the other two. Finally, the pooling or mixing of sludge and slag at the time of disposal indicates that the contribution of pollutants from the slag is far more abundant (78%) than from the sludge (22%).

Because of their multi-element chemical composition and especially because of the presence of trace metal elements (TME) at relatively high levels, sludge and slag from foundries are classified as hazardous waste. For this reason, they must undergo all the rigorous management imposed on such types of waste. However, those in charge of the Kinshasa scrap foundries remain deaf to this.Indeed, these scraps from the scrap metal foundries of Kinshasa are spread in plots, streets and avenues of the city of Kinshasa to be used as backfill without prior treatment to the detriment of a suffering population subject to serious environmental problems (potholes, erosion heads, floods, etc.).After chemical analysis of these wastes, it turns out that they contain Na2O, CaO, Cr2O3, MnO, Fe2O3, NiO, CuO, La2O3, Eu2O3, Yb2O3, OsO4, Br, SiO2, K2O, TiO2, V2O5, ZnO, Ti2O3, Au, Sc2O3, SrO, ZrO2, Nb2O5, RuO2, BaO, Re2O7, Al2O3, MgO, Rb2O, HgO [1], while the chemical analysis of the soils backfilled by these slags and sludges of the foundries reveals that they contain all these components except Na2O, Br, Ti2O3, Nb2O5, BaO and Rb2O. Also, some typical components such as AsO3, As2O4, PbO and P2O5 which were not measured in the slag and sludge of the smelters were measured in the soils backfilled by the said slag and sludge.Furthermore, the comparison of the chemical composition of the soils backfilled by SBFs with that of the soils not affected by the backfill shows that P2O5, Al2O3, MgO, OsO4, La2O3, Yb2O3 and SO3, components of the backfilled soils, were not measured in the non-filled soils (blank sample).From a semi-quantitative point of view, it has just been demonstrated that almost all components of the soils backfilled with slag and sludge from smelters have relatively higher concentrations than their counterparts in the unfilled soils, with the exception of SiO2, V2O5 and Sc2O3.

The iron and steel industries generate large quantities of solid waste which is not always easy to manage because of the heavy metals it contains. In most cases, they are used in concrete or bitumen but sometimes as backfill; however, this always requires rigorous control followed by prior treatment. In general, the installation of a foundry requires the creation of a place to store solid waste (slag heap). The scrap metal foundries in Kinshasa do not have appropriate structures for the evacuation or conservation of their waste. They are satisfied with the environmental failure found in the surroundings to liquidate these dangerous wastes in full view of the competent authorities.During our investigations carried out in a sector which contains the aforementioned foundries and whose measured surface is 523272 ha, seventy-six sites on which were spread the slags and muds of the recycling foundries of the scrap were located. The calculation made on the estimates of the weight of these scraps indicates that on average a site contains 592 tons of slag and sludge of the said foundries. These are spread over an average area of 923 m2 and occupy an average volume of 355 m3. In sum, over an average period of 10 years, nearly 45,000 tons of slag and sludge from the scrap metal foundries have been spread on the streets and avenues of our study area over a total surface area of 7,0152 m2 and a relative volume of 26,971 m3.After analysis of the field data, it appears that Block 4 contains a large quantity of slag and sludge from the foundries but also the largest surface area and volume. This is related to the socio-environmental configuration of the area where not only are there several potholes but also the area has no drainage channels for rainwater (hence the recurrent and persistent flooding).In the principal component analysis (PCA), the seventy-six sites are divided into three different clusters, the first of which has only one site, the second has six sites, and the last has the majority of sites, namely sixty-nine. The sites in classes one and two are distinguished by variables (weight, area and volume) that are higher than their respective averages, while those in class three are distinguished by data that are lower than their averages.The evaluation of the daily production of slag and sludge of the said foundries indicates a relative volume of 16 tons. This gives a projected total of 60226 tons of slag and sludge since the installation of these foundries in the city of Kinshasa. The calculation of the difference proves that our study area contains at least 75% of this waste, without counting those contained in third party plots. Furthermore, our investigations attest that a part of the slag and sludge from the foundry that was not evaluated was dumped in the districts bordering our study area, which have similar topographic and environmental characteristics.

Combined effects of three metals were assessed through toxicological tests in binary and one tertiary mixtures. Death and changes in body weight were used as biological responses to the toxicity. Test solutions were prepared with metal salts grade Merck Analar at 65%. Concentrations were derived from the Congolese official standards from Mining Code and Regulations. These were 500 ppb fof Cd, 5000 ppb for Pb and 5000 ppb for Al. Acute tests were 96-h exposures of the Mosquito fish Gambusia affinis and chronic tests were based on the 35-d exposures. During the chronic exposure, fish were daily fed with the powder of the earthworm Eisenia fetida.Results allowed to conclude that:- Legal standards from the Congolese code were toxic to fish. They should be reduced or lowered.- Mixtures of Cd and Pb develop synergism and remain very toxic to aquatic organisms.- Mixtures of both metals with the Al in binary or tertiary combinations showed antagonism.This information provides useful tools to water quality managers.

The water of the river N’djili is used for several facts. Indeed, due to a lack of the servicing in drinking water in several districts of the city of Kinshasa, several residents use the water of this river as water of bathing, of cooking, of washing of linens, of drink, of watering of the gardens and washing of the gardening products (vegetables and tubers), etc. There is place to underline that biggest user of the water of the river N’djili is the REGIDESO that extracts every day a nominal volume equivalent to ±550.000 m3 of raw water in order to purify it to go against at least ¾ of the population of Kinshasa in drinking water. Yet several human activities susceptible to damage the quality of the water of this river are identified in its perimeters very brought closer. The danger is that in case of pollution of the river N’djili, several score of thousands of Kinshasa’s population should be exposed directly to water illnesses with risk of the epidemiological propagation, while the REGIDESO will be obliging to use big quantities of reagents to succeed in purifying this water polluted without forgetting the risk of resistance of some badly known pollutants. It will be able to be obliged however to resort to a lot of more refined techniques and expensive. A resource of as big importance had to absolutely be protected while the activities capable to harm to its good working should be regulated restricted either.

The environment (middle) of three important sites of catchment of water of the REGIDESO in Kinshasa notably the rivers N’djili and Lukunga and the Congo stream is in particular vulnerable following the failure to respect of the environmental hygiene by the riparian populations of these three sites and of all kinois in general. This survey proposes to verify the degree of water pollution treated by the REGIDESO and the efficiency of the treatment techniques applied by this one to purify water. For that to make, 3 samples by site of the raw water and three of water treated have been appropriated and have been analyzed in order to determine the physic-chemical parameters (MO, MES, Turbudité, pH, T°, SD, Co, NO-3, PO 4, FeT, Pb, OD, DBO5 and DCO) and bacteriological (fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci and Escherichia Colis) for the raw water, while for the treated water, it has about of the analysis of the data base of the laboratory of the REGIDESO. The gotten results show that the dismissals descended of the human activities upstream of the sources of catchment have negative impacts on water to treat and that some parameters as the total iron, the DCO and the MY don't answer the norms of the drinking water. Otherwise, the meticulous exam on one period of one year of the archives of the laboratory of the REGIDESO indicates some temporary, daily or periodic failings as for the bacteriology.

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This study aims to assess of importance of different environments (forest, river, planting, fallow, town and village) and categories of use and activities (fishing, hunting, pharmacopoeia, construction, ritual, food, tools and firewood) for the Batwa and Bantu living in Bikoro area. The interest of this study is to provide a comprehensive diagnosis that reflects the priorities and what is important from the perspective of forest people. To do so, comparative and synchronic study among the Bantu and Batwa in Iyanda and Moheli were conducted, two area in Lake Ntomba sector. Stones Distribution Method is applied to (SDM) methodology developed by CIFOR. So we thought that farming practice is likely to involve a reduction in the use of wild plants, the results of this study show that forests today still hold an important place in the daily lives of Batwa but also in that of their non-Pygmy neighbors. And that, including food: mushrooms and fruits are significant food supplements, which allow a more varied diet with the seasons. However, today, after a relatively old settlement and a long coexistence with non-pygmies, agriculture is also a priority.

The Pygmies are knowledgeable of the virtues of the biodiversity of their environment, including the food value of these species. This study report on food strategy developed by the Batwa and is based on a rich biodiversity. We conducted a household survey of 260 Batwa in five villages in Bikoro territory, Democratic Republic of Congo. The results of this survey show that 105 edible wild plants are recognized by the Batwa even if only 65 are actually used in the diet of the Batwa. Animal Genetic Resources and Other Non-timber Forest Products are also very diverse. However, there is currently in the region to a scarcity of natural resources, particularly due to the uncontrolled harvesting, expansion of agriculture due to strong population growth and logging.

This study reports on changes in traditional knowledge and know-how in Batwa communities due to livelihood changes especially due to cassava cultivation ownership. We compare Batwa (pygmies) and Ntomba (bantou) communities living in the two villages (Iyanda and Sekri) in Congolese jungle. Results revealed that Batwa communities have lost significant knowledge packages after they adopted bantou livelihood behavior. This situation should be well managed to avoid the complete loss of Batwa traditional knowledges and know-how.