Managers are now faced with a weakening of employees’ involvement due to the difficulty to comply and adhere to the new visions generated by the various socio-economic changes. Our publication aims to identify and analyze the motives that enable employees to get involved in their work. More specifically, it will explore and identify the main factors pertaining to employee involvement, assesse their effects on staff behavior and attitude and finally show the impact of this behavioral change on the structure's performance. The data were collected using face-to-face questionnaires administered to executives, technicians, engineers and directors of a multinational company based in Morocco - Casablanca.

In the region of Taza, groundwater is a vital resource for the economy of the region. They are the crucial water resources for drinking water supply of much of the rural population and for irrigation of agricultural land. This work aims to study the physico- chemical and bacteriological quality of groundwater Watershed Oued Larbaâ during the period between April and July of the years 2011, 2012 and 2013. To do this, water samples were taken and different parameters were analyzed on the physico-chemical and bacteriological : electrical conductivity, turbidity , dissolved oxygen , pH, TAC , Na + , K + , Ca2 + , Mg2 + , Cl - , SO42 - , NO3 - , NO2 - , NH4 + , PO43 - , the oxidizability in KMnO4 - , fecal streptococci, coliforms and fecal coliforms . The results show that the water points studied are considered "unacceptable" for consumers and for irrigation; this could be explained by the presence of pollutants in the groundwater recharge.

This paper studies the impact of knowledge creation activities on the performance of innovation production phase within agri-food businesses in Souss Massa region. To do this, an analysis of the literature has enabled us to formulate hypotheses liking the four modes of knowledge creation, namely, socialization, externalization, combination and internalization, and the performance of innovation production phase. In order to test these hypotheses, we carried out a quantitative study among innovative agri-food companies in Souss Massa region. The results show that socialisation and combination positively influence the performance of the innovation production phase. In terms of theoretical and managerial inputs, this research is a validation and enrichment of the model of Nonaka and Takeuchi, in a Moroccan context. In addition, it contributes to the improvement of managerial practice by providing new perspectives on knowledge management in agri-food enterprises.

Street vending makes a real invasion of the Moroccan public space. The spread of this form of trade, also characterized by its informal nature, has been for several years the spearhead of public authorities that set up several eradication and rehabilitation programs that almost doomed to failure. Paradoxically, the phenomenon is amplifying and thus, studying the Moroccan consumer's relationship towards street vending seems obvious as he acts as a catalyst for the sector. The studies on this field focus only on the street vendor by pointing his responsibility to all the problems caused by the activity. The aim is generally to find a way to eradicate it. So, understanding the origin of the consumer craze towards street vending would help to a better understanding of this phenomenon and to act accordingly.

The prosperity of each company or entity depends on its multilateral relationships with its environment, which have a direct or indirect impact on the performance of its operating system as an open system, requiring it to manage the company and coordinate with its supply chain (SC). Thus, to properly control the management of its SC, modeling is a decisive obligation. But the diversity of the conceptual visions of these chains and the particularity of their objectives and constraints according to the types of SC give this model a distinct and personalized character. Therefore, towards a conversion to supply chain management (SCM), our paper aims to classify these different conceptual visions of SC modeling and to propose definitions of SC according to each vision.

Supply chain management as a multi-criteria system requires "appropriate modeling". But given the diversity and specificity of the objectives, constraints, resources used and operational processes of each supply chain, this modeling presents challenges. This requires first of all establishing a supply chain management (SCM) typology according to homogeneous sets that make it possible to position a supply chain according to characteristics that have an impact in terms of management object and that have an impact on the design of the different "customer-supplier" relationships. Thus, in order to obtain an adapted performance of the SCMs, we have classified in our work five types of SCMs (Commercial, Green, Digitized, Warrior and Humanitarian) which can be more or less long or complex, depending on their interactions with the other internal functions of their logistics units and their multilateral relations with their environment.

The link between inflation and economic growth has been the focus of recent decades among macroeconomists, policymakers and central banks in both developed and developing countries. In particular, the question of whether inflation is necessary or detrimental to economic growth has led to a theoretical debate and illustrated by empirical results. As far as we are concerned, we have analyzed the relationship between inflation and economic growth in Tunisia from 1980 to 2017. The VAR model (Vector auto Regressive) and the notion of Granger causality were used as a method. This study has shown that inflation has a negative effect on economic growth, hence the need to fight against this devastating plague. Targeting inflation seems a solution.

The article aims to study the relationship between governance and economic growth in Tunisia. For this, we have integrated governance indicators into a growth model. Based on VAR modeling, the estimation of the model thus developed, using data from the World Bank for the period 1996-2017, made it possible to show that certain indicators of governance such as political stability, rule of law and regulatory quality have a positive influence on economic growth in Tunisia. Thus, the fight against corruption can further boost economic growth in countries rich in natural resources and applying democratic principles. On the other hand, other governance indicators such as government effectiveness and the voice of accountability do not produce expected effects on economic growth. As a result, political authorities need to improve governance indicators, including political stability, and control of corruption.

The contemporary city in the Mediterranean countries is undergoing a major transformation and is entering a new phase of urbanization that sees the evolution of ways of thinking and acting, making significant changes in its design, production and management essential; placing on the agenda the need to equip itself with new instruments capable of adapting to new challenges and ways of thinking and acting as a new urban planning. One of the phenomena resulting from these changes is urban sprawl, which directly reflects the aspect of land consumption, its intensity varies from one area to another according to several factors and parameters, the altitude or shape of the landforms play a considerable role in the configuration of urban sprawl within cities, we used this combination in our study by superimposing land use maps of the communes of Annaba and El Bouni on Altitude maps, this composition has allowed us to see clearly the distribution of urbanization according to the types of relief, this study comes to illustrate this reality in the bipolar space of the wilaya of Annaba (municipalities of Annaba and El Bouni, the latter has developed as a satellite city to the mother city and has now become the second largest urban pole in the wilaya.

The technological advances of the third-millennium society, that of information and knowledge, in addition to the political, military, social and economic upheavals ushering in a new era whose slogans are an unprecedented brewing, mixture, and intertwining of populations in of the mankind history. This brewing and its corollary «languages contact» lead to so moving and dynamic contexts at which sociolinguists must take a fresh look at the complex multilingualism phenomena that result. While it is obvious that the concepts of "bilingualism" and «diglossia» are fundamental in the analysis of situations bringing together several languages, it is none the less true that they are struck by a certain epistemological inertia and do no longer allow more effective analysis of such contexts becoming more complex. Claiming that the two concepts («bilingualism» and «diglossia») are obsolete, we think we can revisit them in the hope of stimulating a new scientific, human and realistic debate that is more respectful of social and linguistic complexity. The results of this research should be conducive to highlight a common language contributing to the construction of unifying theories of translators, sociolinguists and many other researchers interested in transdisciplinarity. In conclusion, we tried to remove the ambiguity surrounding «bilingualism» and «diglossia», leading coin a new term («biglossia») while proposing new definitions of the three concepts which are now subject to the appreciation of our peers.

Climate is the main controller of human behaviors and practices, and even determines their nature and types. It is also often responsible for its effectiveness, as in some economic activities. Tourism is part of these activities, It is practiced by man as an urgent result of rest, recreation, sense of nature, taste and enjoyment in areas unusual to live in. The climate plays an important role in its success or failure, and changing its elements from one region to another changes the type and specificity of tourism. The climate determines the degree of tourist comfort. This research paper aims to study the tourist comfort and highlight the role of climate elements and their direct and indirect effects on them by addressing them in detail and droping it on the municipality of El Kala in the far northeast of Algeria. The Tourism Climate Index (TCI) was used in the preparation of this study. The results showed in the end that the tourism climate index of the municipality of El Kala is not constant throughout the year and variable with positive and negative values recorded. The spring and summer season are considered to be one of the most suitable periods for tourism activity in the region. The index reached its maximum value (88%). The remaining, in addition to winter, is considered an inappropriate time for tourism (35.5% in January), mainly due to the impact of climate and its components.

The ecosystem loses significant areas of forests each year because of forest fires, in Algeria, many of those fires are registered, especially during the summer period, this situation has become a national concern, because of the great losses of these vegetal covers every year. The municipality of Souhane is greatly affected by forest fires. The purpose of this study is to make a susceptibility map for the risks of fires in the municipality of Souhane, this by combining GIS and AHP analysis. several studies have already proved the effectiveness of this method. Six factors were selected; We calculated their weights using the AHP method. The results indicated that 51% of this municipality total area are included in the areas of high and very high susceptibility. The fires that occurred in the year 2019 confirmed the relevance of those results, in addition, the combustion index (NBR) calculation has shown that the areas affected by forest fires are those that are once again, located in the areas of high and very high susceptibility. Thus, those are interesting results and this study can help the fire department to improve its forest fire prevention techniques for the municipality of Souhane.

The beneficial effects of preschool education throughout primary school are known to all educators, teachers and pedagogues. The question we ask ourselves in this study is whether the beneficial effects observed at the primary level persist in the college. To answer this question, ninety-eight voluntary and willing schoolchildren from Lomé answered a socio-demographic questionnaire to inform their preschooling and provided their report cards to observe school performance. The collected data were subjected to statistical processing with the calculation of the appropriate Chi-square test to compare two independent samples. In the end, the results show that preschooled middle school students perform well academically to the detriment of their non-preschooled counterparts. They are also more likely to have good grades in French.

The farmer of KANKU lives on agriculture and is disadvantaged by the institutional context, the lack of support infrastructure for his activity and finds himself in difficulty to manage and market his production. This study was carried out in order to evaluate the management and marketing mode of this KANGU farmer's harvest products in order to identify the factors that can enable him to better manage this production and make better use of it. The farmer of KANKU lives on agriculture and is disadvantaged by the institutional context, the lack of support infrastructure for his activity and finds himself in difficulty to manage and market his production. This study was carried out in order to evaluate the management and marketing mode of this KANGU farmer's harvest products in order to identify the factors that can enable him to better manage this production and make better use of it. A structured survey was carried out in 5 localities of the KANGU group. This survey used simple and statistical random sampling methods, accompanied by empirical analysis for data collection. A statistical analysis was carried out for the processing of the raw data. After this analysis, it appears that this farmer produces for two purposes in particular self-consumption and marketing. A large proportion, more than 59% of the production of basic commodities, is destined for marketing and barter with 76.1% is the mode of marketing most practiced in this environment by the farmer despite being unfavorable for the farmer. The lack of support infrastructure (specific market, evacuation routes, etc.) is what compels the producer to resort to this mode of exchange.

This study reports the results of research on the production and marketing of market gardening in Lubumbashi. The approach used is the analysis of the situation by comparing the level of production, that is to say the crop yields with the flow of prices observed on the market during a period of 12 months spread over two years, from September 2018 to August 2019. From these results, it appears that the areas allocated to market garden crops are small: between a maximum of 0.1 ha per member in associations and 0.8 ha for farmers. The average yields obtained on all the crops concerned vary between 12.3 tons of pepper per hectare in an association against 13.5 tons per hectare on a farm and 33.4 tons per hectare of cabbage in an association against 37.7 tons per hectare in a farm. In addition, market gardening is mostly seasonal in the different sites: more intense in the dry season. On the market, demand for vegetables is permanent over time with peak periods in the rainy season, between November and February. The potato is the product that sells best, its price varies between 1810.5 Congolese Francs and 3143.4 Congolese Francs per kg, while the cabbage has the lowest price of a kg which has varied between 950 and 985 Congolese francs during the observation periode.