The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of seed size on the productivity and nutritional value of maize stover and grain. Nine varieties of maize previously classified by their shape and size were produced. The investigation consisted of two phases: in the first, the agronomic and productivity characters of maize stover and grain were evaluated, and in the second, the nutritional value. The experimental design used in each phase was randomized complete blocks with factorial arrangement and four repetitions. The harvest was carried out at the cutting stage of physiological maturity. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.001) were observed between varieties for all the evaluating parameters; For seed size, there was only significance in stover protein yield per hectare, stover and grain protein content, and in vitro digestibility of stover dry matter. Based on the absolute value of the standardized coefficients, the most relevant variables were in vitro digestibility and stover protein; grain yield, protein and starch. It is concluded that the variety affects the yield and nutritional value of maize stover and grain; seed size only had a slight effect on nutritional value. The outstanding materials for their stover yield were Campeón, VS-2000, H-157E and H-358 and for grain yield, they were the hybrids HS-2, Promesa and H-157E. The most outstanding variety for its productivity and nutritional value of maize stover and grain was VS-22.

Objectives: The objective of this work is to study the thermal behavior of polypropylene (PP) as phase change material (PCM) with the aim of its use to store energy necessary for cooking in the event of energy deficit for the solar cooker. Method: We used the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method for different speeds, both heating and cooling. We have identified the phase change temperatures of the different samples as well as the evolution of the crystallinity rate of each sample. Findings: The first heating measurement of the sample is carried out to remove its thermal history. The additional heating measurements gave us information on the behavior of the material (Peak of melting: 167.24°C; Heat of fusion: 86.50 J/g). The cooling measurements gave us access to information such as the differentiation of materials with different histories. The crystallization peak of the recycled material is wider and lower than that of the new material. The temperature peaks of all the curves are around 120°C. Novelty: The use of the MCP allows us to make a solar cooker autonomous, because the energy stored at the level of the MCP, can ensure the cooking of food during the day in the absence of sunlight and also during the night.

The practice of human resources management appears visibly as a paramount parameter of productivity at Gécamines, if the role of this practice in the search for productivity is widely recognized the question of the variety and intensity of the links between its activities, the operation voluntary departures and productivity remains a subject of debate. It has been shown in this study that the voluntary departure operation (ODV) as applied has not benefited from an in-depth study on the part of managers because managing is planning. This is what the managers of Gécamines have pretended to ignore, a lesser lesson in wisdom. Why did you fire agents without first taking into account the qualifications and the number per sector. This leads us to find that a contrasting deficit in manpower and qualification was remarkable, hence the skills are scarce, or they are lacking where they are needed, mainly in the production and technical sector, and the productivity is far from being an obvious reality, because neglecting the human factor is ipso facto neglecting productivity.

Teacher training in Morocco is considered one of the most essential elements of all reforms of the Moroccan education system. In view of the increasing number of schoolteachers recruited in recent years, coupled with the use of regional employment that has replaced the short experience of contract employment, the issue of teacher training has become even more important, whether it be initial or in-service training, to professionalize the sector. If initial training is carried out in training centers dedicated to this mission, continuing education takes several forms (continuing education cycles, pedagogical meetings, accompaniment...). Our objective was to focus on one of the mechanisms of continuing education adopted in Morocco, namely «coaching and learning by doing». Building on the study and analysis of the quantitative evolution of the number of accompanying teachers and accompanied teachers within the Regional Academy of Education and Training Rabat Salé Kenitra since 2015, and a study conducted via a questionnaire addressed to the teachers concerned, we were able to notice that considerable efforts have been made and a satisfaction among the «accompanied», however, there are still components that need to be developed by the concerned authorities.

Development is a complex process that gives rise to several theses, which are as diverse as they are controversial, concerning its definition. The UNDP presented, as it does every year, a report on human development published in 2022. This document thus served as the basis for the analysis of this study, the objective of which is to present and comment on the ranking of African countries and to throw a critical look at the indicators used for this purpose. The methodological approach was essentially documentary and indeed consisted in reviewing the UNDP report, as well as many other scientific documents. The analysis of the said report reveals that the only African country to appear in the category of countries with very high human development (DH) is Mauritius (63rd in the world). In that of the high DH, there are seven countries, namely the Seychelles Islands, Algeria, Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, South Africa and Gabon. Next in the medium DH category are Botswana and Morocco. It should be noted that no West African country is among the top ten in the ranking. In addition, the study made it possible to identify the shortcomings of economic indicators such as GDP, the promoters of which are accused of ignoring harmful and domestic services in their calculations. As for the UNDP, which is at the origin of the HDI, many researchers denounce the solitary and, moreover, arbitrary choice of the components of this index made by the UNDP to assess development. In addition to the HDI, the IPM takes into account certain basic social services such as access to electricity and water.

This paper is deals with a solar battery charger to be embedded into an Android student bag model. It is a new multipurpose ESP32-based microcontroller for: a) solar energy conversion into regulated DC energy for charging Lithium-Polymer batteries; b) digital acquisition of battery electrical energy data; c) Bluetooth transmission of this energy data to an Android monitor. On the ESP32 microcontroller side, the application program required for data acquisition and Bluetooth server configuration, is developed using Arduino IDE-C++. Then, on the Android terminal side, a Smartphone equipped with a configured application for virtual monitoring of the charging energy data of the powered battery. Finally, an experimental prototype of the proposed device is pointed out and well tested, then he testing results obtained and presented are very satisfactory.

The ordered global village on one side remains anarchy on the other side, due to the absence of a single regulatory body. Of life (State custom), states run the risk of being described as a rogue or civilized state, wrongly or rightly. It is in his context that Russia stands out between the recomposition of the glory of yesteryear (USSR), at the risk of being disapproved, and the acceptance of Western values. Would it be necessary to give up its essence in order to please a world interdependent codified? A real problem that we qualify as: geopolitical confrontations where geopolitical clashes of powers arise, this trial and error inspired the very object of this study which is the return to the natural space of Russia, and the Western perception of the facts. Thus, so it remains to be seen whether is the harmonization of the international system a necessity or an issue? Even if the acceptance by Russia of the world order is a naivety for the latter? Is this Russian refusal justified? Will be the questions addressed in this study. An analysis carried out between 2022-2023 provided this summary.

This study aims to pinpoint the challenges facing English Language Teaching in Primary Schools of Bunia town. The research relayed on descriptive and exploratory designs. Data were collected through survey method where questionnaire served as technique. Indeed, both closed and open questions were addressed to 50 teachers selected randomly among a population of 55 primary school teachers. Data were coded and analyzed using the Descriptive Statistics such as frequencies and percentages with the help of statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Then, they were presented using frequency tables. Findings supported that the younger the better. Young children are intrinsically better language learners, and become more proficient quickly. English is to be taught to children when they are still receptive. The results also showed that there is lack of English programme at primary level. Teachers of English in primary schools are not qualified. They teach without appropriate methodology.

The vòdún seems lively and dominant with many rites and initiations that constitute cultural forms of socialization, education and protection of humans. But it must also be recognized that this religious practice, despite its roots, seems to be characterized by a certain violation of the rights of the child during initiations in convents. Conducted on the basis of historical-anthropological, sociological and human rights data, the study offers a journey into the cultural and religious universe vòdún, which takes into account the model of socialization and the conditions of admission without forgetting the initiation practices. in the vòdún convents of southern Benin. With the universalization and ideologization of human rights, particularly children’s rights, the influence of which is noticeable in the strategic and political orientations of nations throughout the world, an initiation of children in traditional convents respectful of their rights, avoid any criticism and credit this religious practice with a promising future in a multicultural world.

Khaya senegalensis is a widely exploited forest species in Ivory Coast. This natural resource is listed on the IUCN Red List. Its efficient management requires the collection of information on its growth and development in standby. This study analysis the structural characteristics of natural stands with a view to providing information necessary for the preservation and sustainable management of Khaya senegalensis in Ivory Coast. To do this, floristic inventories were carried out in eight localities of its natural range. Dendrometric measurements were made on individuals with a diameter greater than or equal to 5 cm at a height of 1,30 m from the ground. A count of individuals with diameters less than 5 cm at a height of 1,30 m from the ground was made to assess the potential for natural regeneration. The results reveal a low overall density ranging from 3 to 10 trees per hectare. The highest density is represented in the northwest in Odienné. Also the largest diameters (50,36 cm on average) were observed in Odienné. The average total height (17,36 m) and the average height of the bole (7,50 m), the highest were also obtained in the northwest in Touba. Vertical and horizontal stand structures reveal an abundance of young individuals. Stands are subject to various human pressures (debarking, pruning, cutting) resulting in poor regeneration of the species in its natural habitat.

Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (MCNT) are responsible for many disabilities in Côte d’Ivoire, particularly in the city of Daloa. Faced with this phenomenon, a program to promote physical activity has been initiated to fight against this disease. However, the implementation of this program has failed because this disease is still relevant. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the physical activity promotion program in the prevention of MCNT in Daloa. From a quantitative study through documentary research and interview and the theory of the flow in two stages, the study notes that the failure of adoption of a new behavior of the population to the practice of physical activity in the prevention of MCNT results from the inadequacy of the channels, the supports and the weak communication messages of the actors of the program.

Traditional medicine uses many plants in the preparation of medicinal recipes for the treatment of human pathologies. These plants are thus indispensable to the existence of all living beings, because they provide all the necessary elements for their survival. Man, to ensure a daily well-being, uses plants in various fields including traditional medicine. The purpose of this work is to determine some toxicological parameters of the decocté of the leaves of Vernonia colorata (Asteraceae) and Crescentia cujete (Bignoniaceae) in order to control the dosage and prevent poisoning in the therapeutic use of these plants. The acute toxicity of aqueous decoction of these species was assessed following a process of orally administering raw decoctions to mice at increasing doses ranging from 6000 to 7500 mg/kg body weight (bw). Phytomedicines were used orally at different doses. The results obtained the solubility limit dose corresponding to the maximum tolerated dose or DTM of 6000 mg/kg and 7500 mg/kg respectively for Vernonia colorata and Crescentia cujete. This toxicological endpoint (maximum tolerated dose) is far greater than 21.04 and 100.33 mg/kg body weight of the daily doses recommended by traditional healers. Therefore, the doses prescribed by traditional healers are not toxic. The use of these plants under traditional conditions of preparation and oral administration against diabetes may be scientifically justified.

Our concern in this article is to demonstrate that food is the foundation of human rights. It is the first right that we must claim because through it we remain alive and pretend to do the most derisory things. Indeed, the food that man consumes is the essential element of the generation, conservation and maintenance of life and therefore of the conservation of the human species. As such, talking about human rights is therefore ipso-facto like giving sustained attention to food. And, there is no human right that can be guaranteed without food.

In many cases, foreigners are considered to be non-rights holders as well as in developed countries that are the donors and/or developers of universal human rights theories as in sub-countries.developed said today emerging who undergo them as good students. In one or the other side of these countries, the margin between written and verbal language in relation to everyday life is a reality that challenges more than one conscience. We help you through these few lines to emerge in a somewhat objective way, anything remaining, to relativize the negative vision that is stuck to foreigners both in the so-called «civilizing» Western countries and those of the countries of Africa, Asia and Latin America considered «sheep of the first».

Introduction: Financial inaccessibility to health services is aggravated in some health zones by armed conflicts. This study analyzes the direct costs of care for children under 5 years old based on the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness approach (PCIME). It compares the direct costs of care with the solvency of the care bill issued according to the pricing applied in hospitals in three health zones (Ibanda, Walungu and Lemera) in South Kivu, in the Democratic Republic of Congo. This province has been experiencing recurrent armed conflicts for thirty years. Methodology: The study is comparative cross-sectional, conducted from January to December 2018 in hospitals and health centers in the health zones of Ibanda, Walungu and Lemera in South Kivu. Data collection mainly relied on documentary review (patient files, hospital registers, laboratory registers, cash books and issued invoices). Data analysis was performed using Excel 2016 and SPPS software. The frequencies, the proportions and the median were identified. The comparison of the proportions was carried out. A logistic regression model testing the associations was applied and one-way analyzes of variance or Pearson’s correlation test were performed for the observed variations. Results: The direct cost of health care for children under 5 years old remains high, although the cost of care for the majority of pathologies is less than or equal to $US50 (p<0.001). The cost of hospitalization per episode of care (≤ $US78) represents the highest cost in the Ibanda Health Zone (ZS) for a non-flat rate. The cost of drugs remains higher (≤ $US20) in the HZ of Lemera, which is more unstable for a flat rate (p<0.001). Households pay 82% of bills. The insolvency of healthcare bills is predominant (89.9% in the rural Health Zone of Lemera with a flat rate (p<0.001)). Certain socio-demographic factors (age of the patients, level of education and socio-professional situation of the parents) explain 48% of the directly proportional increase in the cost of care (p<0.001); while the evolution of the cost is inversely proportional from the rather stable urban Health Zone of Ibanda with non-flat rate to the rural Health Zones of Walungu and Lemera respectively stable and unstable all applying a flat rate (p=0.018). Discussion and Conclusion: Crisis situations have a negative impact on health care costs for children in South Kivu, especially those who are vulnerable. There are, however, differences in the cost of care observed according to the Health Zones in crisis. We recommend a further study including several health zones and dealing with quantitative and qualitative aspects in order to analyze and adapt primary health care financing strategies.

The production of a photovoltaic solar system depends on a number of atmospheric parameters, namely the solar radiation received by the surface of the panel and the temperature of the surface of this panel. However, this solar radiation and temperature are also influenced by other meteorological parameters. The objective of our work is on the one hand, to evaluate the solar potential of Dosso city in Niger and on the other hand, to study the influence of air humidity on solar radiation during a month of high heat (May) and a month of high humidity (August) during the year 2021.

Several nations have integrated food security for a long time, thus undertaking a fight against malnutrition in all its forms. This work aimed to inventory the indigenous leafy vegetables of the prefecture of Lobaye in the Central African Republic. To do this, an ethnobotanical survey was conducted among 144 people. The survey was carried out during the period from May to October 2022. In total, sixty-three (63) species were identified, grouped into forty-six (46) genera and belonging to thirty-one (31) botanical families. The sub-prefecture of Pissa totals 56 species, that of Boda 54 and 48 for that of M’baïki. The most represented families are Tiliaceae (6 species) and Moraceae (5 species). The analysis of ethnobotanical data revealed that the leaf is the most used organ (95.24%); 66.67% of leafy vegetables are consumed as complementary nutritional sources while 33.33% are functional foods. Cooking is the most used method of preparation (98.41%). The biological forms that produce more leaves consumed are herbs (38.09%). The habitat of these species is in particular the forest, fallow land and fields. The well-known species (50 to 100%) are fourteen (14) in number or 22.22% of the total specimens. In addition, the results showed that fourteen (14) LFI species are subject to significant trade in local markets. This study showed that there is still a high diversity of LFI species in the prefecture of Lobaye in the Central African Republic.

To evaluate the repellent or attractive properties of certain plant species to stink locusts, and to exploit them in the implementation of cropping systems likely to reduce the importance of the population of this pest and its damage on the cassava crop, a field experiment was carried out between November 2020 and December 2021. Living hedges consisting of Vernonia amygdalina, Melinis minutiflora, Cymbopogon citratus, Lantana camara and Euphorbia turicali were installed around the cassava plots. The living hedges with Vernonia amygdalina and Lantana camara acting as a trap crop gave low values for the number of insects on the cassava plots, incidence and severity of attacks compared to Euphorbia turicali, Melinis minutiflora and Cymbopogon citratus. The latter showed a phagorepellent effect as reflected by a higher number of stink locusts on cassava plots surrounded by living hedges made up of the above species. These five different species can therefore be used in the construction of integrated pest management systems to control locust damage to the cassava crop.

A study was conducted to investigate the suitability of commonly used materials in Goma, DR Congo for concrete production. The objectives of the study were to characterize the raw materials and determine their optimal use for desired resistances. Idjwi sand used, with a fineness modulus of 2.53 and a sand equivalent of 83, was found to be suitable for concrete production. Volcanic origin gravel was well graded but required consideration for its water absorption coefficient of 13.5%. Nyiragongo and Hima cements met standard requirements. Compression tests were carried out on laboratory specimens made using the Dreux Gorisse method, and material quantification results were used to create a table for 1 m3 of concrete based on desired resistances.

This article studies the effect of stabilization through incorporation of cement and lime on the bearing capacity of soil from BUGANGA in the Democratic Republic of Congo, with the aim of using it in road construction. Physical, identification, compaction, and bearing tests were carried out in the laboratory on the natural soil as well as after stabilization. The results show that the soil is a fine, sandy clay with low plasticity consisting of 47.25% fines and has low bearing capacity. The addition of cement and lime increases the soil bearing capacity, with cement being more effective than lime. With 10% cement, the CBR rate increases from 5.37% to 46.32%, while with 10% lime, it increases from 5.37% to 28.916%. Soil stabilized with 10% cement or lime is suitable for use as a foundation layer for paved roads, while that stabilized with 5% cement or lime is suitable for platform layers for roads.

This article presents the results of a study on the behavior of the compressive strength of a reference concrete formulated by the Dreux-Gorisse method, varying the dosage of water and cement by +/-10%, +/-20%, and +/-30%. The strength obtained for the reference concrete was 13.04MPa. However, an excessive change in the water dosage resulted in strengths of 8.438MPa, 7.05MPa, and 4.73MPa respectively for the dosages of +10%, +20%, and +30%. A deficient change in water dosage produced strengths of 14.418MPa, 15.465MPa, and 17.11MPa for the dosages of -10%, -20%, and -30%. For an excessive change in cement dosage, the strengths were 13.496MPa, 15.936MPa, and 21.575MPa respectively for the dosages of +10%, +20%, and +30%. A deficient change in the cement dosage showed strengths of 6.271MPa, 5.26MPa, and 3.207MPa for the dosages of -10%, -20%, and -30%. These results demonstrate that variations in these two components significantly affect the compressive strength of concrete. However, the change in cement dosage has a far greater impact on compressive strength than that of water.

The aim of this study was the determination of the profile from living poultries resellers of Abidjan city in Ivory Coast. Then, a survey has been conducted in 869 resellers through 79 selling points of the living poultries to Abidjan city. Survey data has been registered. Thus, gender (man or woman), age class (youngs, adults or seniors) and nationality (ivoirian or others) of living poultries resellers were determinated. These variables has been tested by descriptive analysis. Also, the dependances between nationality (ivoirian or no ivoirian) with ages classes or gender were tested with Pearson Khi deux analyses. The results show that the men (98.85%) resellers of the living poultries are more than those women (1.15%). In the same way, the adults (56%) reseller of living poultries are more than those youngs (36%) or seniors (8%). For nationality, the living poultries resellers burkinabaes (33.37%) or nigere (33.14%) are more important than ivoirians (26.58%) or malians (5,98%), togolese (0.45%) or beninese (0.12), ghanaians (0.12%), guineans (0.12%) or nigerians (0.12%). Furthermore, the living poultries resellers no ivoirians are more important than those ivoirians in each age class (youngs, adults, or seniors) (p = 0.0008). Also, the men resellers of living poultries no ivorians are more than those ivoirians (p = 0.04). However, the women resellers of living poultries ivorians are more important than those no ivoirians (p = 0,04). In conclusion, the living poultries resellers of the Abidjan city, dominated by men, are from different ages classes and various nationality.

Plant-based alcoholic mixtures are widely appreciated by the Ivorian population due to their low cost. The aim of this study was to assess the safety of extractible contained in one of these mixtures («Plaie de ventre») sold for its health claims in the commune of Yopougon (Côte d’Ivoire). A consumption survey was carried out on these alcoholic mixtures using a questionnaire. Subsequently, an acute toxicity study was carried out on the consumers’ favorite drink by administering the dry extractible from this mixture to three batches of rats at doses of 500, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg bw. Animals were observed for 14 days for clinical signs of intoxication, and hematological and biochemical parameters were assayed. The results of this study revealed that mixture «Plaie de ventre» was the drink preferred by consumers (53.33%). Moreover, administration of the extractible from this mixture revealed no behavioral changes in the rats, and estimated LD50 was greater than 5000 mg/kg bw. In addition, evaluation of hematological and biochemical parameters revealed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in white blood cell count, blood platelet count, and serum ASAT and ALAT levels. Thus, extractible from mixture «Plaie de ventre» constitute a health risk for consumers.

Located in central-eastern Côte d’Ivoire, the department of Dimbokro has for the past ten years been faced with the illegal and clandestine development of artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM), commonly known as gold panning. This activity is having a huge impact on the environment and especially on natural resources (deforestation, loss of arable land). The aim of this study is to detect changes in land cover in the Dimbokro department using Landsat TM (1988), ETM+ (2002) and OLI (2021) images. The supervised or directed classification method with maximum likelihood and the diachronic comparison method were used. The areas of the classes obtained after the diachronic analyses were used to highlight the average annual rates of spatial expansion. This expansion between 1988 and 2021 is either progressive or regressive. A regression was observed for the dense forest (-2.99%), degraded forest (-2.32%), crop (-0.82%) and water (-1.65%) classes. In terms of change over this period (33 years), there has been an increase in the surface area of savannah (+2.67%) and buildings/bare ground (+4.12%). This study shows that changes in the landscape of the Dimbokro department are linked to a high level of human activity, leading to the degradation of natural resources in a context of climatic variability.

The overexploitation of arable land has led to a decline in crop productivity in Côte d’Ivoire. In a context of scarcity of arable land, the search for innovative farming systems seems to be essential. This study was conducted in the Gôh region using a completely randomized block design to assess the effects of maize-legume associations on maize growth and productivity, profitability, and soil fertility restoration. Plantings were conducted at the same date for three cycles. The results showed that the maize-bean and maize-cowpea multispecies systems practiced on overexploited plots significantly improved the parameters: maize yields between the second and third year compared to maize simple crop and productivity evaluation and competitiveness. The total value of yield index (IER) and maize equivalent yield (MEY), concluded that even when poorly exploited, the maize-cowpea association was more profitable than purely cultivated maize. Chemical parameters were not significantly different. However, despite the use of minerals by the plants, the mineral contents remained the same or even high compared to the initial value. Multispecies systems are therefore a solution because they provide stable and sustainable yields and good profitability.

The purpose of this article is to explore the theoretical and practical implications of pragmatic philosophy in management science research. It highlights the fact that this philosophy provides multiple explanations and interpretations for management science and emphasizes its use of both objective and subjective criteria. Referring to the fact that there is no one appropriate philosophy and thus researchers can adopt more than one philosophy, pragmatism argues that it is possible to work with variations in epistemology.

Introduction: The advent of biotherapies has radically changed the management of IBD. However, the use of these drugs may in some cases result in to primary non-response or a loss of secondary response. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is a tool that was developed to manage biotherapy as accurately as possible in these situations. Material and methods: This is a retrospective descriptive study spread over 8 years of 53 patients followed for IBD put on anti-TNF(, in whom assays of residual levels of anti-TNF and anti-drug antibodies were carried out. Results: 48 suffer from Crohn’s disease and 5 from ulcerative colitis. Of these patients, 41 were on infliximab and 12 on adalimumab. The TDM performed in front of a primary non-response in 18 patients, and a loss of secondary response in 34 patients. We found immunization in 28% of patients, underdosage in 56%, and 15% had a normal dosage. Therapeutic optimization was adopted in 52% of patients, a switch in 19%, a swap in 25% of patients, and the addition of an immunosuppressant in 6.5%. The evolution was marked by the achievement of a prolonged remission in 69% of these patients. Conclusion: Pharmacological dosage of the residual rate of the anti-TNF and anti-drug antibodies currently constitutes an important element for managing the primary non-response or the loss of secondary response to anti-TNF in patients with IBD treated by biotherapy.

The objective of this study is to analyses long-term trends and rainfall breaks in the Bandama River catchment. To achieve this objective, the study used data from nineteen (19) rainfall stations from 1950 - 2020. The methodology adopted was based on the Mann Kendall (classical and modified), Krusal Wallis and Cumulative Deviation statistical tests to detect and analyses significant changes in the rainfall series. The results show that 58% of the stations show a significant downward trend at the 5% risk without taking into account the Hurst effect, while with the Hurst effect only 32% of the stations show significant downward trends at the 5% risk. The breaks detected in this study oscillate around 1970 with a deficit ranging from -6% to 23 %. Furthermore, the Moran Index (MI) revealed a spatial dependence in the rainfall series of the catchment.

This research has explored the role of communication in the development of quality education in nursery schools in the town of Butembo in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The Congolese education sector in general, and nursery schools in particular, is plagued by a host of difficulties that hamper the achievement of quality learning. The majority of teaching staff are less pedagogically equipped, due to a lack of resources and ongoing training. Infrastructure to support teaching and learning is not available in nursery schools. Further to all of this, communication is also inadequate, and this hinders the achievement of the objectives of this specific level. How is communication manifested in nursery schools? How is bilingualism managed in nursery schools? These are the questions that guided this reflection. As for methodology, the qualitative approach was used through the documentary method associated with observation. The findings of this research are as follows: communication is inadequate at nursery school level, due to the lack of availability and diversity of infrastructures. Similarly, teachers find it difficult to manage bilingualism, given their lack of mastery of learners’ colloquial language. As teachers are the key to improving the quality of teaching and learning, in-service training remains a requirement for the development of communication in nursery schools.

The objective of this study performed in the Abidjan District is to map land cover units using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform and Machine Learning algorithms such as Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Classification and Regression Tree (CART), Naive Bayes (NB), and Minimum Distance (MD). The data used include optical Multispectral Sentinel 2A satellite images with a 10-meter resolution, a 12.5-meter Alos Polsar digital terrain model (DTM) resampled to a 10-meter resolution, as well as cartographic data. The implemented methodology starts with the preprocessing and normalization of the composite image. The final composite image is created using eight spectral indices: NDVI, NDWI, MNDWI, VARI, SBI, SAVI, GCI, RGR, along with the first three bands of Principal Component Analysis and slope information. Subsequently, training and validation points are collected and coded based on image reflectance and ground truth data. The different classifiers SVM, RF, CART, MD, and ND are then trained and evaluated using various metrics such as confusion matrix, overall accuracy, producer’s accuracy, consumer’s accuracy (reliability), and Kappa coefficient. The classification performed with the RF algorithm achieved the highest overall accuracy of 83.28%, with a Kappa coefficient of 0.78. The statistics reveal that the Abidjan District is composed of 28.07% urban areas, 25.35% agricultural and other cultivated areas, 12.39% oil palm plantations, 10.05% rubber plantations, 4.66% banana plantations, 2.53% forests, 3.96% mangroves, 3.80% forest plantations (reforestation), and 9.2% water bodies in 2020. This study has led to an improved mapping of the distribution and proportions of land cover classes in the Abidjan District.