Food problem and availability of fodder are real development’s brakes of breeding in Sahel. The aim of study is to determine productivity of alfalfa grown in rainy season. It was carried out on experimental site of Faculty of Agronomy in Abdou Moumouni University (Niamey). Experimental set-up consists of 8 plots of 3m x 2m with inter-plot spacing of 1 m. A spacing of 20 cm by 20 cm was used when sowing. Water was added when needed and 100 kg NPK per hectare was added after first cut. An emergence rate of 15.52% was obtained respectively, number of branches reached 4 ± 2 branches at 1st cut. Height of plants was 41.33 ± 10.31 cm 45 days after sowing; 41.67 ± 9.79 cm at 2nd cut in 20 days and 29.5 ± 7.63 cm at 3rd cut in 20 days. The yield (kg DM / ha) at first cut is 510.7 kg. At second cut, it is 1394.95 kg and the third cut yield is 944.42 kg. The average production in 85 days is 2850.07 kg DM / ha. This culture is promising, given conditions and means used during trial. It can produce better when put in best conditions.

A Sahelian country, Niger has an arid climate. Socioeconomic development is essentially based on agriculture. This activity employs more than 80% of the working population in rural areas. Unfortunately, it is hampered by the scarcity and irregularity of water leading to a drop in crop yields and a risk of food insecurity. In this context, irrigation has established itself as an essential path for the sustainable development of agriculture in Niger. The objective of this study is the tensiometric monitoring of the evolution of soil water reserve. To achieve this objective, a device aimed at determining the reading on the tensiometer from which it is necessary to trigger the irrigation so that the crop does not suffer from water deficit, is installed on a clayey-sandy soil in the market gardening site of Birni N'Konni. The results led to the conclusion that the water supply is renewed each time the voltages observed are between 16 and 22 centibars. It should be noted that 24 hours after adding water, the voltages are between 05 and 06 centibars.

Introduction: Acute diarrhea is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in children under 5 years old. Globally, it is responsible for around 4 million hospitalizations and 1.1 million deaths per year. Various etiological agents are implicated, including the viruses which constitute the 1st cause, mainly the rotavirus of group A. The prevalence of rotavirus diarrhea is estimated at 38% globally, 34% in Africa and 62.7% in DRC. The objective of this study is to determine the hospital prevalence of rotavirus diarrhea in children under 5 years old, and to identify circulating genotypes. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study, carried out over 6 months in the pediatric emergency department at the HGR / Panzi. 68 fresh stool samples were collected and stored at the medical school research laboratory. Detection of rotavirus was achieved through the use of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA technique and genotype determination by RT-PCR. Results: The prevalence of rotavirus gastroenteritis was 42.6%; Its frequency was highest in children under 24 months, who were the most affected, of which the 0-6 month group represented 37.9%, followed by that of 7-12 months (31%) and 13-24 months (27.6%).The associated factors were the age of our patients, the environment of origin, the level of education of the mothers, the feeding method of children (p <0.05). The clinical signs associated with diarrhea were vomiting (34.48%) and fever (31.03%); The G1 genotype represented 21%, followed by G2 (7%) and G3 (3%); two P genotypes have been identified P [8] and P [4]. Conclusion: Rotavirus remains an important cause of acute diarrhea in children under 5 in our region as well as in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The introduction of the vaccine into the national immunization program will reduce its frequency somewhat.

Profoundly taxation differs and varies from one country to another and thus mirroring community’s choices. Commonly, neither all the countries share the similar tax to GDP ratio, nor tax system structure. These distinctions are explicit by the varieties of Income Per Capita, and as well as society’s inclinations. Besides, the historical evolution of the taxation system. We are to in this article, tackling an elaborate comparison between Morocco’s tax to GDP ratio and ECOWAS which aiming to determine the characteristics of Moroccan taxation system in order to enable us to improve the performance of our system.

In African countries, the diversity of domestic animals is maintained thanks to traditional agro-pastoral communities. The mutations experienced by these communities result in an erosion of the genetic diversity of which they are the guardians. In response to threats to biological diversity, a convention for its protection was signed in 1992 by several countries, including Niger, therefore committed to conserving the genetic diversity of its livestock breeds. One of these breeds, the Koundoum sheep, is threatened with extinction. The objective of this work is to study the reasons and consequences of this decline, through semi-structured interviews with 104 sheep farmers in the natural habitat of Koundoum. The main reasons given as causes of the decline in the numbers of Koundoum sheep are crossbreeding with other breeds (25.00%), the lack of pasture on the banks of the Niger River (19.23%) and mortality linked to parasitism. (15.38%). Regarding the consequences, this regression was considered damaging for national biodiversity by 7.69% of breeders. 14.42% of breeders think that it is a loss of local cultural values ​​and 9.62% see it as a risk loss of a breed adapted to their land. 42.31% of herders perceive this disappearance primarily as a loss of financial resources. In short, the farmers' responses refer to two distinct phenomena: substitution between breeds and the decrease in the total sheep population in the area. The two phenomena call for different conservation strategies, in situ and ex situ. These should be integrated into a global program involving breeders, scientists and political authorities.

For the monitoring of spatio-temporal variations of the nitrogen dioxide (NO2) content, passive diffusive samplers have been deployed in 14 near-road and residential sites for 14 days to measure NO2. In parallel with the winter campaign to measure this tracer, road traffic counting sessions were carried out on the city's main roads.The coupling of the results of the measurement campaigns and the counting sessions under Arcgis 9.3 made it possible to determine the areas most affected by automobile pollution and to carry out a high spatial resolution mapping of the pollutant prospected.The results of this study show that atmospheric NO2 concentrations reach maximum values in the city center and decrease towards its periphery.The analysis of the epidemiological situation of the principal diseases related to air pollution in the city of Meknes during the study period (2010-2014) showed that among subjects aged 5 years and older, acute respiratory diseases occurred more in women and that the age group most affected was between 15 and 49 years, while asthma attacks were noted mainly among women aged 50 years and older. Acute respiratory illness and asthma attacks were more prevalent in the winter and fall. Among children under 5 years of age, the age group most affected by pneumonia was under 11 months of age.The use of spatialized GIS-based health indicators of these diseases, as well as the location of stationary and mobile sources of air pollution and measured NO2 levels, has made it possible to detect that residents in areas with heavy road traffic are likely to be more affected than those near areas of industrial activity. The type of habitat also contributes significantly to the development and exacerbation of the pathologies studied, especially in the districts of the old Medina.

The present research is within the framework of the normative perspective of the analysis of Linguistic Intergroup Bias (LIB). It starts from the observation that the specialized literature does not indicate the conditions under which individuals disapprove the use of these biases. In this vein, its aim is to help fill this theoretical gap by assessing the potential impact of linguistic abstraction on intra-group disapproval of the use of LIB. The tested hypothesis proposes that individuals disapprove more the use of LIB when they face a speaker who uses pro-ingroup and anti-outgroup LIB, than when they are confronted with a speaker who uses pro-outgroup and anti-ingroup LIB. This prediction is tested thanks to an experiment conducted with the participation of fifty (50) students of both sexes (M age = 22.94 years), all French speakers, enrolled in the first year of the Bachelor of Psychology’ program at the University of Dschang (Cameroon). They were assigned to the experimental (n = 25) and control (n = 25) conditions constituting the experimental design. After experimental induction, the data collected via the scale of intragroup disapproval of the use of LIB (α =.75) provide empirical support for the hypothesis of the study (f (1; N = 51) = 52.31, ŋ =.995, Ŋ2 =.989, t = 7.42, ƿ <.05). In conclusion, this study reveals that individuals disapprove the use of LIB when ingroup prescribes disapproval of these biases (group norm).

Questioning the relationship between design and citizenship is by no means a contemporary issue. Since the industrial revolution, design has never ceased to be at the heart of a multiple debate, navigating between political, aesthetic, ecological and societal discourses. Discussing this relationship between design and citizenship therefore amounts to studying the various approaches that contribute to making design a citizen project, or even an activist project.It is an open invitation between designers and citizens, in order to make and perfect the world, to imagine a common future, a habitable world for all, and a new utopia both individual and collective.For this, classic design approaches seem to be lost in the face of the challenges that our world is encountering, and we know that for each challenge, for each problematic, new methods and new reflections are needed, but also knowing how to deconstruct in order to build better.

Introduction: As part of a process to reorganize urban health services, this article analyzes the profile of health services in the eastern DRC city of Goma; the aim is to identify their distribution and level of medicalization. Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted a comprehensive survey of health care facilities in the city of Goma in January 2018. Geographical and health data (infrastructure, equipment, human resources, care provided) were collected by professionals. They were encoded and analyzed using SPSS version 20 software. Results: The urban supply of care in Goma is too bloated with one facility for 8,794 inhabitants, one hospital bed for 326 inhabitants, one nurse for 586 inhabitants and one doctor for 2567 inhabitants. On the other hand, a lack of midwives, sub-equipment and infrastructure that does not meet hospital standards are observed. This health facilities, mainly privately lucrative (79%) with 56% of establishments created in the last 6 years, are variously distributed. The first-line care offer represents 34% and incorporates a medical practice in 43% of cases. Discussion and Conclusion: This provision of care requires strong regulation from the perspective of a better governed, streamlined and staggered urban health system, which better meets the quality standards and user’s expectations in urban contexts.

Background: Learning clinical reasoning (LCR) sessions were first described by Dr. M. Chamberland in 1998. These sessions are intended to support the development of clinical reasoning in a protected learning context. They are structured to reproduce the processes that clinicians spontaneously use, the generation of hypotheses, the collection of clinical data to develop a correct and seriously considered medical attitude. Objective: To analyze the impact of clinical reasoning learning sessions in dental prosthesis as an active teaching strategy applied to dental interns. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional epidemiological survey was carried out on 12 interns (among 19 invited) from the 2017 and 2018 promotions. The session duration was of two-hours, subdivided into 4 sequences: situation and evaluation before the ARC, strategic approach of the session, discussion of clinical cases aloud and finally the study of the impact of the introduction of the LCR method. Results: After the implementation of our clinical reasoning supervision model, intern’s reasoning improved and became more structured, however our session revealed clinical gaps that interns have in some disciplines. These gaps concerned specialties such as orthodontics, occlusodontics and implantology. This work is part of a set of two parts, the first deals with the evaluation of clinical reasoning in a population of dental interns at the end of their internship, and the second is a satisfaction survey relating to the introduction of LCR as a method of active teaching, within the same population.

A descriptive cross-sectional epidemiological survey was carried out on 12 interns (among 19 invited) from the 2017 and 2018 promotions. Our survey was in the form of a two-hour session, subdivided into 4 sequences: situation and evaluation of clinical reasoning in dental interns before LCR, discussion of clinical cases in groups and finally the study of the impact of the introduction of the LCR method. This satisfaction survey focused on several axes (pedagogical, technical and general appreciation aspects), respondents had to choose between five different degrees of satisfaction according to the LIKERT scale. The overall appreciation was very positive and the experience of introducing LCR as a model of pedagogical supervision was very accepted by all interns and they also demonstrated their preference for group work. This work is part of a set of two parts, the first deals with the evaluation of clinical reasoning in a population of dental interns at the end of their internship, and the second is a satisfaction survey relating to the introduction of LCR as a method of active teaching, within this same population.

The flotation by surface sulphidisation of the oxidized copper-cobalt-bearing ore from Kimpe (1.97% Cu; 0.66% Co) was studied in order to evaluate its behavior by the analysis of its most influential parameters and their possible interactions. Tests limited to a simple roughing were planned and carried out according to a factorial approach using the Taguchi method. The results were found on the basis of the Signal-to-Noise (S/N) analysis and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) by considering the experience plan of the orthogonal matrix L16 (45). The work consisted in studying the doses of the main collector potassium amyl xanthate (PAX), of the sulphiting (NaHS), of the dispersant (Na2SiO3) and of the mixture (Gasoil-Rinkalore 840) as well as the particle size of the former miner at float. The predictive model of Taguchi's analysis predicts recovery yields of 88.44% Cu and 84.90% Co under optimal copper recovery conditions and 88.70% Co and 86.00% Cu under optimal conditions cobalt recovery. The optimal relative levels of the parameters studied are: 300 g/t PAX, 200 g/t Mixture, 4000 g/t NaHS, 200 g/t Na2SiO3 and a particle size of 20% +75 µm for Cu and 400 g/t PAX, 200 g/t Mixture, 4000 g/t NaHS, 300 g/t Na2SiO3 and a particle size of 20% + 75 µm for cobalt. It also emerges from the results obtained that the dose of PAX and that of NaHS are the influencing parameters. In terms of parametric interactions, for the recovery of copper, the mixture and the dose of the dispersant are in interaction considered to be weak. While the dosing of the collector and the particle size are in strong interaction given the differences in parallelism noted. The interaction between the dose of silicate and the dose of sulphiting can be considered weak for the recovery of cobalt.

A cross-sectional survey was carried out in four health zones in the provincial division of Lomami in the Democratic Republic of Congo, to study the high rates of caesarean sections associated with diagnostic deficits and maternal deaths. The overall cesarean rate was 21.8%. The deficits of the diagnoses according to the four components are presented as follows: the sensitivity of the diagnoses varied between 0.54-071; the specificity of the diagnoses was between 0.85-0.90; positive predictive values ​​0.45-0.52 and negative predictive values ​​0.89-0.94. The maternal mortality ratio was 1073 p.100.000. The results of this study justify the need to strengthen strategies to improve maternal health by reducing cesarean section rates, diagnostic deficits and maternal mortality rates.

The search for quality of life in urban areas has become inevitable today. This missing attribute of today’s urban is at the heart of the city debate. Indeed, the latter now faces multiple dysfunctions. This then implies that ist development and management strategies must be rethought to the extent that it is more effective and able to meet the needs, expectations and aspirations of individuals in their daily lives. In reality, the state of the urban living environment reveals certain practices, emanating both from public decision-makers and from citizens themselves, who express that the urban space management policies adopted are mostly carried out. Outside the regulations. These urban fragilities of the living environment that characterize most Algerian cities, including the city of Ain-Beida, have pushed us to the process of urban diagnosis, through which we aim to assess the standard of living while detecting all gaps and nuisances in order to put an end to the informal urban with its resulting paradoxes. To carry out this work, the methodology adopted to measure this quality is based on the quantitative method which is often carried out via a survey through which we aim to capture the representations of the population as well as its perceptions through a set of themes: the commercial weight, the level of equipment, traffic and transport problems, accessibility to relaxation and meeting areas. The results obtained show that the different sectors of the city face various difficulties. The inhabitants of the central districts and certain pericentral districts express their satisfaction with the potentialities of trade and equipment but they declare the presence of congestion situations and traffic problems. However, the suburbs are devoid of even the basic necessities of commerce and green spaces and recreation, which pushes them to move to other neighborhoods or exit outside the city to meet their needs. However, some residents completely denounce living conditions which do not even meet their basic requirements.

In Côte d'Ivoire rice cultivation is practiced in rainy conditions and remains sensitive to climatic uncertainties. This study is conducted to analyze the variation of climatic parameters and their impact on rice production in the high Sassandra region. The daily climatic parameters (rainfall and temperature) recorded over the period from 1976 to 2005 and the agronomic characteristics of two rice varieties (NERICA 1 and IDSA 85) were used for yield simulation using SARRA-H model. The results showed that the rainy season generally begins in March while instability is observed at the end of the rainy season (between 15 July and 9 October). Overall, the annual rainfall recorded remains potentially appropriate to meet rice water requirements. However, rice cycle shortens when the temperature rises; besides it lengthens when the photoperiod is high. Regardless of sowing date, the total requirements are essentially the same for both rice species. The best yields, 17,161 kg/ha for NERICA1 and 20,048 kg/ha for IDSA85 are obtained when sowing on 5th April. On the other hand, the date of 15th March gives the lowest yields. These results constitute a significant contribution in the redefinition of the rice agricultural calendar in the high Sassandra region.

The possibility of existence of viable petroleum systems in west Congolien Basin has been subject to controversies over the last decade, given the extreme Tectonical events that underwent this sedimentary basin. Some studies have reported interesting results regarding potential source rocks and the organic matter input. Here, we report the petrophysical investigation of geological formations outcropping around Sekelolo and Kwilu/Snel, of which lithological units are likely to bear fluids, thus playing the role of oil and gas reservoir. The porosity and the permeability obtained from Laboratory analyses, range within 10-15% and >250 millidarcy respectively. Petrophysical results suggest the existence of very good reservoirs, while further studies are necessary to elucidate the maturation and preservation of organic matter from secondary alteration during the evolution of the basin.

Introduction: Severe anemia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children. An epidemiological analysis would make it possible to estimate the related measures in order to fight effectively against their causes.Methods: The present retrospective descriptive study focuses on severe anemia in children under five years from January to December 2019. Sickle cell patients and children suffering from neoplasia were excluded from this study. All admissions from January to December 2019 and deaths, which met the selection criteria were listed.Results: Out of a total of 2,050 hospitalized children, 413 were admitted for severe anemia (20.1%), and 15.7% of deaths, i.e., a specific mortality of 31.6 p. 1000. Regarding the cause of severe anemia, malaria remains predominant in both sexes with 61.1% / 188 girls, respectively; and 52.9% / 225 boys. The study notes that anemia is much more common in the 2 – 5 years age group - 47.2%. At 88% of these children the outcome was favorable in their sex, also when the child lived in downtown Kabinda, ie 89.1%; also for the 2 - 5 year bracket, i.e. 90.3%.Conclusion: The implementation of the policy of free antimalarial drugs, the use of mosquito nets and awareness raising on basic hygiene measures must be effective. Strengthening these measures at the onset of the rainy seasons would prevent outbreaks of anemia.

This study aims to understand the influence of vegetation cover on the hydrological response of the Hana forest watershed. Using the GR2M hydrological model, hydroclimatic data over the 2000-2018 period were simulated to obtain real evapotranspiration (ETR), infiltration (I), and runoff (R). These different water balance terms were then correlated with a time series of NDVI extracted from MODIS-Terra (MOD13Q1) images over the period 2000-2018. The calibration of the hydrological model over the periods 1984-1989 and 2000-2018, respectively gave good Nash values of 74.1% and 64.6%. The validation, on the whole, gives satisfactory Nash values, except for the 1990-1999 one which is 56.4%. Cusum and t-student tests confirmed a significant break at α=5% in 2009 in the NDVI time series. Statistical analysis around this break date reveals a good correlation between NDVI and rainfall on the one hand and between NDVI and real evapotranspiration on the other hand, with respective correlation coefficients of 0.68, 0.66 for the sub-period 2000-2009. The relationship between NDVI and runoff is relatively weak there with a value of 0.38. Very high correlation coefficient values were obtained over the period 2010-2018 between NDVI and rainfall (0.78), between NDVI and real evapotranspiration (0.72) and between NDVI and runoff (0.68). However, low correlation coefficients of the order of 0.53 and - 0.07 were recorded between the NDVI and infiltration respectively before and after 2009.

Taking into account, the diversity and seriousness of diseases induced by oxidative stress, several scholars in made research in new antioxidant in order to fight against oxidative stress and associated pathologies. This study aims to evaluating the antioxidant activity of essential oil of Uvaria chamae and Monanthotaxis capea two medicinal plants from the Côte d’Ivoire. These oils were then analysed by GC-SM and nuclear magnetic resonance. The antioxidant activity of these oils was evaluated by the DPPH and ABTS tests. The essential oils of U. chamae contain β-caryophyllene (35.88 %), and germacrene D (10.67 %) while leaves of Monanthotaxis capea are mainly made of Precocene I (30.12 %), menthyl acetate (17.01 %), and Sesquisabinene A (12.14 %). The results show that the oils of Uvaria chamae and ABTS have good antioxidant activity compared to the oil from Monanthotaxis capea.

The traditional de-noising method used by classical hardware equipments can’t achieve successful de-noising effect and the software-only method never meets a high real time capability. Based on the Undecimated Wavelet Transform (UWT) which is an effective technique for de-noising signals corrupted by non-stationary noises, we propose implementing the UWT method on the field programmable gate array (FPGA) to realize a digital electronic circuit to de-noise the airflow of mechanical ventilation. The experiment results obtained was done regarding signal to noise ratio (SNR) and the requirement of real-time signal processing.

Conservation biologists are now studying how cultivated areas could be used to maintain good biological diversity. The aim of this study was to assess the assemblage of termites in lemon plantations in the Tiassalé region in southern Côte d'Ivoire. According to the standardized rapid estimation method (RAP) of biodiversity, termites were harvested from a 10-year-old lemon plantation in comparison with the primary forest. Three transects (100 m long and 2 m wide) were carried out in each environment. The results obtained showed that in total, 20 species of termites divided into 13 genera and 6 subfamilies were collected on the two plots. The specific richness was relatively low in the lemon plantation (12) compared to the primary forest (18 species). The Simpson index was higher in the forest (SI = 0.97) than in the plantation (SI = 0.77). The total abundance of termites was higher in the forest (71.33 ind./transect) than in the plantation (38 ind./transect). Fungus-growers were more abundant in the lemon plantation (24.33 ± 2.7 ind./transect) than in the forest which recorded an average abundance of 18.66 ± 2.87 ind./transect. Soil-feeders with 27.33 ± 1.36 ind./transect were more abundant in the forest than in the plantation. Grass-feeders, totally absent from the forest, were observed in the lemon plantation with a relative abundance of 2.66 ± 1.36 ind./transect. The lemon plantation would help restore termite communities in this area heavily disturbed by pineapple cultivation.

This article presents the different documents, including the text of the conference and the study sheets, which were used for training on 3C relationships during the didactical seminar that we organized in order to assess not only the perception of possible specificities of 3C relationships among the teachers of primary, secondary and professional education (EPSP) of Kinshasa (Congo DR), but also the ability of the latter to produce teaching / learning situations based on said 3C relationships. This aims to facilitate the popularization of 3C relationships with a view to promoting the involvement of interdisciplinarity in the development of teaching / learning situations for the various elementary objects of knowledge.

This article in social sciences and more specifically in the field of development and society aims to set up a procedure for the creation of a social security institution that would bring together only widows, orphans and senior citizens because, according to the observation of what is happening in Africa in general, it is often these three categories that are victims of neglect and abandonment in our African societies. Taken from a survey carried out by a non-governmental development organization in the city of Lubumbashi in the Democratic Republic of Congo, this article by referring to the statistical sampling model resulting on the elaboration of explanatory graphs has developed an approach based on the self-financing of those concerned in order to achieve this feasibility of creation of a «social services».

Conducting Business locally or globally can be complicated and requires careful planning and good assessment of all the pros and cons. Indeed, organizations nowadays operate in a complex environment and being ‘agile and performant’ is a critical success factor.Shareholders and Managers alike preach the importance of ‘Performance’ as a means to achieving customer needs satisfaction and success. However, and due to its polysemantic nature, ‘Performance’ proves to be a concept difficult to define.A brief approach to the concept of ‘Performance’ is not the sole purpose of this article. The Quality Management System (QSM) and the benefit of being ISO 9001 certified are also among its pillars. Those performance levers open the door for numerous benefits: customer experience improvement, reduced organizational uncertainty and building a dynamic learning organization are indeed valuable dividends among others.

This work aimed to determine the voltammetric charges at the electrode / electrolytic solution interface of the IrO2, PtOx and IrO2-PtOx electrodes. The scanning electron microscope characterization (SEM) showed the presence of the IrO2 and PtOx coating deposited on titanium supports. Also, this characterization revealed that the surface of the prepared electrodes is porous and rough. The cyclic voltammetry measurements allowed to show that the voltammetric charge is high at low scan rates. This result is due to the accessibility of the internal and external surfaces of prepared electrodes by electrolytic solution. In contrast, for the high scan rates, only the external (geometric) surface is in touch with the electrolyte. The voltammetric charge decreases when the pH of electrolyte increases. Regardless of the electrolytic solution the voltammetric charges increases in the order: PtOx < IrO2 < PtOx-IrO2. In the absence of free protons (KClO4 and KOH medium), the electrolyte diffuses inside the pores of the deposit regardless of its composition. Thus, all our electrodes have a large number of internal active sites. This study revealed that the processes which take place at the electrode / electrolyte interface are complex. These processes depend on several factors including the composition of the deposit, the proton concentration, etc. The linear correlations between the total voltammetric charge (q*tot) and the total capacitance (Ctot) show that they can be used to represent the extension of the electrochemically active surface.