This project focuses on the development of an App for the use of teachers who attend to children who have problems with autism and who require technological reinforcement to route activities that will help to arouse interest and motivation in basic learning. the shapes and colors, this application will be instrumented in its menu with very specific activities that have been analyzed from the proper environment of teaching in the social aid foundation. The technological solution we offer will be developed with a process control based on the Scrum methodology. This work will show us the benefits that we will obtain when using technology to help children in an entertaining way to insert themselves in communication with other people using this mobile application.

Hamoum is a secular fermented food in Algeria that remains beyond any official control for its microbiological compliance. Its microflora was investigated in the aim to evaluate the microbial quality in term of beneficial flora and potential contaminants. A sample was obtained from two years old fermented wheat in Matmor (in Relizan, Algeria). A Survey was carried out to evaluate the appreciation of the food commodity in city of Relizan and the microflora was analyzed according to the biochemical phenotypes and MALDI-TOF spectra. Then, the presumptive beneficial isolates were screened for biofilm and protease production ability. The commodity is rich in potential probiotic and starter cultures from microbial groups lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Actinomyces and Bacillus (Lysinibacillus fusiformis). Besides, 53% of surveyed individuals asserted digestive discomfort, diarrhea, nausea or flatulence, associated to the consumption, and microbial analysis identified potential pathogenic or toxigenic microorganisms, Candida Krusei, Staphylococcus spp., Micrococcus kristinae, Enterococcus durans, et Clostridium spp. Whenever Hamoum is rich in functional microorganism, it can expose to potential health or microbiological risks. It should be appropriate to have closer look at its production and marketing practices.

The peripheral area of Bafoussam is part of the production basin of the region of West Cameroon which is under the influence of climate change. The last decades have been characterized by climatic disturbances whose effects remain visible on the agricultural production. This study intends to show the impact of climate variability on crops production as well as the producers' adaptation strategies in the peri-urban area of Bafoussam. Statistical analysis has been applied to the climatological data (precipitation and temperature) of the period 1999-2015 as well as those of agricultural especially some specific crops. The annual change in rainfall over the study period shows a deficit trend during seven years while four years have a rainfall totals approaching the inter-annual average (1725 mm) and six years exceeding the rainfall mean value. In addition, the temperature growth rate is -0.05 ℃ while the precipitation rate is 10.29 mm from 1999 to 2015. All these climatic modifications cause many damages such as the burning of plant due to the heat, the development of pests (attack of caterpillars) and the appearance of diseases (bacterial wilt) which have a direct impact on yields. In response to this climatic situation, farmers have developed several adaptation strategies. Irrigation is the main practice constructed from rivers to reduce the impacts of dry days on crops. During the rainy season, areas having a deficit of water are supply by a retention of precipitation through bins of water for crops.

In developing countries, cities urbanization usually lack planning processes and quantitative consideration of impacts on aquatic receptors. This work evaluates by defining a nutrient quality index, the link of urban increasing with surface water resources quality. Four basins of different levels of urbanization in the Parakou city in West Africa served as a framework for the study. For headwater basins, which are essentially urban extension area (Ganré in the North and Dama in the South), the results indicate that the surface waters are of a very close and fairly good quality with a minimal index of 0.95 in the rainy season and 0.88 in the dry season. The basins of the old urban core, Kokouro and the wonka are at 0.84 in the rainy season and 0.89 in the dry season at the minimum. The quality index deviations obtained are not more than ± 0.08. Good consistency is obtained between our quality index with the organic pollution index of Leclercque and 72.49% variance of the dependency link between urbanization and surface water pollution can be explained by the quality indices and subdivision indices. These results indicate the need for better management of urban sprawl for the preservation of the quality of surface water resources.

In South Kivu, and particularly in Kabare territory, cassava plays an important role in the diet of the population and is considered a staple crop. This study was undertaken to characterize cassava farms and to evaluate different elements of farmer characteristics influencing the adoption of improved cassava varieties in Kabare territory. To achieve this, data collected from 150 cassava producers were processed and analyzed. Using the Probit model, the factors influencing the adoption of improved cassava varieties were determined. Emphasis has been placed on the characteristic factors of the producer himself. The results obtained show that adoption rate of improved varieties is low overall (34.6%). Only the improved varieties Sawa sawa (25.9%) and Liyayi (7.9%) and Mayombe (0.7%) are adopted in the area. Among the reasons influencing the non-adoption of these varieties, agricultural producers mention roots rot, lack of cassava cuttings and theft of plants. Most adopters of these varieties, however, do not recognize the true tolerance of these varieties to the African mosaic of cassava. Variables such as level of education, length of service in cassava cultivation, age, sex, membership of a peasant organization are those that determine the adoption of these varieties. Only the first 2 variables proved to be more important. Thus, taking these factors into account as well as accompanying measures and appropriate extension techniques would improve the household food supply in the territory of Kabare.

Adsorption of heavy metals on activated carbons is influenced by various factors that must be controlled. This study investigates the optimal conditions for removal lead on activated carbon using experimental designs. Thus influence of three parameters (pH, lead concentration and activated carbon) on adsorption rate was studied. Activated carbons was prepared from coconuts shells of Côte d’Ivoire by using chemical activation method. PH, lead concentration and coal nature are the factors taken into account in the two-level complete factorial plan used for optimization. Values of lead elimination rate are between 87 % and 96 % thus indicating the pertinence of the choice of the experimental domain. Moreover, two of the three factors; pH and lead concentration have a significant influence on the lead removal rate. Also, interactions between carbon type and lead concentration and those between pH and concentration have a significant influence on adsorption. Thus, the optimal adsorption conditions of 50 mL of lead at 150 mg / L of concentration are obtained with 0.3 g of activated carbon, at pH 6 and at a temperature of 25 ° C. Experimental designs therefore make it possible to optimize lead removal conditions from wastewater.

L’Etat constitue la pièce maitresse du système politique, ce dernier est inhérent au système social, à la société dont il est un aspect. Il faut dire que le système politique n’est pas né ex nihilo, il fait partie d’un ensemble plus vaste et plus complexe; il est « politiquement » le plus important, certes, surtout pour l’étude de L’Etat objet de cette recherche. Cette dernière qui constitue le noyau dur du système politique. En effet, le système politique est constitué par le pouvoir politique dont l’Etat est le siège et l’ensemble de l’environnement social, notamment avec les partis politiques. L’évolution de la notion de l’Etat dans le temps nous permet de déterminer les principales étapes et passages, de l’Etat gendarme, à L’Etat minimal en passant par L’Etat providence et L’Etat animateur. Il faut dire que l’univers politique est un champ de bataille dont l’objet est le pouvoir politique et L’Etat siège de ce pouvoir, permet de prendre les décisions déterminantes pour la société. Pour que telles décisions soient légitimes elles doivent être conformes à la volonté du groupe social : tel est le problème de la démocratie.

Solar collectors are an environmentally friendly solution for the production of hot water, but can also contribute to the heating of rooms. They can be used in combination with any other method of heat production used in case of low sunlight (wood heating, heat pump, oil or gas boiler). They make it possible to solve the problem of the high cost of electricity and especially of the regular load shedding that the population meets. To solve the problem related to the production of hot water, we sized a solar water heater capable of meeting the needs of thirteen people; with a backup system to compensate for the drop in temperature during the period when we have low sunlight.

This study proposes to follow the temporal evolution of nitrate contents of groundwater and to map their spatial distribution. For this purpose, physicochemical analyzes and statistical treatments were carried out on 10 boreholes and 12 wells. The nitrate distribution map is obtained using the IDW (Inverse Distance Weitling) interpolation method. Nitrate levels in the Baya watershed range from 0.5 mgL-1 to 196.2 mgL-1. Well water is richer in nitrate than drilling water with an average grade of 28.77 and 13.51 mg.L-1, respectively. Only 12% of nitrate levels are above the WHO guideline (50 mg.L-1) for drinking water. These are the waters of P3 (79.5 mg.L-1), P5 (110.8 mg.L-1) and P8 (56 mg.L-1) and F1 wells (47.1 mg. L-1) F10 (109.6 mg.L-1). In terms of time, unlike the drilling water, the nitrate concentrations of the wells of the rainy season are generally higher (33.96 mg.L-1) than that of the dry period (23.59 mg. L-1). Excessive nitrate levels are observed in the localities of Agnibilekro, Koun-fao, Tanda and the outlet of the main stream of Baya. This increase in nitrate levels is related to the geological nature of the soil and the anthropogenic pressure in the region.

While the issues of peace trough European integration are the subject of unprecedented scientific production, the new dynamic created by the Maastricht treaty seems rather pardoxal insofar as the European Union seems beneficial only to the last few years acceding States. The political and economic criteria are not well observed in the selection of the Member States of the European Union. Thus, rather than being limited to a simplistic reading based on the approach of the probable end of interstate rivalries, it seemed useful to draw the aspects of human development in order to verify whether, apart from the reduction of interstate bellicosity integration into the European Union in beneficial to the states that make it up.

The prenatal consultation is the favorite moment to link the pregnant woman and her family to the existing health system and battle against the infant and women mortality. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is included among the countries in process of development having the pregnant women mortality rate more higher e.g. 846 by 100000 the living birth. This rate is different either provinces and inter urban and rural environment. The aim for our descriptive and analytic study is to give the profile of prenatal cares on the sanitary district of Equateur. Our sample provide to the survey of the PARSS-DRC project. We have observed women 15 to 49 years old, living in health district of Equateur province in rural zones delivering in the 12th last month before our survey. The outcomes are obtained by SPSS.20 Software, it’s show that : 79% of pregnant women are had the prenatal cares. 27% of pregnant women are had 4 prenatal consultations according WHO prescription. 77% of pregnant women realize that pregnancy is dangerous at pregnant women. 56,6% had been informed during the consultation moments about the signs of pregnancy complications. The logistic model show that the cognitive factors are in favor of the prenatal cares for a pregnant woman. We assume that the DRC state must stay put the communication network about prenatal cares and the continuous training in favor of health agent and in particular the assist at birth women.

S. setigera is a "mbep ou mbepp" gum producing species requested on the national and international market. Its population is poorly known and its dynamics uncontrolled. This study aims to characterize the current status of woody vegetation particularly S. setigera in Malem Niani and Daoudi, Tambacounda, Senegal. The sampling was stratified according to the different vegetation units. In each unit, transects were implemented. Along each transect, 900 m² samples were made with an equidistance of 50 m. The floristic analysis revealed 30 species diversity. Combretaceae family is the richest one. Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) shows woody vegetation heterogeneity through evidence of four floristic groups with a large presence of S. setigera. Woody stems distribution inside groups according to height and diameter is similar in both sites while S. setigera distribution shows occurrence of large diameters in Malem Niani and Daoudi. This study evidences species diversity in both sites. Among these species, economic and social interest ones like S. setigera as a real forest resource and ecological importance taxa were met. Therefore, this study contributes to a better knowledge of S. setigera populations’ status in Tambacounda and should help for their upcoming management.

A study of flora, ecological and phytogeographic spectra was conducted in the Bélo area of the Conkouati-Douli National Park in Mayombe. To carry out this study a collection of field data was made in 2016, the collected samples were determined and deposited to the national herbarium (IEC). The data analysis identified 575 species and infraspecific taxa divided into 131 families and 353 genera. The families of Rubiaceae, Annonaceae and Fabaceae are the most diverse. The analysis of ecological spectra made it possible to note the predominance of phanerophytes, sarcochores and mesophylls. The analysis of the phytogeographic distribution of the listed species has made it possible to note that our study area fits well into the center of Guinean-Congolese endemism. Two new species for congolense flora were collected: Eurypetalum tessmannii Harms and Podococcus acaulis Hua.

This study presents the feeding phenology of chimpanzees in the forests of the Conkouati-Douli National Park (CDNP) as part of a larger assessment of its suitability for chimpanzee reintroduction. All phenological monitoring and follow-up were conducted using the methods outlined by Diouf & Zaafouri (2003). Observation yielded five species that were found to be used by chimpanzees. Some of these species were also found to be used by chimpanzees for nesting. A strong link between rainfall and phenology was found in the area. Most fruiting was observed during periods of slower rainfall, while flowering occurred in the rainy season. This study assessed more than 300 trees, including those of the species Staudtia kamerunensis var. gabonensis, Trichoscypha acuminata, Uapaca guineensis, Vitex grandifolia and Xylopia aethiopica, all of which are regularly found in the diet of chimpanzees in the CDNP. The patterns of fruiting and availability were also compared to those at other tropical forests, particularly those that also support chimpanzees. These results, though focused on only five species of trees, can constitute a database to guide further research in the CDNP, as well as in other tropical African forests, in order to properly assess chimpanzee food security and sustainability in the wild.

The research focuses on how to achieve the competitive advantage of the organization through the application of the design thinking in the strategy of the organization because of the effective role of marketing strategies in the economic environment, and the urgent need to ensure the survival of the organization and its continuity Hence, the importance of research is that design thinking is the key to opening up the doors of progress and the cornerstone of economic activity, and the research assumes that the distinctive design has become a competitive advantage of the advertising organization, and that design thinking is a method To resolve the practical and creative design problems that are meant to achieve the best results for future research problem lies in the constant change of tastes and capabilities of consumers, As well as the direction of most of the economies of the countries towards free market mechanizations, the changes and global transformations have created a new situation in what can be considered a new business system whose main character is competition which is considered the main challenge facing modern organizations to occupy a competitive position in the market that qualifies it to outperform its competitors , So the organizations resort to embrace the strategy of design thinking and follow the research descriptive approach to the analysis of the strategy of design thinking to enhance the competitive advantage in Apple Foundation, and the researcher reached a number of results the most important that the strategy of design thinking creates the advantage of And helps to give the best results and carry products to the market faster, and achieve the desired profit.

This work presents an innovative approach to waste management during cultural and sporting events from the mobile bin. Because of the great difficulty that the organizers have in controlling the fluctuation of the production of waste. This study shows that a mobile bin is capable of managing the waste of an event of up to 250 visitors. The fact of presenting itself as a combination carried by the volunteer with four baskets thus fixed two in the front and two in the rear of a capacity of 17L each, allows him to effectively accompany the visitor in the execution of instruction of sorting out, previous in the organization of selective waste collection. This tool through its mobile character, allows one hand to effectively address the prevention of abandonment of waste ground for a better blossoming of the visitors and on the other hand, positions itself as an instrument of communication and awareness of proximity to the public with desired effects on the behavior of the latter, including the deconstruction of cultural barriers visitors have with respect to waste. In addition, through the appropriation of the mobile bin can either by private companies or by the Decentralized Territorial Collectivities, in order to be part of a sustainable development approach, constitutes a source of external financing useful to its implementation.

This paper analyzed the effects of the monetary policy and public debt on the relationship between the financial stress of the banking system and economic growth in the WAEMU countries from 1990 to 2016. From a panel smooth transition regression estimation, the results indicate that the relationship between the GDP growth and the degree of financial stress depends on the changes in the policy rate and the level of the debt-to-GDP ratio. We find that: (i) in a high financial stress regime, a restrictive monetary policy and a high debt-to-GDP ratio have a negative effect on economic growth - (ii) a monetary expansion and a low debt-to-GDP tend to mitigate the negative effects of high financial stress on the GDP - (iii) in a regime of low financial stress in the banking sector, economic growth reacts positively, regardless of the activism of the monetary policy strategies and the level of the ratio of public debt-to-GDP.

The objective of this work is to evaluate the efficency of chicken manure and pig slurry on the production of two varieties of cucumber, POINSETT and F1 TOKYO, the most cultivated in Côte d'Ivoire. To that end, the soil surface layer of the experimental plot of Nangui Abrogoua University was taken at a depth of 20 cm, dried and sieved to two millimeters. The fine part collected served as a substrate for the study. The different fertilizers studied are chicken manure, pig slurry, the mixture of both manures, NPK mineral fertilizer. Plastic bags served as support for the culture media. The results revealed that increasing doses of chicken droppings reduce the production of cucumber varieties. The F1 TOKYO variety is earlier, productive and adapted to off-ground cultivation than the POINSETT variety, with a growing medium consisting of soil and a mixture of chicken manure and pig slurry.

Through an experiment carried out at the ISTA Ndolo Mechanics Laboratory, we want to note that noise, generally considered a disruptive signal in signal processing, can provide useful information in the maintenance Rotating machines. We used an asynchronous engine that we operated it in the Holy State (defect-free) and in the state of progressive defects. The generated signals were recorded and analyzed using LabView and Matlab software, which we were able to show the defect-related change in spectral mapping.

The Central Bank of Congo uses the quantitative theory of money to consider the money supply and the monetary base, respectively as intermediate and operational objectives, in order to achieve price stability. This study verifies, through an econometric approach, whether the three prerequisites relating to (i) the stability of the money demand, (ii) the controllability of the aggregates and (iii) their content in information are met. It reaches the conclusion that only the first two are met for the Congolese case and thus launches the debate on the choice of a strategy more adapted to the context.

The present work aims to relate teaching practices and forgetting in school activities. In fact, many learners are confronted with the phenomenon of forgetfulness that puts them in a situation of academic failure. We believe that forgetting in a learning situation depends on the teaching practices of the teachers. A survey was conducted among 15 History-Geography teachers and 150 of their students from the General Education Colleges of Kara commune. These were submitted to a classroom observation grid and a semi-directive interview guide. These results show that students retain their lessons better with teachers whose pedagogical practices are adapted.

Introduction: Velamentous insertion is one of the risk factors for Benckiser haemorrhagy, a several obstetric emergency that threatens the fetal prognosis. Her diagnosis by performing a transvaginal ultrasound with color Doppler is recommended in pregnant women with high risk of vasa previa. A caesarean section of convenience should be scheduled before labors begin when a vasa previa is diagnosed during the prenatal period. Case: a parturient aged 26, gesture 5, par 3, is admitted for labor of delivery on term pregnancy. After an artificial rupture of the water pocket, the amniotic fluid was not tinged with blood, and the delivery proceeded normally. The eutrophic newborn, male, had a good APGAR score. On macroscopic examination of the placenta, which had weighed 500 grams, the umbilical cord of normal length was inserted on the membranes, with no other abnormalities noted. The mother and newborn had evolved well and their stay in the hospital was only 48 hours. Conclusion: Velamentous insertion of the umbilical cord can be observed outside the most frequent risk factors in the literature. However, any placental insertion abnormality should guide the completion of an endovaginal ultrasound to exclude vasa previa in order to take precautions necessary for the prevention of haemorrhagy with poor prognosis for the fetus.

In order to update knowledge on the spatio-temporal evolution of Helicoverpa armigera, the geographical areas and the seasons of predilection of adult and larval populations have been studied in the last six years from 2012 to 2017. Monitoring of natural adult populations in different locations has established that populations are more abundant in South cotton production areas compared to the north. The most important outbreaks occurred in two phases (August and Mid-October to Mid-November. The monitoring of larval populations carried out on farm scale showed that infestations started on cotton early August and increased in September and October, reflecting a strong relationship between the evolutions of adult populations, larval infestations and cotton phenology. Late sowings D5 and D6 exhibited higher levels of infestation (0.213 to 0.762 larvae/30 plants) as compared to early sowing (0.21-0.31 larvae/30 plants). Annual variations of pest infestation levels increased from years to years, fluctuating from 0.008 to 0.024 larvae/30 plants over the study period. Mapping of the geographic distribution of infestation showed more severe pest pressure in the North East and South East cotton areas particulary in mostly in surrounding areas of Niakara, Ouangolo, Niellé and Bouaké (1.02 ; 0.86 ; 0.83 and 0.74 larvae/30 plants). With regard to the emerging status of H. armigera over recent years, the current pyrethroid resistance management strategy deserves to be improved on the basis of the pest geographic and seasonal profiles.

The objective of this article is to question the reality of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) as a factor of economic growth in Cameroon. The latter taken as an endogenous variable is measured by the annual growth rate of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP); FDI, domestic investment and education are the variables of interest. To these we have associated other control variables that have an impact on economic growth. The study is carried out over the period 1970-2016 and uses the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method for estimating the parameters. The tests of Dickey-Fuller and Dickey-Fuller GLS made it possible to obtain the results on the stationarity of the variables and to carry out the cointegration test. Two regressions were applied: the first on the basic theoretical model and the second for the sensitivity analysis. The results obtained show that the assumption of presence of a cointegration relation is accepted. The error-correction term is negative and significant: this implies the existence of a short and long-term relationship between the variables. In addition, FDI is significantly positive for economic growth in Cameroon. It is therefore important for the managers of the latter to develop attractive measures to best capture these investments and direct them to sectors of activity creating added value.

Since December 13, 2018, the Central Bank of Congo is governed by a new law that covers its organization and operation. This law reinforces its autonomy after the law n° 005/2002 of May 07, 2002 which had already recognized the central bank independence. On the basis of a theoretical framework excavated on the external governance of central banks, this article assesses the legal independence of the Congolese Monetary Authority, retraces the itinerary and achieves, thanks to an index of dependence vis-à-vis of policy, to identify areas where efforts are still expected.

The study was carried out on tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum P. Mill) and cabbages (Brassica oleracea L. var capitata) grown in Daloa. It covered ninety samples of vegetables including 60 tomato samples and 30 samples of cabbage collected during three field campaigns in a locality in Côte d'Ivoire (Daloa). These samples were processed using a SHIMADZU brand liquid chromatograph to determine pesticide residues. The results revealed contamination of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum P. Mill) and cabbages (Brassica oleracea L. var capitata). Four pesticide residues, three of which belong to the organophosphorus family (chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, profenophos) and one from the pyrethroid family, were detected in tomatoes with detection percentages of 39%, 25%, 22% and 14%. The results of the analysis also showed the presence of four other pesticides including two from the organophosphorus family (profenophos and diazinon) and two others from the Carbamate family (carbaryl and dithiocarbamate) in cabbages with a rate of detection of 10% and 27%, 10% and 53% respectively. However, the remaining pesticide levels detected in tomatoes and Daloa cabbages are all below the Codex Alimentarius Standards (MRLs).

The present study aims at assessing the health risks related to consumption of groundwater contaminated by Nitrate and heavy metals such as Arsenic and Mercury at the Ity goldfields. The levels of Nitrate contamination and those of metallic trace elements have been assessed according to the sulfosalicylic acid, by the AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method, and by the AFS (Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry) method, respectively. The reported results reveal that the surrounding populations are exposed to health risks with hazard levels greater than 1 for both Arsenic and Mercury in all investigated stations.

This article proposes a study of the solar field and five climatic parameters of the Nigerien city of Zinder (Zinder city extends between the parallels 12° 48' and 17° 30' North and in longitude between 7° 20' and 12° 0' East. They are among the sunniest areas of Niger) from 1961 to 2010 based on experimental data. Most of the researchers work in this area uses few measured values to evaluate solar radiation. In this study we use fifty years (50 years) of experimental data. We will use two models most frequently used in the literature by researchers that are well adapted to the Niger region. After deep analysis of the evolution of global solar radiation, wind speed, temperature, duration of insolation, and precipitation during this period in this city located in the eastern part of the country, it is clear that : all solar energy applications require a rigorous, detailed and complete knowledge of solar radiation and climatic parameters of the site.

Morphological variation between two wild populations of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus from Lake Kivu and Ruzizi River respectively and a breeding strain (Nyakabera strain) of the same species was studied by a multivariate analysis of 21 morphometric characters and 4 meristic characters. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis of morphometric characters showed divergence between populations/strains while the same approach with meristic traits didn’t show discrimination between them. These results show that based on the morphometric traits, the two populations of Lake Kivu and Ruzizi River are close to each other and stand out from the Nyakabera strain. The morphological differences thus noted could be due to environmental factors or genetic differences or both combined, in relation to the geography and the life history of these O. niloticus populations considered.

The Universal Human Rights Declaration, the Convention on the Children Rights and the Convention on the disabled persons Rights recognize an equal right to the enjoyment of the right to education for all valid and handicapped children. This research aims at find out if the handicapped child of Kolwezi in the D.R. Congo actually enjoys this right to education. That is to say the handicapped with access to school. Accessibility to this right has three overlapping dimensions: no discrimination, physical accessibility and affordability. The analysis of the situation showed that handicapped children have little schooling. Only those with less severe disabilities are given the chance to study in regular schools with valid children; those affected severely don’t attend school. Their schooling faces specific difficulties, in this case the absence of specialized schools and the high cost of health care or disability. The effective enjoyment of this right to education by the handicapped child of Kolwezi necessitates a synergy of actions of everyone consisting in particular for the parents to accept the handicap of their children and to educate them without discrimination, for the public authorities to organize measures (numbering of all handicapped children with or without schooling, the establishment of specialized schools, and the effectiveness of free education and health care), and for non-governmental organizations to raise awareness among the population the need for the education right of handicapped children.

This article discusses the problem of the existence of oral literature in contemporary times. The term contemporaneity contradicts the past to which most of the definitions of oral literature always refer (to a people’s past). This is why, for some people, the transcription of ancient oral literary genres has automatically consecrated the end or death of African oral literature. In this modest study, therefore, there is talk of demonstrating, with supporting evidence, that the oral literature is still current and alive to this day. Handwriting is thus far from having superseded orality. The advent of new information and communication technologies (Icts) has, on the contrary, strengthened the position of orality, which ceases to be the prerogative of societies without writing.

Political participation is at the heart of democratic life. This notion is at the dawn of all civilizations; it is certainly at the end of the 18th century that, with the progressive establishment and consolidation of liberal democracy, it takes on the meaning that we know it today. Nevertheless, during these two hundred years of history, modern democratic life has undergone a great evolution and renewal of practices and concepts. the idea of participation is enshrined in the very reality of public action based on a dual technical and political requirement. The changing nature of public policy explains why it is often necessary to motivate actors whose adherence to policy objectives is essential. Thus, behind the term participation are hidden many and various realities. The interest, however, of going beyond this observation in order to put in perspective the plurality of the participations, the forms and the explanations of the variations.

Introduction: High Blood Pressure (HBP) is an important cause of morbidity through the world. It repeals to an arterial systolic pressure of more or equal to 140 mmHg and a diastolic pressure of more or equal to 90 mm Hg. The aim of this study was to determinate the epidemiological aspects of High Blood Pressure in patients at Matanda hospital. Method: This was a descriptive cross-sectional survey, covering the period from January 1st 2017 to December 31st 2018. It concerned 4464 inpatients admitted in Internal Medicine department at Matanda Hospital. Were included in this survey all patients hospitalized in internal medicine service, and whose medical files have been found and fully completed. Result: The frequency of the HBP is 5.29%. The following parameters have been found as risk factors of HBP: the age group of 61 years old and above, male sex, the married people, the widows, Housekeepers, People who practice God ministry, the state agents, tabaco use, alcoholism and diabetes mellitus. Headaches, vertigo and the amaurosis were the most found subjective signs, whereas epis²²tasis, loss of awareness and palpitation were the most seen objective signs in HBP patients. The checkup for cholesterol and ECG were the most realized investigations and Captopril is the mostly used drug. Deaths due to HBP have represented 11.44%. Conclusion: The prevention of HBP, a silent killer, should be more highlighted during the management of patient with HBP as this disease constitutes a heavy economic and social burden.

This research work originated from a pertinent contrast. In a context characterized by the need for school excellence and the search for quality education, the state of Cameroon has adopted the educational principles of the international community; among others it multiplies efforts to guarantee quality training of teacher and demand for education. Consequently, contract teachers recruited by the state since 2006 are relatively well trained compared to their predecessors. Meanwhile there is a great disparity between civil servant teachers and the part time teachers all engage in public service, which generates demotivation and consequently poor pedagogic behavior in Zone for priority education. At the end of the research, it appears that, poor pedagogic behaviour of part time teachers is due to their poor working conditions.

When RFID tags are brought closer to each other, the acquisition by the radio frequency reader of the data they contain becomes difficult because of the strong coupling related to the respective radiation of their antennas. This radiation is at the origin of the birth of mutual impedances adapting the antenna and its integrated chip. This article proposes an electrical modeling of this coupling for different configurations of RFID tags. The approach is based on two-port network theory and antenna arrays. The coupling capacity between tags is determined on the one hand by using a numerical simulation based on the finite elements and on the other hand from an analytical model with the parameters of the antenna. The analytical results are in good agreement with the numerical results. The working frequency is the 868 MHz ISM band.

The poor quality of diet in adolescents contributes to the occurrence of nutritional diseases in adulthood. The aim of this study was to describe the food offer and behavior of adolescents and to examine their relationship to the type of secondary school in the city of Cotonou in Benin. The study was transversal with a descriptive and analytical purpose. It was conducted in 140 adolescents aged 10 to 19, randomly selected from one public school and two private in Cotonou. The diversity of the food supply was better in private schools (6/7 versus 4/7). Breakfast was regularly taken by 42.1% of teenagers. On a daily basis, 8.6% of teens consumed fruit and vegetables at least five times, 34.3% consumed dairy products at least once, and 82.1% less than 3 times protein foods. The frequency of consumption of pastries or pastries was 44.3% and that of soft drinks 18.6% at least once a day. Of these, 27.9% already had experience with the consumption of alcoholic beverages. The eating behavior of adolescents was not associated with the type of college. These results show that the food offer in secondary schools needs to be improved to make more nutritious foods and balanced meals available. Adolescents should benefit from nutrition education to promote better eating behaviors.

This study focuses on the kohodio watershed in north-eastern of Côte d'Ivoire. The objective is to present the seasonal variation of the water status during the wet season and in the mid-dry season, from 1986 to 2018, using remote sensing. This study focuses on the Kohodio watershed in northeastern Côte d'Ivoire. The aim is to present the seasonal variation of the hydrous state of drains from wet season (December-January) to mid-dry season using Landsat multispectral image processing (TM 1986, ETM + 2002 and OLI 2018). The approach combine: (i) the discrimination of wet drains by calculating moisture indices in mid-dry season and color compositions in wet-season; (ii) the automatic extraction of wet units on our composite indices and images; (ii) and the superposition of the global hydrographic network on the extracted layers. The intersection allowed mapping of wet drains in the wet season and in the mid-dry season. The analysis shows that the physical and spatial hydrous state results in the drying of the drains from 1986 to 2018. Total length of wet drains in the basin is 23.80%; 21.7% and 22.4% of its water potential during wet season; and 21.1%; 7.7% and 10.1% in the dry mid-season, respectively in 1986, 2002 and 2018. From the end of the rains until mid-dry season, rate drain drying is 11.2%; 64.6% and 54.8% respectively in 1986, 2002 and 2018. drain drying observed in the mid-dry season was greatly felt from 1986 to 2002, with a percentage equal to -63.70%. This phenomenon is the consequence of climate change and the construction of dams of reservoirs in the area.

This study contributes to the exploration of the nutritional potential of under-exploited local resources (sesame and moringa) in weaning food. So, eight diets (MiS, MiSMo5, MiSG, MiSGMo5, MaS, MaSMo5, MaSG and MiSGMo5) were formulated from cereal flours (millet or maize), sesame seed (ungerminated or germinated) and moringa leaf. Commercial weaning foods (AT1 and AT2) were used as control. The biochemical composition and nutritional quality in growing Wistar rats of the various flours was determined. The results showed that the moisture, protein, ash, fat, fiber, carbohydrate and energy content of the formulations are within the recommended standard for weaning foods. Also, the formulated diets have induced weight gain of rats. The BMI of rats fed formulated diets (0.49 - 0.51 g/cm2) is similar to that of AT2 (0.46 g/cm2) control rats. The formulated diets had FER, PER, TD and BV values ranging from (0.18 - 0.23), (1.38 - 1.64), (85.18 - 93.55 %) and (86.64 - 94.91 %) respectively. Any abnormalities were not identified as far as concern rat’s organs (liver and kidney). The total cholesterol and HDL blood cholesterol levels in rats fed the formulated diets are higher than those in rats fed the AT2 control diets. In addition, the LDL cholesterol levels are lower in rats fed the formulations compared to those in the AT1 and AT2 control diets. These results appear adapted within the framework of the fight against infantile malnutrition in the context of the local resources available.

Fallow is one of the methods used to restore soils fertility and to produce fodder for domestic animals. The objective of this study was to compare the biomass yields of different species of shrubs and grasses in contrasting soils in South Kivu Province in the Eastern of Democratic Republic of Congo. The experimental design was a randomized block containing four repetitions. Each repetition contained four plots corresponding to four species of gramineas (Pennisetum purpureum, Setaria sphacelata, Brachiaria ruziziensis and Tripsacum laxnum) or shrubs (Albizzia chinensis, Leucaena diversifolia, Calliandra calothyrsus and Leucaena leucocephala). Highly significant differences (P = 0.001) were observed between species and between sites for all observed parameters. The quantities of biomass produced by the Pennisetum in the two sites (29.31 t/ha) were significantly higher than those produced by the 3 others species followed by Setaria (19.54 t/ha), Brachiaria (13.84 t/ha) and Tripsacum (13.8 t/ha). The same trend was observed for shrubs species, the quantities of biomass produced by the Calliandra in the two sites (11 t/ha) were significantly higher (P = 0.001) than those produced by the 3 others species followed by Leucaena diversifolia (8 t/ha), Leucaena leucocephala (3 t/ha) and Albizia chinensis (2 t/ha). Concerning the sites, a highest significant difference was observed between the two sites, the biomass yields produced at Mulungu (7.3 and 23.7 t/ha) were significantly higher than those for Mushinga (4.7 and 14.5 t/ha), for shrubs and gramineas respectively. For forage biomass production and soil productivity restoration, the combination of Calliandra and Leucaena diversifolia, and pennisetum-setaria can be used as improved fallow in the conditions of the trial sites. There is a need for follow-up research on soil production restoration to include these four species in trial at both sites in South Kivu Province.