The very great volume of information and data in a digital image can cause practical problems. Transmitting an image from one computer to another and/or archiving are very expensive due to the abundance of data representing the image in the form of bits. We present in this article a compression method, which takes in account the coding hybrid of huffman and shanon Fano, which has been applied to imagery and data.
We've determined the method limit by considering different forms of images histogram. The results showed that the method is efficient when the number of bit by pixel is of the same order of magnitude as entropy.

Our work focuses on unemployment of higher education graduates in the Maghreb region. This issue is a great importance that make a question the efficiency of the sector strategies adopted by the countries of the region. Thus, our work is part of a comparative study and analysis between the Maghreb region such us Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria and the Southeast Asian region. This comparison is based on the role of the state in the unemployment issue. The obtained results provide interesting idea that the Maghreb countries are required to redefine a new definition of the role of the state in the economic strategies and especially in the context of higher education, thus affecting offers of employment. But, such an idea requires to improve the quality of graduates on the one hand, and to ameliorates the demand of jobs with creating new jobs and investing in the quality of jobs that require a high qualifications and the integration of information Technology and New communication technology).

Environmental concern assumes some basic dynamism to safeguarding ecosystems against all types of pollution and better management of the environment.
The objective of this work is to determine the degree of pollution of wastewater Azilal, based on the results obtained by physicochemical analyzes of samples taken from a collector of the city during the period between the months spread August 2013 and May 2014.
The temperature varies between 12.9

Salmonella enterica is a pathogen of humans and animals, and is the most frequent causes of foodborne illness worldwide. The increasing prevalence of multidrug resistance among Salmonella isolates from retail meat such as chicken gizzards has been an emerging problem in C

This study aimed at evaluating the Practical Teaching Programme in the faculties of education in the Greater Darfur universities: Zalingei, Nyala and Al-fasher. The researcher employed the analytical and descriptive methodology to investigate the significance of practical teaching in preparing teacher trainees in the faculties of education in the Greater Darfur universities.
The researcher constructed three tools for the research. These are 'student evaluation card', 'teacher trainee questionnaire' and a 'structured form' for interviewing the inspectors. The researcher employed these data collection tools after developing them and maintaining their reliability and validity at 0.88 and 0.87 as per Alpha Cronbach correlation factor for the 'student evaluation card' and the 'teacher trainee questionnaire', respectively.
To manipulate the data collected by the research tools, the researcher employed the Statistical Package for Social Scientific (SPSS) to obtain frequencies, means, standard deviations, Chi-square, correlation significance and degree of freedom. Accordingly, the researcher concluded the following findings:
The teacher trainees showed high skills in lesson planning and teaching in practical teaching schools, but they showed a weakness in setting evaluative tests and analyzing take-home assignments. In addition, there is some weakness in non-class activities compared to other activities. The teacher trainees also showed discipline until quit hours, particularly while the inspectors were paying visits to schools. Highly noticed successes among the teacher trainees were developing distinctive relationships with school administrations, their colleagues, students and their guardians. However, the teacher trainee participation in Guardians and Teacher Council sessions was insignificant.

Recently, robotic based monitoring system framework has seen a fast development as far as innovation established. Temperature and humidity for any real product design is most widely recognized the physical estimation architects. The need to ensure a safer environment, to cut down production losses and monitor certain delicate conditions in which production activities are carried out is very vital within industries in the present age. The objectives of this study are to design a prototype mobile robot to measure the temperature and humidity of an environment, to design an algorithm that could be used to control the robot via mobile using a Bluetooth technology. The design of a prototype mobile robot method in this study elaborates hardware and software implementation. The prototypes of mobile robot functioned significantly to full capacity and displayed the measured temperature and humidity values on a 16

The study determined the level of in terms of curriculum and program of studies, instruction, admission and retention, administrative support to instruction, and physical facilities and resources. It looked into the relationship of these factors to the performance of the graduates in the Certified Public Accountant (CPA) licensure examination.
One hundred twenty-four (124) respondents were considered in the study which utilized the descriptive-correlational method. A survey questionnaire was administered to determine the level of provisions on curriculum. Official results of the examination were retrieved from the Professional Regulation Commission. The study employed frequency counts, weighted means, ranking and multiple regression analysis as statistical tools.
Provisions on curriculum and program of studies, instruction, admission and retention, and administrative support to instruction were rated very good by the respondents while physical facilities and resources were rated good. Performance of graduates is above the national passing percentage, though, graduates do not make it in the first attempt. The performance in the examination of the respondents was significantly related with instruction and administrative support but had no significant relation with curriculum and program of studies, admission and retention, and physical facilities and resources The institution has adequate and functional provisions on curriculum and instruction. However, the institution still needs to improve the physical facilities and resources. The study recommends that instruction be given much emphasis so as to prepare the students for the licensure examination. The administration should lend support to curriculum and instruction to ensure that students are given the best preparation for the examination.

Television (TV) advertisement is considered one of the most effective medium to influence the purchase decision of consumers. This study aims to answer the question that whether the residential background of consumers i.e. rural and urban has a varying effect on the buying decision due to the television advertisements. This study also compares the effect of TV advertisements among the males and females. The data was obtained from the general public of Gujranwala city and its nearby villages. A sample of 400 questionnaires were circulated and out of these 302 responses recorded and compared. Results indicated that rural residents like the TV advertisements more than urban residents. It was also concluded that urban residents do not purchase the goods unless they do not actually need it. Female behaviour towards purchase is more prejudiced by the TV advertisements than their male counterparts. The study also portrayed that both gender groups and both residents think good when they look at the ad of the product that they are by now using or having.

Cooperatives are one of the major components of the social economy of Morocco. They contribute to the socioeconomic development of the country as they participate in the creation of jobs, the fight against poverty and exclusion and improving living conditions in rural areas. However, these cooperatives must overcome several constraints in terms of internal management, competition, and the difficulties related to the availability of raw materials and access to markets. Referring to solid'exchange program of 2012, the year declared by the United Nations as international year of cooperatives, the aim of this paper is to analyze the situation of cooperatives in Morocco by raising some constraints on their development on the one hand; and focus on the results of our diagnostic in terms of management, quality and finance of the twenty four cooperatives that were selected under this program. Our results showed that these cooperatives have several constraints: finance, technological backwardness, lack of sophisticated equipment, lack of equipment and local, poor knowledge of cooperative principles, poor accounting and financial management, communication and marketing problems of their products, etc.

This paper deals with the multi-objective single-machine scheduling problem in agro-food industry. To solve this problem, a new hybrid algorithm is proposed. This new algorithm named SHGA/SA is composed of two well-known metaheuristics: genetic algorithms and simulated annealing. The results show that our new approach can be used to solve the single-machine scheduling problem efficiently and in a short computational time. Also, the results show that the hybrid algorithm outperforms both the GA and SA.

Aral Sea is a huge terminal lake which is located in the desert of Central Asia. This lake has repeatedly filled and dried due to both natural and human causes over the past 10 millennia. Today, its rapid desiccation or drying out is one of the planet's most serious ecosystem catastrophes. The main cause of the rapid drying out of this lake is the careless and massive withdrawal of water from two of its main feeding rivers namely Amu Darya and Syr Darya. The process of irrigation alone consumes 94% of all consumptive uses and is situated over 8.5million hectares of land across the Aral basin. In the first decade of 21st century, a very small and shallow portion of it is survived which is still under the threat of further drying out. This rapid drying out and destruction of the Aral Sea has led to a number of socio-economic, climatic and health related problems. There is a little hope in the near future to fully restore the Aral Sea. In the present paper, an attempt has been made to study the causes behind this ecological destruction, its negative impacts and strategies to restore it.

Every pregnant woman faces risk of life-threatening obstetric complications. A birth-preparedness package promotes active preparation and assists in decision-making for healthcare seeking in case of such complications. This paper seeks to investigate how pregnant women in Okpatu Community prepare for delivery and in the event of complication. A Qualitative phenomenological type of study was conducted; and analyzed using thematic analysis. Respondents consisting of 87 pregnant women were used for the study. Focus group consisted of 5-10 women during each session of 45 minutes interview. Results shows that majority of the participants do not visit any health care facility until their third trimester, where as the TBAs places are mostly visit. Also majority of the participants do not engage in any form of preparation until after delivery. Participants noted that they will invite their mothers to assist them with domestic chores and care of the new baby. However they seem not to have any formal preparation for other siblings. The status of birth preparedness and complication readiness was low in Okpatu community. Socio demographic, economic, knowledge of key danger signs, attitude toward antenatal care use were identified as associated factors hindering birth preparedness in this community. The husbands are not committed to their wives' needs in preparing for delivery as deduced from some of the responses by the women. The women do not prepare until they are about to deliver.

This study aims to measure the links between quality practices and Corporate Social Responsibility of the manufacturing companies located in the Gueznnaya industrial area and Tangier free zone, based on investigations through a questionnaire. The latter was addressed to the owner-managers of such companies. 42 questionnaires were fully analyzed.
The results of our investigation led us to conclude that the quality practices related to "Leadership" and "Management Process" generally have a strong impact on Corporate Social Responsibility. But a much lesser impact for the quality practices related "Strategy & Planning" and "Partnerships and resources." We have also noted the existence of two direct links marked invalid concerning the "Human Resources" and "Community and local development."
To resolve this problem, such companies must seek to improve their quality practices that have low levels of influence on "strategy and planning" and "Partnerships and resources" so as to further improve their corporate social responsibility, and to engage in and become more responsible and exemplary on the economic, social and societal levels.

The purpose of this work is to analyze theoretically the role of technical progress in economic growth. The theoretical framework chosen is the neoclassical theory. The main results are generated three in number. First, the theoretical analysis has evolved over the past decades. Second, the evolution and produced by models of endogenous growth and compared to traditional neoclassical growth model. Third, this trend is explained by advances in research in industrial economics in terms of analysis of the nature of competition.

The plan motion of a free rigid body is analyzed from a video capture webcam. The absolute experimental trajectories of two points of the body allow to determine the relative trajectory of a point from the other point. The kinematic characteristics: speed, instantaneous speed of rotation, the initial kinematic conditions (positions, velocities) are determined by the inverse method from a Maple procedure based on nonlinear adjustment of Statistic package. The trajectories obtained are in good agreement with theoretical predictions. The law of transformation of velocities change is fully verified.

Antidrepanocytary activity of Ipomoea batatas, an edible and therapeutic plant used in traditional medicine of Katanga for burns and sickle cell disease was evaluated using the Emmel test. Crude extracts extracted by water, methanol and ethanol, have shown activity antidrepanocytory activity in vitro.
The chemical screening showed that the leaves of Ipomoea batatas mainly contain alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, quinones, leucoanthocyanes, saponins and steroids.
The evaluation of the effect of heat, studied by UV-Visible spectrophotometry at 262nm for the aqueous extracts and at 268nm for the methanolic and ethanolic extracts by exposing extracts obtained in the oven at various times and temperatures, have shown that crude substances extracted from Ipomoea batatas are heat sensitive.

This paper aims to obtain the information on the role of workbooks on student learning in primary schools in the country. Worksheets as educational aids in education?l process lead students through the theory of the subject and help them solving and learning simpler and even more difficult cognitive tasks, help in creating a natural period of thinking through various activities and therefore quite prevalent teaching in primary schools in the country. Because of their structure, students use them in the school, but very often used them at home as aids in learning or simply to solve homework tasks. During the preparation of tasks in worksheets are taken into consideration the interaction between the individual tasks, as well as the development of the basic structure and intellectual abilities of students. Research by space

The objective of this paper is to modelize the volatility of the Algerian exchange rate against the American dollar (DZA / US Dollar) and to predict the rate for the first three months of 2014. Our study showed that our series is characterized by the volatility of the phenomenon, by asymmetric specification and by the presence of excessive kurtosis. ARCH test was performed. This test has rejected the null hypothesis of homoscedasticity. Therefore we have concluded that a nonlinear ARMA model type ARCH is adequate. Then, we have estimated four ARCH type models: AR (2) -ARCH (2), AR (2) -GARCH (1,1), AR (2) -EGARCH (1,1) and AR (2) - TGARCH (1,1). The AIC leads us to choose the TGARCH (1,1) model as a suitable one for the prediction. The Forecasting quality criteria (RMSE and U Theil) indicate that we have reached a good prediction model.

A preliminary study on the mature formation flora of Bombo

Therapeutics by means of complex biological molecules is currently dominating the total drug space. Several such complex biologics nearing patent expiry, various attempts to launch their generic equivalents is on-going. With stringent regulatory guidelines in place, there is a necessity to understand the basic challenges and differences in the area of establishing comparability. A perspective on existing methods is provided which highlights key gaps in the existing technologies. The coming years would see more developments in the tools and platforms that enable comparability studies and statistical methods that can help extrapolate a quantitative measure for biosimilarity.

This study aims to assess of importance of different environments (forest, river, planting, fallow, town and village) and categories of use and activities (fishing, hunting, pharmacopoeia, construction, ritual, food, tools and firewood) for the Batwa and Bantu living in Bikoro area. The interest of this study is to provide a comprehensive diagnosis that reflects the priorities and what is important from the perspective of forest people. To do so, comparative and synchronic study among the Bantu and Batwa in Iyanda and Moheli were conducted, two area in Lake Ntomba sector. Stones Distribution Method is applied to (SDM) methodology developed by CIFOR. So we thought that farming practice is likely to involve a reduction in the use of wild plants, the results of this study show that forests today still hold an important place in the daily lives of Batwa but also in that of their non-Pygmy neighbors. And that, including food: mushrooms and fruits are significant food supplements, which allow a more varied diet with the seasons. However, today, after a relatively old settlement and a long coexistence with non-pygmies, agriculture is also a priority.

The Pygmies are knowledgeable of the virtues of the biodiversity of their environment, including the food value of these species. This study report on food strategy developed by the Batwa and is based on a rich biodiversity. We conducted a household survey of 260 Batwa in five villages in Bikoro territory, Democratic Republic of Congo. The results of this survey show that 105 edible wild plants are recognized by the Batwa even if only 65 are actually used in the diet of the Batwa. Animal Genetic Resources and Other Non-timber Forest Products are also very diverse. However, there is currently in the region to a scarcity of natural resources, particularly due to the uncontrolled harvesting, expansion of agriculture due to strong population growth and logging.

In order to know what are the different species of medicinal plants traditionally used by the local population of Kh

Somatic embryogenesis is the process where cells acquire somatic embryogenic competence under specific conditions and interesting tool for clonal propagation. The auxinic herbicide picloram is used as a growth regulator in the induction of callus formation.The "tipa colorada" (Pterogyne nitens) is a legume that belongs to a monospecific genus and is seriously threatened, making it a priority to develop protocols that will produce regeneration of elite material in quantity and quality . This study aimed to evaluate the effect of picloram in the induction of somatic embryogenesis in "tipa colorada", for which the Murashige and Skoog medium was used at 100 % of its salt formulation, supplemented with five concentrations of Picloram (0.82; 1.65; 2.48; 3.31 and 4.14?M). At 30 days, color, callus consistency and percent callus formation was evaluated. Character embryogenic callus was determined by microscopic analysis It was possible to induce a 93.78 and 95.22 % of embryogenic callus creamy color, with picloram at concentrations of 3.31?M and 4.14?M respectively.

In Morocco, the largest outcrops of ornamental rocks are largely abundant in central Morocco. The marble deposit of Bou-Acila situated near the forest-house in the southwest of the Kh

This research focuses on the potential role of sports marketing to develop the national sport generally and football especially with the organization of Morocco several global sporting events and order continental "CAN 2015 World cup of clubs in 2013 and 2014 ... ".
Launching system Professionalism, Morocco sporting orientation changes, it is the organization, regulation and development to ensure more funding for clubs and federations, that the role of the sports movement has evolved considerably over time and more recent years when the sport became a social phenomenon. It is not a coincidence that most of the best television audiences are obtained by sporting events, while some sports are among the most beloved personalities of the public or if some wages that could be described as very high level, leaving stunned the common man.
This work has helped us in his empirical phase out three profiles of Moroccan consumers from sponsoring actions initiated by the sponsors of the Moroccan soccer ball while validating the basic assumption of our work which states that the football sponsorship is a tool effective sport development.

Moroccan economic authorities adopted the devaluation of the dirham, during the adjustment period, as a measure of economic regulation for the first time in the monetary history of Morocco, officially and excessive rate of 9%.
The dirham is considered overvalued by international experts, plus the commercial slump has pushed for the adoption of this instrument as a means of economic adjustment. But action by the exchange rate required an adjustment of the direct and indirect dirham. Certainly, one cannot deny the virtues of devaluation and say that it has a total failure. Indeed, the descriptive study of official data from the Moroccan economic authorities reflects the recovery ensured at certain levels by means of managing the exchange rate. But it is accepted that the first direct effect of the exchange rate is that the commercial account. Our goal in this analysis is to assess the impact of devaluation on this account by measuring the extent of absorption of the trade deficit.
To this end, we will use indicators on the terms of exchange rates and other indicators on competitiveness. The evaluation will be among others an audit of three expected effects of devaluation: The effect price; The quantity effect; The structure effect.

Increasing the price petroleum in recent years submits increasingly the importing countries with major difficulties, especially those underdeveloped such as Benin. The main cause of global warming is the abusive exploitation of non-renewable natural resources mainly oil. Benin is one of the cassava producing countries that can be used for production of ethanol. The latter is a renewable source of energy that can enable Benin to circumvent this escalation of fossiliferous fuels. Spite of this availability, Benin has not, up today's date, its own techniques for the production of ethyl alcohol meeting the standards. Very little data exists on the design for techniques that may lead to the production of standardized alcohol. This is why this study set itself the objective the design of necessary technical and semi-industrial production of bioethanol. The results of our works have helped to optimize the hydrolysis process of cassava with enzyme preparation based germinated sorghum. With 20-25% of the this enzyme preparation, optimum time of 4 hours of hydrolysis, under the experimental conditions the fermentation lasts 30 hours with 2 g of instant yeast into 100 ml of medium. The double-distilled of the fermented mash in the device designed and manufactured has given the ethanol at 94

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) both of them are established causes of post transfusion hepatitis which considered as the commonest causes of chronic liver disease in the several regions of the world. To estimate the prevalence of HBV and HCV among blood donors in Missan governorate. A cross sectional study was conducted in Missan governorate and the data collected from records of blood bank during 2010-2012. A total of 36620 blood donors were selected. The prevalence of hepatitis B virus was 0.12% (44) while the hepatitis C virus prevalence was 0.09% (34), both of HBV and HCV were most common in male and in urban area. A decline in trend of hepatitis B and C virus during 2010-2012 was shown in the study. We concluded that the prevalence of HBV and BCV was lower than other studies that were conducted in Iraq. There is increasing in public awareness about hepatitis infection.

With the widespread use of the internet, the massive success of commerce with the internet and the need of market to a full reliable IT solution, Eservices Xpert Company aims to improve its strategy to optimise their performance, hence their profit. The new strategy proposes to make all Xpert services online by using Electronic Trading/Commerce System which helps to maintain the internet communication among its major clients and the company. Existing or potential customers of Xpert company will search for quality and price; but what is the most important regarding their demand is the need for support after the service: on-time maintenance, reliable performance, low expense, less reduced errors, time constraint, and honesty. We aim to position Xpert's a new identity in the market, focusing on its unique management hierarchy including its new services along to the old. We hope to position its products in wider market share (that is developed and built to overcome the company's errors). Therefore, we need a full system study, developing an efficient and secure IT infrastructure. For this purpose, we will analysis the organisational environment of the company by using several ecommerce tools, and re-managing the strategy by proposing a new system which serves the interests of this company.