Smart Mobility provides clean, safe and efficient mobility; with a wide range of transport modes such as bicycles, buses, light rail, subways, trams, taxis, autonomous vehicles, with most options for movement within the ecosystem of smart mobility. A Smart Mobility solution consists of smart parking lots in buildings that contain control and management systems monitored remotely to obtain available spaces. This document briefly details the concept and a comparison of results of Smart Mobility solutions for smart parking.

The objective of this research was to determine by means of a computational model the degree and area of ​​affectation implied by the release of a toxic ammonia cloud from a 1000 Kg storage tank. The SCRI-Fire simulator of the company Dinámica was used. Heuristics feeding it with meteorological data from the city of Los Mochis, Sinaloa, physicochemical properties of ammonia and characteristics of the tank. The simulation was carried out in the summer and winter scenarios. As results of the simulation, in case of an ammonia leak, at a distance of 1038.67 meters there would be a concentration of 2500 ppm, which could produce the obstruction of the airways in people and at a distance of 818 meters there would be 5,500 ppm of ammonia, which is fatal to people for an exposure time of 30 minutes. Good management of dangerous substances such as ammonia is necessary, to avoid damage to the health of exposed people and negative effects to the environment, constant training of personnel who handle this dangerous substance is required, and that companies that handle ammonia are They are far from residential areas, and places with a lot of people.

Metacognition is a multifaceted conception, generated during educational investigations, mainly carried out during class experiences. This analysis has been handled under certain characteristics considered traditional until the situation generated by Covid-19. This work analyzes the relationship between metacognition and self-regulated learning in higher education students, through the analysis of the role that metacognitive skills have in the development of self-regulated learning in higher education students, through the study of the role of metacognitive skills in higher education. the development of self-regulated learning processes, during the 2020-2021 school period in which classes were taught in a virtual environment. The work was carried out with 50 volunteer students of the second and fourth cycle of an important higher education center, through systematic observation, and the application and analysis of a survey, it was concluded that metacognitive skills play an important role at the higher level. education students, through planning, monitoring and evaluation.

Following the global health crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, and to save lives, Morocco has chosen isolation, containment and general closure in order to slow the spread of the virus. These drastic decisions put the national economy on a partial halt. The economic cost is difficult to assess but the repercussions can unfortunately be felt for many years.In this article, we will specify the impact of the Covid-19 crisis on the Moroccan economy, we will also project the main measures currently taken by the government to deal with the adverse effects of the Covid-19 health crisis. Then, we will present macroeconomic proposals that could serve to bring Morocco out of this economic depression and revive the economy in a short time.

The objective of this study is to estimate the potential changes in extremes rainfall over three orographic regions of Africa (Guinea, Nigeria and Cameroon) under the 1.5°C and 2°C warming scenarios. The results project an increase of the number of rainy days over Guinea under both scenarios by 2059. Over Nigeria, this index will decrease in the north of the country under both scenarios. Over Cameroon, this index will decrease over the whole country under the 1.5°C warming and will increase in the southeast and northeast parts of the country under the 2°C warming. Rainfall intensity will increase over the northern and southwestern parts of Guinea under both scenarios. The maximum one-day rainfall accumulation will increase in almost all three considered countries in the near future. However, compared to Cameroon, the maximum one-day rainfall accumulation will be more important in the northern and central parts of Guinea and Nigeria. There will be a decrease of the number of consecutive wet days in the southwest and central parts of Guinea under the 1.5°C scenario and over most parts of Guinea under the 2°C scenario. Over Nigeria, this index will decrease in the south and center of the country. The number of consecutive wet days will decrease in the southwest and northern Cameroon and increase slightly in the southeast of this country under both warming scenarios. The number of consecutive dry days will decrease over the whole Guinea, over the northern and central parts of Nigeria under both scenarios. The increase noted in extreme events could cause flooding. This work can be considered as a support for the Guinean, Nigerian and Cameroon policymakers for implementing sustainable mitigation and good adaptation measures to limit and combat the adverse effects of climate change (floods, heat waves and drought). Finally, this study shows that the three considered regions will need additional irrigation as an adaptation strategy for the protection of the agricultural sector by 2059 under both scenarios due to the decrease of the number of consecutive wet days.

The pure scientific interpretation, along with educational and psychological interpretation in the field of learning, is important in understanding and realizing the learner's responses in the educational learning process, and exploring the results of research in the heart and brain and clarifying the importance of knowledge in heart and brain pedagogy. Heart and brain properties. The first of these characteristics between the heart and brain in the field of learning is the property of the heart health being linked to the continuity of learning and the activity of the brain, also the characteristic of neurons in the heart and the brain that generate perception and understanding, as well as the memory property in the heart and brain have an effect on learning, in addition to the characteristic of the heart, the beginning of learning in the brain, Where those characteristics were linked to the educational learning process and hadiths of the Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace which related to these characteristics, to produce an integrated understanding between the heart and brain in each characteristic.

In order to analyze the fattening practices and commercial speculations of sheep on the occasion of the Muslim holiday (Aïd El Kebir) commonly known as Tabaski, an investigation is carried out three months before the holding of this festival in the course of the year 2020 in the Tahoua region in Niger. The survey is carried out on a sample of 300 sellers / resellers and buyers from the urban commune of Tahoua and the peripheral village of Badaguichiri. The most important and least important option scaling method was used to analyze the weight of preferences of actors in the sheep fattening value chain. Sheep and the commercial activity of Tabaski sheep remain 100% male prerogative for sellers / resellers and 90% for buyers. The study reveals that sheep fattening is an activity subject to very strong commercial speculation as part of the Tabaski rite. The breed, the color of the coat, the overweight and the conformation of the animals are the preferred criteria in marketing and which are unanimous among sellers and resellers as well as buyers. These criteria come into play in the determination, selection and pricing of sheep for Tabaski. Also, out of a total of six genetic types belonging to four inventoried Sahelian sheep breeds, the Oudah breed is the most presented and appreciated in local markets and outlets. The renewed financial margin linked to commercial speculation around the Tabaski sheep is growing with the increase in the size of the animals. This dynamic of sheep prices can be used by producers and importers as a useful commercial database for scheduling sales at times that open the door to commercial speculation.

The tomato is an annual herbaceous plant, of the Solanaceae family. It is cultivated for its fruits which are consumed either fresh or cooked, or processed industrially. Its growth is a complex phenomenon which involves several parameters. A study of the growth parameters carried out in the region of Daloa (Côte d’Ivoire) showed a complexity of the growth of the tomato at the level of the number of leaves, the length of the leaves, the width of the leaves, the height of the trunk and the circumference of the trunk of the tomato plant. For this purpose, mathematical models were developed to predict the growth of the tomato plant from artificial neural networks for the number of leaves, the length of the leaves, the width of the leaves, the height of the plant and the circumference of the trunk of the tomato plant. The coefficients of determination between the experimental measurements and the measurements predicted by artificial neural networks are respectively 0.9722; 0.9925; 0.997; 0.9945 and 0.9926 for plant height, number of leaves, plant circumference, leaf length and width. These results are satisfactory insofar as all the coefficients of determination (R2) are greater than 0.97. These coefficients close to 1 show a good interpolation between the experimental values ​​and those predicted by the model. They indicate that the values ​​predicted by artificial neural networks are almost more than 97% close to the experimental values. Because of this, artificial neural networks are reliable enough to predict tomato growth in leaf count, leaf length, leaf width, plant height, and trunk circumference of the tomato plant.

Systemic lupus (LS) is an autoimmune disease mainly affecting young women of childbearing age, The occurrence of pregnancy with lupus has become a usual situation, active lupus in the 6 months preceding or at the beginning of pregnancy has more risk of having an attack, the lupus known preceding the pregnancy must make this last programmed.Maternal mortality is multiplied by 20 in lupus patients, this seems to be essentially linked to the activity of LS, the occurrence of pre-eclampsia, the presence of anti-phospholipid antibodies and the side effects of therapies, in particular infectious.Fetal and perinatal risks are linked to prematurity, the presence of maternal anti-phospholipid or anti- SSA antibodies and the side effects of treatment.The most common situation is the knowledge of lupus before pregnancy. Our case treats an unrecognized lupus triggered by pregnancy, monitoring and management must be multidisciplinary, including regular clinical, biological and ultrasound evaluation.The treatment of relapses varies according to the severity and the type of organ affected and remains similar to the treatment outside pregnancy subject to the compatibility of the treatments with this one: hydroxy chloroquine, corticosteroid bolus if necessary then orally with the lowest possible dose, which markedly improved the prognosis.

Malignant melanoma of the female genital tract is rare, and its localization in the cervix is exceptional, it represents 3% of malignant melanomas of the female genital tract, At the initial stage of malignant melanoma of the cervix, the disease is limited to the cervical mucosa, subsequently it spreads locally via direct diffusion to adjacent organs, Clinically there are asymptomatic cases diagnosed during a routine examination, However, more often one has the presence of symptoms, because the cervix ulceration expands easily and become infected. The most common symptom is vaginal bleeding. Macroscopically, primary malignant melanoma presents variable appearances, The spectrum of cellular characteristics is broad, Immunohistochemical markers may be positive in primary cervical malignant melanoma such as S-100, HMB-45, Melan-A, Vimentin, and SOX10, Differential Diagnosis of Primary Malignant Melanoma of the Cervix requires the exclusion of metastatic malignant melanoma, or other primary neoplastic site, mainly dermal, Once the diagnosis of malignant melanoma of the cervix is confirmed, the full staging of the disease should be establishment. This is based on performing a tomography (whole-body CT) or a positron emission tomography (PET / CT), the determination of serum lactate dehydrogenase.The therapeutic approach is not standardized but is rather individualized according to the characteristics of the disease and the patient.

In this article, Simpson's rule for the double integral of a fuzzy-valued function, one of whose variables is classical, is proposed using the Hausdorff distance. Also, fine partitions are introduced. The integration domain is a quasi-fuzzy rectangle.

In Africa, it is possible to take advantage of the heat provided by metal roofs (constantly exposed to the sun) for the drying of agricultural products to reduce post-harvest losses. For this purpose, a prototype ventilated attic equipped with shelves is built and tested on the drying of cassava. For 6 kg of manioc, it takes three days to dry in the prototype. The modeling of moisture growth in the drying air is carried out by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method. The theoretical results allow predicting the variation of moisture in the air of the attic with accuracy. Modeling of the manioc drying curve is made using five semi-empirical models. The Midili-Kucuk model is the one that best predicts moisture content evolution in cassava, as it gives the highest value of the determination coefficient. As drying is a simultaneous heat and mass transfer phenomenon, the coefficients of heat and mass transfer evolutions were observed too. We noticed their increase with drying time. The presence of fresh products in the attic keeps its internal temperature lower than outside. When the products are no longer fresh, the temperature of the attic (on the products) increases. Polystyrene insulation on the ceiling, product bed and air circulation generated by chimneys help prevent heat from migrating through the ceiling. So, this attic has two advantages: the drying of products to extend its shelf life and reduction of heat in houses.

To assess the influence of Jatropha curcas cultivation on maize yield in a cropping association, a study was conducted on the application farm of the Ecole Régionale d'Agriculture du Sud in Bingerville from 2015 to 2016. The study aimed to determine the appropriate Jatropha planting density to improve maize yield in a cropping association. The experiment consisted in setting up a randomized complete block design with three replications, including three treatments T1 (2*2m); T2 (3*2m) and T3 (4*2m) based on the spacing of Jatropha curcas plants compared to a control T0 (control without jatropha). Morphological and yield parameters of Jatropha curcas and maize were assessed respectively. The results obtained show that the Jatropha-maize association had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the agro-morphological parameters (growth, development and yield) of Jatropha curcas regardless of the treatment. On the other hand, a significant effect (P < 0.05) of the Jatropha-maize association was observed on plant biomass and maize yield, particularly with treatment T2. In conclusion, this experiment demonstrates that it is possible to harmoniously integrate regular row spacing (intercropping) in Jatropha curcas plantations during the juvenile period of the trees provided that the main crop (Jatropha curcas) is at a spacing of 3*2 m.

A behavior change initiative with respect to contraceptive and family planning methods flourished in a religious context of the Church of the Assemblies of God in the Municipality of Abomey-Calavi in ​​the Republic of Benin. What mechanisms can explain such efficiency in this religious context which is initially very reluctant or even hostile to such action ? The objective of this research is to analyze the influence of the communication strategy used which facilitated the adoption by Calavi DA devotees of modern methods of contraception. Through a mixed approach, 142 units were taken, targeted by reasoned choice sampling techniques and whose data were collected by sampling, interview and participant observation techniques.It can be noted that the influence of the communication strategy used by the DAs for the adoption by Calavi devotees of modern family planning methods was facilitated by two factors. It is about the choice of the appropriate messages and channels having reversed the determinants of failing behaviors internal to the Church of the DA and the social relations of influence established within the Church facilitated by the internal organization within the Church. Church. It is therefore the communicational flow of multilevel influence was developed from social relations within the Church of the Assemblies of God in the Municipality of Abomey-Calavi with as main actor religious leaders at various levels in a double vertical and horizontal perspective.

This work is part of a food quality control in Korhogo. The food studied is tamarind juice (Tamarindus indica L.). Twenty-four samples were taken from two types of vendors in eight districts of Korhogo and analyzed. The physic-chemical and microbiological quality of the juices extracted by the hot voice and by the cold voice was evaluated. The pH of the juices analyzed was acidic (2.5 ≤ pH ≤ 2.7), the titratable acidity ranged from 384.4 to 841 meq.g/L. As for the sugar level, it was less than or equal to 22°Brix. Statistical tests have shown that the extraction method has no significant influence on the physic-chemical parameters studied. In cold-extracted juices, the load of Aerobic Mesophilic Germs ranged from 9.9.102 to 2.7.103 CFU/mL. Loads of Escherichia coli and other coliforms were less than or equal to 9 CFU/mL and 17 CFU/mL, respectively. The number of molds ranged from 1.9.102 to 2.7.103 CFU/mL. The Levurian load oscillated between 2.1.104 and 4.104 CFU/mL. For the hot extraction method, the juices were free of Escherichia coli and other coliforms. The G.A.M load was less than or equal to 6.7.102 CFU/mL. Yeast and mold loads ranged from 1.5.103 to 6.3.103 CFU/mL and 75 to 2.3.102 CFU/mL, respectively. The method of hot extraction of the pulp significantly reduces the levurian load of juices. In general, the juices had an unsatisfactory physic-chemical and microbiological quality. However, cold-extracted juices were the most contaminated with microorganisms.

The kaolinite-coating laterite (B catalysts) was used for the efficient degradation of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. Heterogeneous Fenton catalytic oxidation experiments of B catalyst were investigated by changing the effective factors such as amount of laterite and amount of kaolinite. To that end, four (4) types of B catalysts were made: (i) B0 catalyst (50% kaolinite + 50% uncalcined laterite); B1 catalyst (50% kaolinite + 50% laterite calcined at 600°C), B2 catalyst (30% kaolinite + 70 % laterite calcined at 600° C) and B3 catalyst (100 % kaolinite + Iron solution from laterite). The result showed that B2 catalyst exhibits the highest performance with a MB degradation percentage (77%) after 100 min. For analyzing the performance of B2 catalyst, the effects of B2 catalyst amount, pH, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were also studied at 100 min. Kinetic studies were also carried out in this experiment. The results indicated that more than 90% of decolorization was achieved with 60g of B2 catalyst at pH acidic (2 to 3). Moreover, higher MB degradation (≤ 90%) was reported at the presence of H2O2 and B2 catalyst in the reactor. However, only 14% of MB was adsorbed in the presence of H2O2 and without B2 catalyst. On the other hand, it was observed that second- order kinetics (R2>0.90) was well fitted in the MB degradation process. Considering the above, kaolinite-coating laterite (B2 catalyst) could be used as efficient, cheap, and eco-friendly catalytic oxidation material for the degradation of MB in aqueous solution.

As part of the management plan of the Bossématié Classified Forest (BCF), a study on the density and distribution of elephants was conducted from April 03, 2017 to May 02, 2017. The line transect method has helped to improve the knowledge of elephants in this classified forest. A total of 40 layons of varying lengths were identified for data collection. Counting individuals through monitoring of elephant droppings yields densities of 16.718 elephants/km2 at the end of the dry season and 28.744 elephants/km2 at the beginning of the dry season. These figures suggest that there were 16 elephants in the BCF during the study period, while at least 28 individuals were present at the beginning of the dry season. Evidence of elephant presence was observed over most of the BCF. Elephant presence was most pronounced in the low-lying areas that connect the different zones. The area exploited by elephants during the study period (late dry season) is smaller than that exploited at the beginning of the dry season. The main factors negatively influencing elephant distribution in the BCF are anthropogenic activities. These activities are essentially plantations, land clearing, trails, human presence and lack of water. The results of this study should be used to improve the demographic trends of elephant populations in the CBF through regular quarterly monitoring.

Forest banquettes and half-moon techniques associated with plantations of woody species are commonly used in Niger to restore degraded lands. To assess the impacts of these anti-erosion structures on the physicochemical characteristics of the soil and plant diversity, an expimental study was carried out in the rural commune of Simiri on a plateau site fitted out with a forest banquette and a glacis site with forest half-moons. An undeveloped control zone was considered for each restoration site. The soil moisture at the structures was regularly recorded for 30 months. Soil samples under the crown of the planted plants were taken and analyzed in the laboratory. A floristic inventory of spontaneous species was carried out on restoration sites and control areas. Finally, the herbaceous biomass was evaluated. It emerges from this experiment that forest benches and half-moons significantly improve soil moisture and texture as well as organic carbon under the crown of planted plants. These conditions allowed the development of spontaneous plant diversity. These results highlight the effectiveness of forest banquettes and half-moons in restoring degraded lands of plateaus and glacis.

The Covid-19 pandemic has imposed the implementation of Distance Learning (DL) system to ensure pedagogical continuity within the Faculty of Education of Rabat. In this specific context, we conducted a survey of 174 students in order to assess the degree of satisfaction perceived by these students at the end of this experience, to identify the factors influencing their satisfaction and to determine their difficulties and suggestions to take them into consideration in future experiences. The results obtained showed that two thirds of the students surveyed were fully satisfied with the distance learning devices operated during the lockdown. A large majority of the students were very convinced that distance education, in parallel with face-to-face education dedicated mainly to tutorials and practical work, could improve university training. On the other hand, this survey has allowed us to identify the main factors that negatively affect Distance Education.

The department of Oumé is a local rice production area. Yet in Côte d'Ivoire, women occupy a central place in subsistence agriculture. This article aims to examine the contribution of women in the development of the rice sector in the department of Oumé. The methodology adopted to achieve this objective combined documentary research and field surveys. The results show that women, directly or indirectly, are key players at all stages. They operate small plots. The activity is 82% in the hands of foreigners. A large part of the income generated is used for family expenses, which often undermine their financial autonomy.

The aim of this study was the writing of PHP language program to analyze lineaments. To achieve this aim, a TXT file containing the start and end coordinates of 1620 lineaments extracted from four Landsat 8 scenes (with references 198_53, 198_53, 198_54, 199_53 and 199_54) was used. Geomorphological parameters such as minimum, maximum and average lengths, as well as the spatial parameters such as the density of lineaments and density of intersections were determined through the three modules of the program which are calculation of directions modules, calculation of lengths modules and calculation of intersections point’s modules. The minimum and maximum lengths of lineaments are respectively 3.95 Km and 15.90 Km and belong respectively to NW-SE and NE-SW directions. 43.9% of the lineaments are in the NE-SW direction, 28.6% are in the NW-SE direction, 11.8% in the E-W direction and 15.7% in the N-S direction. The values of the different proportions of the lineament density classes shows that the medium and high density classes represent 36.78% of the Denguélé District.

The objective of this study is to assess the impact of the use for irrigation of water containing liquid effluents from a textile industry on the nitrate contamination of Allium schoenoprasum crops via soils. To do this, nitrates were determined in soil, water, and Allium schoenoprasum samples and statistical analyzes were performed. It appears that the nitrate concentrations in the water studied, which are significantly different at the sites studied, are below the WHO standard for the use of water for irrigation. In addition, linear regression analysis showed that nitrate concentrations in soils were not related to watering with wastewater from the textile industry but resulted from the extensive use of nitrogen fertilizers. The analysis in principal component showed that the granulometry and the organic matter of the soil would greatly influence the absorption of nitrates by the plants of Allium schoenoprasum Thus, it would seem the waste water of the textile industry is not responsible for the levels in nitrates contained in Allium schoenoprasum plants.

It has been found out that the appearance of characters in different literary works around the world, tend to look alike and sometimes readers confuse them by the fact that they play the same roles. This is because the writer paints his characters according to the shape and existing models so that his work may be taken in the depth of other existing works around the world. Thence, characters, due to this fact, in a literary work appear as intelligent, polite, courageous, coward, rich, poor, etc, and play roles of chief, thieve, killer, ambassador, minister, crowd, messenger, elder, advisor, etc, by looking like other characters found in other literary works. The understanding of characters’ roles in a literary work helps the reader attribute different archetypes to them, like hero, villain, mentor, scapegoat, outcast, good mother, femme fatale, young innocent, evil mother, etc. This has been done in this paper by the fact that all the characters acting directly with Okolo, the main character of the novel under study, look like other characters in other works around the world. So, different archetypal patterns are drawn from the roles Gabriel Okara attributed to his characters. Some of his characters fit more than one archetype like Okolo and Tuere who are called scapegoats, outcasts and young innocent thanks to different situations in which they are found. To carry out the present work, the library, documentary and internet were used as main methods while the close and repetitive readings and comparison were taken as major techniques.

This study investigates the way some speakers of Bukavu Swahili in Bukavu transform the message due to a mispronunciation of some words during communication. The present study aims at understanding, how, why and when some word meanings are deviated by these speakers. The mispronunciation of some words in Bukavu Swahili creates a deviation of their meanings. This is done due to the fact that by mispronouncing a word, a different word is born which puts the listener into confusion. Thence a different message is conveyed contrary to what the speaker wanted to give. During this investigation, we noticed that deviations in Bukavu Swahili can be analysed through two different factors, namely intentional and non intentional factors. For intentional factors we identified deviations related to comic usage of Bukavu Swahili whereas non intentional factors, consisted of deviations related to the origin of the speaker and others related to word confusing through imitation. To carry out this investigation we used the interview and documentation as major methods while observation, discussion and comparison helped as major techniques.

Grouping KALONGE is an entity with agro-pastoral vocation, one practices there the breeding of bovines, caprine, sheep, pigs, rabbits, hens….The results of research carried out determine that the stockbreeders have problems whose non maitrise modern techniques of the control of the breeding slows down its evolution.To equip the stockbreeders by formations on modern techniques there would allow leading their breeding well.

It is essential to know the desorption isotherms to control the drying processes of agricultural products, food. The objective of this work is to determine the sorption isotherms of the local onion: the Violet de Galmi cultivated in the Niayes area. Desorption isotherms were studied for water activities ranging from 0.05 to 0.9 and for temperatures of 40 °C, 50 °C and 60 °C using the static gravimetric method. Six saturated salt solutions were used (KOH, K2CO3, NaBr, CuCl2, KCl and NaCl). The results show that the desorption isotherms of onion are type II and the equilibrium water content is temperature dependent. The experimental results are then smoothed by five models: Guggenheim - Anderson - De Boer (GAB), Brunauer - Emmett and Teller (BET), Henderson, Oswin and Peleg for the description of the equilibrium state of this product. From the modeling, it was concluded that both the Peleg model and the GAB model describe the desorption isotherms of onion well, but the Peleg model has the smallest relative errors, thus defining the Peleg model as the best model. From the results obtained, the isosteric heat of desorption is determined using the Clausius-Clapeyron equation.

Hereditary angioedema is a recently identified inherited entity. Schematically, the C1 inhibitor (C1Inh) sees its function decrease with estrogens, an event associated with a semiology made up of edema attacks. Classically, this clinical form is aggravated by synthetic estrogens, and improved by natural estrogens. We report the case of a woman who successfully led a pregnancy, despite the various crises observed throughout the pregnancy with functional repercussions.

Carbon monoxide poisoning during pregnancy is a rare and potentially serious condition. Fetal complications are uncommon, related to anoxic lesions. The severity of these complications does not depend on the level of maternal COHb.We report the case of 25-year-old woman 2 months pregnant and half accidentally exposed to domestic gas who was received in a state of unconsciousness with medium abundant bleeding in gynecology and obstetrics emergencies of the maternity souissi CHU in Rabat where we have seen an abortion in progress with expulsion of the product of conception.

Supernumerary breast or polymastia is a congenital malformation of the breast which results in the existence of a supernumerary mammary gland in an ectopic situation, especially axillary. Its diagnosis is easy in the presence of a nipple and a milky discharge, but can be difficult in their absence leading to confusion with other etiologies of axillary mass. Its management is most often surgical because of the aesthetic impact but also to prevent the risk of neoplastic degeneration. We report through this observation a case of an axillary supernumerary breast collected in the service in order to describe the different pathological and therapeutic aspects.

The hernia is very widespread in the world; it is a benign pathology.Indeed, there are several types of hernias namely: the crural hernia, the inguinal hernia on which we are researching and many other hernias. The inguinal hernia is the most common in rural areas and agricultural work and the like are the contributing factors. It was difficult to get details of the actual activity that executes a rural native.The main objective of this study was to participate in improving the health status of the community by reducing the frequency of inguinal hernia in rural areas at Pandji General Referral Hospital in Tshela.During this study we observed that with regard to the year parameter, the year 2009 was the most affected with 79 cases or 25% out of a total of 311 and the year 2013. Has experienced fewer cases with 14% or 44 cases. According to the types of hernias, inguinal hernia was the most observed with 225 cases, ie 72% out of a total of 311. On the other hand, crural hernia was rarely encountered with 1 case, ie 1%.The distribution of cases of inguinal hernias by sex showed that the male sex was the most observed with 190 cases or 84% out of a total of 311. The age group parameter indicated that the age group of 51-60 years had a frequency of 31.5% or 71 cases. On the other hand, out of a total of 225, a small percentage was observed in that of 31-40 years old with 2.2% or 5 cases out of a total of 225.